Preoperative treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors and the risk of hemorrhagic events in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate - A population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVES: To assess the associations between preoperative treatment with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors and the risks of blood transfusion during transurethral resection of the prostate and blood clot evacuation or emergency department visits for hematuria within 1 month after surgery. METHODS: We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in this population-based cohort study. A total of 3,126 patients who underwent first-time transurethral resection of the prostate from 2004 to 2013 were identified. Adjusted odds ratios estimated by multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the independent effects of the preoperative use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors on the risks of perioperative hemorrhagic events after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-seven (9.4%) patients were treated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for <3 months, and 65 (2.1%) patients were treated for ≥3 months prior to undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. The blood transfusion rates for patients who were not treated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (controls), patients who were treated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for <3 months, and patients who were treated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors ≥3 months were 9.5%, 8.8%, and 3.1%, respectively. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors tended to decrease the risk of blood transfusion; however, this association was not statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio=0.14, 95% confidence interval: 0.02-1.01). Age ≥80 years, coagulopathy, and a resected prostate tissue weight >50 g were associated with significantly higher risks of blood transfusion than other parameters. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide study did not show that significant associations exist between 5-alpha reductase inhibitor use before transurethral resection of the prostate and the risks of blood transfusion and blood clot evacuation or emergency visits for hematuria.

Hemorrhagic Cystitis Requiring Bladder Irrigation is Associated with Poor Mortality in Hospitalized Stem Cell Transplant Patients

Purpose: To evaluate the overall prognosis of post-stem cell transplant inpatients who required continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) for hematuria. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of adult stem cell transplant recipients who received CBI for de novo hemorrhagic cystitis as inpatients on the bone marrow transplant service at Washington University from 2011-2013. Patients who had a history of genitourinary malignancy and/or recent surgical urologic intervention were excluded. Multiple variables were examined for association with death. Results: Thirty-three patients met our inclusion criteria, with a mean age of 48 years (23-65). Common malignancies included acute myelogenous leukemia (17/33, 57%), acute lymphocytic leukemia (3/33, 10%), and peripheral T cell lymphoma (3/33, 10%). Median time from stem cell transplant to need for CBI was 2.5 months (0 days-6.6 years). All patients had previously undergone chemotherapy (33/33, 100%) and 14 had undergone prior radiation therapy (14/33, 42%). Twenty-eight patients had an infectious disease (28/33, 85%), most commonly BK viremia (19/33, 58%), cytomegalovirus viremia (17/33, 51%), and bacterial urinary tract infection (8/33, 24%). Twenty-two patients expired during the same admission as CBI treatment (22/33 or 67% of total patients, 22/28 or 79% of deaths), with a 30-day mortality of 52% and a 90-day mortality of 73% from the start of CBI. Conclusions: Hemorrhagic cystitis requiring CBI is a symptom of severe systemic disease in stem cell transplant patients. The need for CBI administration may be a marker for mortality risk from a variety of systemic insults, rather than directly attributable to the hematuria.

A novel endoscopic treatment for renal arteriopelvic fistula post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Main findings We describe the use of a novel endoscopic approach in the management of unremitting gross hematuria following post-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in a 65-years-old male. This approach proved successful and cost-effective in managing haemorrhage post-PCNL when renal angiography failed to localize the source of bleeding. Case hypothesis The recommended treatment modality for renal calculi ≥ 2cm is PCNL. It is essential that clinicians are aware of the various complications that can arise from PCNL, including arteriovenous fistula, which is typically managed with renal angio-embolization. The development of a renal arteriopelvic fistula (APF) is an extremely rare complication, and accounts of haemorrhage from renal APF and its treatment have not been well-described in the literature. We successfully hypothesized that the ureteroscopic localization, fulguration, and closure with a fibrin sealant at the site of the arterial bleed results in optimal treatment for this clinical presentation. We report this case in detail. Promising Future Implications The successful and cost-effective endoscopic approach described here for treatment of post-PCNL renal APF and unremitting gross hematuria ought to be considered as an adjunct to renal angiography and embolization when the source of bleeding cannot be accurately identified using traditional imaging modalities. .

