Investigation of the in vitro toxic effects induced by real-time aerosol of electronic cigarette solvents using microfluidic chips.

ABSTRACT

The safety of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) as solvents in electronic cigarette liquid has received increasing attention and discussion. However, the conclusions derived from toxicity assessments conducted through animal experiments and traditional in vitro methodologies have consistently been contentious. This study constructed an original real-time aerosol exposure system, centered around a self-designed microfluidic bionic-lung chip, to assess the biological effects following exposure to aerosols from different solvents (PG, PG/VG mixture alone and PG/VG mixture in combination with nicotine) on BEAS-2B cells. The study aimed to investigate the impact of aerosols from different solvents on gene expression profiles, intracellular biomarkers (i.e., reactive oxygen species content, nitric oxide content, and caspase-3/7 activity), and extracellular biomarkers (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde) of BEAS-2B cells on-chip. Transcriptome analyses suggest that ribosomal function could serve as a potential target for the impact of aerosols derived from various solvents on the biological responses of BEAS-2B cells on-chip. And the results showed that aerosols of PG/VG mixtures had significantly less effect on intracellular and extracellular biomarkers in BEAS-2B cells than aerosols of PG, whereas increasing nicotine levels might elevate these effects of aerosol from PG/VG mixture.