Hemoglobin homeostasis in abdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnostic and prognostic potential of hemoglobin/heme and scavenger molecules.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence implicating hemoglobin/heme and their scavengers in oxidative stress-mediated pathologies, but information is limited in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). METHODS AND RESULTS: In this case-control study, we assessed heme/heme-related markers in 142 men with AAA and 279 men with a normal aortic diameter consecutively recruited from an ultrasound screening program in Sweden. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hemopexin (Hpx) plasma levels, colorimetric assays for cell-free heme and whole blood hemoglobin (Hb) levels, and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and real-time PCR to determine haptoglobin (Hp) (pheno)type and genotype, respectively. Hpx and heme plasma levels at baseline were elevated, while HO-1 levels were lower in men with AAA (p < 0.001) and were significantly associated with AAA prevalence independently of potential confounders. A combination of heme and HO-1 showed the best diagnostic potential based on the area under the curve (AUC) 0.76, sensitivity 80%, specificity 48%. Additionally, when previously described inflammatory biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6), was added to our model it significantly improved the diagnostic value (AUC 0.87, sensitivity 80%, specificity 79%) compared to IL-6 alone (AUC 0.73, sensitivity 80%, specificity 49%). Finally, Hb (positively) and Hpx (negatively) levels at baseline were associated with AAA growth rate (mm/year), and their combination showed the best prognostic value for discriminating fast and slow-growing AAA (AUC 0.76, sensitivity 80%, specificity 62%). CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the distinct disruption of heme and related markers in both the development and progression of AAA, underscoring their potential in aiding risk stratification and therapeutic strategies.