Is there a role for hyberbaric oxygen as primary treatment for grade IV radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis? a prospective pilot-feasibility study and review of literature

Purpose To examine the safety and efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen as the primary treatment for Grade IV radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis. Materials and Methods Hyperbaric oxygen was prospectively applied as a primary treatment option in 11 patients with Grade IV radiation cystitis. Primary endpoint was the incidence of complete and partial response to treatment. Secondary endpoints included the duration of response, the correlation of treatment success-rate to the interval between the onset of haematuria and initiation of therapy, blood transfusion need and total radiation dose, the number of sessions to success, the avoidance of surgery and the overall survival. Results All patients completed therapy without complications for a mean follow-up of 17.82 months (range 3 to 34). Mean number of sessions needed was 32.8 (range 27 to 44). Complete and partial response rate was 81.8% and 18.2%, respectively. However, in three patients the first treatment session was not either sufficient or durable giving a 72.7% rate of durable effect. Interestingly, all 9 patients with complete response received therapy within 6 months of the haematuria onset compared to the two patients with partial response who received therapy at 8 and 10 months from the haematuria onset, respectively (p = 0.018). The need for blood transfusion (p = 0.491) and the total radiation dose (p = 0.259) were not correlated to success-rate. One patient needed cystectomy, while all patients were alive at the end of follow-up. Conclusions Early primary use of hyperbaric oxygen to treat radiation-induced grade IV cystitis is an effective and safe treatment option. .

The efficacy of hemostatic radiotherapy for bladder cancer-related hematuria in patients unfit for surgery

Objective The aim of our study was to assess short and mid-term clinical efficacy of external beam radiation therapy to achieve hemostasis in patients with bladder-cancer related gross hematuria who were unfit for surgery. We also assessed hypofractionation as a possible alternative option for more severe patients. Patients and Methods Thirty-two patients were included for hemostatic radiation therapy, with two schedules based on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status. The standard treatment was 30 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks. More severe patients underwent a hypofractionated regimen, with 20 Gy in 5 fractions over a one week period. Clinical evaluation was performed at 2 weeks and 6 months. Results At 2 weeks, 69% of patients were hematuria-free. Subgroup analysis showed that 79% of patients undergoing hypofractionated regimen were hematuria-free. A total of 54% were hematuria-free with the standard regimen. Based on tumor stage, hematuria was controlled at 2 weeks for 57% of non-muscle invasive tumors and 72% of muscle-invasive tumors. After 6 months, 69% of patients had relapsed, regardless of tumor stage or therapy schedules. Conclusions Hemostatic radiotherapy is an effective option for palliative-care hematuria related to bladder cancer in patients unfit for surgery. Although it appears to be rapidly effective, its effect is of limited duration. Hypofractionation also seems to be an effective option; however larger cohorts and prospective trials are needed to evaluate its efficacy compared to standard schedules. .

Hematuria e hipercalciuria: una forma excepcional de presentación de la artritis / Hematuria and hypercalciuria: an excepcional presentation of juvenile reumathoid arthritis

Se presenta un caso de una niña de cinco años que ingresa con una historia de 2 días de evolución caracterizada por disuria, dolor abdominal, orina de color rojo parduzco e hiperemia conjuntival bilateral. Los exámenes paraclínicos mostraron hematuria y calciuria elevada. En la evolución agrega compromiso de pequeñas y grandes articulaciones acompañado de fiebre. Se realiza diagnóstico de artritis reumatoidea juvenil, recibiendo tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y corticoides, permaneciendo asintomática hasta el momento actual. Se destaca la presencia de macrohematuria e hipercalciuria como forma inusual de presentación de la enfermedad.

Complications and risk factors in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies / Complicações e riscos em biópsia guiada pelo ultra-som transretal da próstata

