Apelin-13 reverses bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity: an experimental study.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac arrest or arrhythmia caused by bupivacaine may be refractory to treatment. Apelin has been reported to directly increase the frequency of spontaneous activation and the propagation of action potentials, ultimately promoting cardiac contractility. This study aimed to investigate the effects of apelin-13 in reversing cardiac suppression induced by bupivacaine in rats. METHODS: A rat model of cardiac suppression was established by a 3-min continuous intravenous infusion of bupivacaine at the rate of 5 mg.kg-1.min-1, and serial doses of apelin-13 (50, 150 and 450 µg.kg-1) were administered to rescue cardiac suppression to identify its dose-response relationship. We used F13A, an inhibitor of Angiotensin Receptor-Like 1 (APJ), and Protein Kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine to reverse the effects of apelin-13. Moreover, the protein expressions of PKC, Nav1.5, and APJ in ventricular tissues were measured using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: Compared to the control rats, the rats subjected to continuous intravenous administration of bupivacaine had impaired hemodynamic stability. Administration of apelin-13, in a dose-dependent manner, significantly improved hemodynamic parameters in rats with bupivacaine-induced cardiac suppression (p < 0.05), and apelin-13 treatment also significantly upregulated the protein expressions of p-PKC and Nav1.5 (p < 0.05), these effects were abrogated by F13A or chelerythrine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Exogenous apelin-13, at least in part, activates the PKC signaling pathway through the apelin/APJ system to improve cardiac function in a rat model of bupivacaine-induced cardiac suppression.