Exosomes Derived from Dermatophagoides farinae Induce Allergic Airway Inflammation.

House dust mites (HDMs) are a major source of indoor allergens that cause airway allergic disease. Dermatophagoides farinae, a predominant species of HDMs in China, has demonstrated pathogenic role in allergic disorders. Exosomes derived from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have been strongly associated with allergic respiratory diseases progression. However, the pathogenic role of D. farinae-derived exosomes in allergic airway inflammation has remained unclear until now. Here, D. farinae was stirred overnight in phosphate-buffered saline, and the supernatant was used to extract exosomes by ultracentrifugation. Then, shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and small RNA sequencing were performed to identify proteins and microRNAs contained in D. farinae exosomes. Immunoblotting, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated the specific immunoreactivity of D. farinae-specific serum IgE antibody against D. farinae exosomes, and D. farinae exosomes were found to induce allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model. In addition, D. farinae exosomes invaded 16-HBE bronchial epithelial cells and NR8383 alveolar macrophages to release the inflammation-related cytokines interleukin-33 (IL-33), thymic stromal lymphopoietin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6, and comparative transcriptomic analysis of 16-HBE and NR8383 cells revealed that immune pathways and immune cytokines/chemokines were involved in the sensitization of D. farinae exosomes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that D. farinae exosomes are immunogenic and may induce allergic airway inflammation via bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. IMPORTANCE Dermatophagoides farinae, a predominant species of house dust mites in China, has displayed pathogenic role in allergic disorders, and exosomes derived from human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have been strongly associated with allergic respiratory diseases progression. However, the pathogenic role of D. farinae-derived exosomes in allergic airway inflammation has remained unclear until now. This study, for the first time, extracted exosomes from D. farinae, and sequenced their protein cargo and microRNAs using shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and small RNA sequencing. D. farinae-derived exosomes trigger allergen-specific immune responses and present satisfactory immunogenicity, as revealed by immunoblotting, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and may induce allergic airway inflammation via bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms of allergic airway inflammation caused with D. farinae-derived exosomes and the treatment of house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation.