Does climbazole instigate a threat in the environment as persistent, mobile and toxic compound? Unveiling the occurrence and potential ecological risks of its phototransformation products in the water cycle.
J Hazard Mater
; 458: 131854, 2023 09 15.
Article
em En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-37354716
ABSTRACT
Persistent, mobile, and toxic chemicals (PMT), such as the antimycotic climbazole-(CBZ), proliferate in water cycle and imperil drinking water quality, sparking off research about their environmental fate. Unlike the parent compound, its transformation products-(TPs) are scarcely investigated, much less as PMTs. To this end, phototransformation of CBZ was investigated. A novel suspect-screening workflow was developed and optimized by cross-comparing the results of the identified photo-TPs against literature data to create an enhanced HRMS-database for environmental investigations of CBZ/TPs in the water cycle. In total, 24 TPs were identified, 14 of which are reported for the first time. Isomerism, dechlorination, hydroxylation, and cleavage of the ether or C-N bond are suggested as the main transformation routes. A screening of CBZ/TPs was conducted in wastewater, leachates, surface, and groundwater, revealing a maximum concentration of 464.8 ng/L in groundwater. In silico and in vitro methods were used for toxicity assessment, indicating toxicity for CBZ and some TPs. Seemingly, CBZ is rightly considered as PMT, and a higher potential to occur in surface or groundwater than non-PM chemicals appears. Likewise, the occurrence of TPs due to PMT properties or emission patterns was evaluated.
Palavras-chave
Texto completo:
1
Coleções:
01-internacional
Base de dados:
MEDLINE
Assunto principal:
Poluentes Químicos da Água
/
Água Subterrânea
Tipo de estudo:
Etiology_studies
/
Risk_factors_studies
Idioma:
En
Revista:
J Hazard Mater
Assunto da revista:
SAUDE AMBIENTAL
Ano de publicação:
2023
Tipo de documento:
Article
País de afiliação:
Grécia