Compounding for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID, Part 3: The Role of Toll-like Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID Development.
Int J Pharm Compd
; 27(3): 192-200, 2023.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-37267521
ABSTRACT
Toll-like receptors, which are type I transmembrane proteins and pattern recognition receptors found on cell surfaces and in intracellular membranes, serve as central mediators of both initial innate-immune responses and secondary adaptive/acquired-immune responses. Toll-like receptor 4, the activation of which leads to the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, has been shown to have a vital role in the innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In our practice of pharmaceutical compounding, we noted that some individuals with coronavirus disease- 2019 (COVID-19) or long COVID achieved limited or no benefit from commercially manufactured treatments designed to alleviate symptoms and enable recovery. We suggest that in such cases, a compounded formulation, which can be easily customized to provide that support, may be of benefit. This article provides a brief review of the ways in which toll-like receptors in general, and toll-like receptor 4 in particular, affect the development and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, especially with respect to the human respiratory and central nervous systems and people rendered vulnerable by a comorbid condition (diabetes, obesity) or age. Instructions for compounding 2 customized preparations useful in the treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID are also provided.
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Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
COVID-19
Limite:
Humans
Idioma:
En
Revista:
Int J Pharm Compd
Ano de publicação:
2023
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de publicação:
EEUU
/
ESTADOS UNIDOS
/
ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMERICA
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EUA
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UNITED STATES
/
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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US
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USA