Biochemical and histopathological effects of copper oxide nanoparticles exposure on the bivalve Chambardia rubens (Lamarck, 1819).

Copper nanoparticles are widely incorporated into many applications, including air and liquid filters, wood preservatives, batteries, thermal and electrical conductivity, inks and skin products. Their potential toxicity and environmental fate, however, are poorly studied in the freshwater bivalves. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the different effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and ionic copper on the digestive glands and gills of the mussel Chambardia rubens. Mussels were treated with 100 and 1000 µg Cu L-1 of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) or ionic copper (Cu2+) for 3, 7, and 14 days. The Cu accumulation and markers of oxidative stress in the digestive glands and gills were evaluated. The results show that the digestive gland collected higher levels of the two forms of copper than the gills. Exposure to CuONPs or Cu2+ induced significant elevations in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation. Notably, a significant decrease was observed in the glutathione levels after exposure to both copper forms. CuONPs only induced a significant increase in glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase. The ionic copper only induced a significant decrease in catalase activities in the gill tissues. Overall, CuONPs and Cu2+ provoked oxidative stress, and further research is needed to clarify their genotoxic and neurotoxic effects on freshwater mussels and other biota.