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Prostate biopsy is not a procedure without risk. There is concern about major complications and which antibiotics are best for routine use before these biopsies. The objective was to determine the rate of complications and the possible risk factors in prostate biopsies. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. METHODS: Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) guided prostate biopsies were carried out in 174 patients presenting either abnormality in digital rectal examinations (DRE) or levels higher than 4 ng/ml in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests, or both. RESULTS: Hemorrhagic complications were the most common (75.3 percent), while infectious complications occurred in 19 percent of the cases. Hematuria was the most frequent type (56 percent). Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurred in 16 patients (9.2 percent). Sepsis was observed in three patients (1.7 percent). The presence of an indwelling catheter was a risk factor for infectious complications (p < 0.05). Higher numbers of biopsies correlated with hematuria, rectal bleeding and infectious complications (p < 0.05). The other conditions investigated did not correlate with post-biopsy complications. CONCLUSIONS: Post-biopsy complications were mostly self-limiting. The rate of major complications was low, thus showing that TRUS guided prostate biopsy was safe and effective. Higher numbers of fragments taken in biopsies correlated with hematuria, rectal bleeding and infectious complications. An indwelling catheter represented a risk factor for infectious complications. The use of aspirin was not an absolute contraindication for TRUS.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A biópsia da próstata não é um procedimento isento de riscos. Existe preocupação com respeito às complicações e quais seriam os melhores antibióticos usados antes do procedimento. O objetivo foi determinar a taxa de complicações e os possíveis fatores de risco para complicação na biópsia da próstata. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo clínico, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas biópsias em 174 pacientes que apresentavam anormalidade ao exame digital da próstata ou antígeno prostático específico maior que 4 ng/ml ou ambos. Todos os pacientes realizaram enema e antibioticoprofilaxia previamente ao exame. As complicações foram anotadas após o término do procedimento e em consultas posteriores. Algumas condições foram investigadas como possíveis fatores de risco para biópsias de próstata: idade, câncer da próstata, diabetes melito, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, antecedentes de prostatite, uso de ácido acetilsalicílico, volume prostático, número de biópsias e uso de sonda vesical. RESULTADOS: As complicações hemorrágicas foram mais comuns (75,3 por cento) enquanto que as infecciosas ocorreram em 19 por cento dos casos. O tipo mais freqüente foi a hematúria, ocorrendo em 56 por cento dos pacientes. A infecção do trato urinário ocorreu em 16 pacientes (9,2 por cento). Sepse foi observada em três pacientes (1,7 por cento). Não houve óbitos. Em 20 por cento dos pacientes não foram observadas complicações após o exame. A presença da sonda vesical foi fator de risco para complicações infecciosas (p < 0,05). O número maior de amostras nas biópsias foi relacionado à hematúria, sangramento retal e complicações infecciosas (p < 0,05). As demais condições investigadas não se relacionaram com complicações pós-biópsia da próstata. CONCLUSÕES: As complicações pós-biópsia da próstata foram em sua maioria autolimitadas. A taxa de complicações graves foi baixa, sendo a biópsia de próstata guiada pelo ultra-som segura e eficaz. A retirada de um maior número de fragmentos na biópsia relaciona-se com hematúria, sangramento retal e complicações infecciosas. A sonda vesical foi um fator de risco para complicações infecciosas.

Riñón y deportes / Kidney and sports

La actividad deportiva ha ido ganando adeptos en nuestro país, sin hacer diferencias entre grupos socio-económicos ni por edades. Los beneficios que aporta esta actividad física son ampliamente reconocidos y tienden a mejorar la calidad de vida de quienes la realizan, pero la práctica de estos mismos deportes puede tener efectos adversos, mas allá de las clásicas lesiones ortopédicas y/o traumatológicas. Ya sea por la agresividad del deporte en sí, la demanda física excesiva que requiere, o por condiciones de salud personales, esta actividad puede alterar la función o lesionar otros sistemas u órganos. En este artículo se revisan los efectos adversos que pueden tener algunos deportes o actividad física sobre el riñón -sano y enfermo-, y sobre algunos parámetros de regulación homeostática renal, con especial énfasis en la edad pediátrica.

Enfermedad de Alport en niños / Alport's syndrome in children

La enfermedad de Alport es la más frecuente de las enfermedades hereditarias del riñón, que evoluciona hacia la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT). Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de ocho pacientes en edad pediátrica, diagnosticados y tratados en el servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Juárez de México. Todos los pacientes presentaron hematuria, tres desarrollaron hipoacusia neurosensorial. Siete de ellos estuvieron en un programa de Diálisis Peritoneal Continua Ambulatoria (DPCA); cuatro niños fueron trasplantados, tres de donador cadavérico (DC) y uno de donador vivo relacionado (DVR). Los injertos renales tienen una sobrevida actual de 35 a 70 meses con función renal estable (Cr 1.6 mg/dL). Uno de los pacientes permanece con función renal normal.

Urolitiasis en la edad pediátrica: presentacion de 72 casos / Urolithiasis in the pediatric age: report of 72 cases

La litiasis urinaria en el niño ha demostrado, en nuestro medio, una incidencia mayor a la reportada en la mayoría de los estudios publicados hasta ahora. En el presente trabajo reportamos nuestra experiencia en 71 niños con diagnóstico de urolitiasis. Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron la hematuria y el dolor abdominal. Encontramos un predominio significativo de la litiasis del tracto urinario superior siendo sólo dos, los cálculos de localización vesical. En la totalidad de los casos se logró evidenciar un factor etiológico para la litiasis, siendo más importantes las causas de tipo metabólico acidosis tubular distal e hipercalcinuria). Las anomalías estructurales del tracto urinario también constituyen una causa importante de litiasis en nuestros pacientes, siendo la más frecuente de ellas el Riñón de Esponja. En la exploración diagnóstica del niño con urolitiasis debe incluirse la evaluación de la función renal, especialmente en lo que refiere a la excreción urinaria de calcio y la capacidad de acidificación distal. Es importante la ultrasonografía renal como método diagnóstico debido a su mayor sensibilidad para evidenciar calcificaciones renales incipientes. Se hace énfasis en la prevención de la urolitiasis en el niño mediante la educación, en cuanto a evitar las dietas ricas en lacticíneos y mediante la estimulación de una ingesta adecuada de líquidos, especialmente en las regiones más cálidas de nuestra geografía