Prevention of diarrhoea in young children in developing countries.

ABSTRACT

PIP: A review of recent evaluations of non-vaccine interventions for the prevention of childhood diarrhea in developing countries both confirmed the importance of standard strategies (e.g., breast feeding, water supply and sanitation improvements) and suggested refinements in approaches to personal and domestic hygiene, weaning education, and food hygiene. Despite the risk of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in infected areas, the health risks of not breast feeding far outweigh the potential number of lives saved by abandoning this practice. Weaning education programs can produce a 2-12% reduction in diarrhea mortality. Also important is the promotion of food handling, preparation, and storage practices that reduce the risk of fecal contamination. Improvements in water quantity may have a greater impact on diarrhea than improvements in quality alone through their effect on personal and domestic hygiene. Two relatively new strategies, vitamin A supplementation and prevention of low birth weight, should be promoted. Vitamin A intake is significantly associated with both all-cause and diarrhea-specific child mortality; the feasibility of large-scale supplementation programs awaits investigation of their cost-effectiveness, however. The choice of specific diarrheal control strategies depends on local factors such as diarrhea etiologies, the existing infrastructure, and government priorities. In all countries, effective implementation of preventive strategies requires the involvement of a range of sectors (e.g., health, agriculture, water supply, and sanitation).