The investigation of semantic memory deficit in chronic tinnitus: a behavioral report / Investigação do déficit de memória semântica no zumbido crônico: um relato comportamental

Abstract Introduction: Tinnitus is a central auditory disorder in which different processing systems are involved as a network. One of these networks is memory. Previous studies have demonstrated some deficits in various types of memory in chronic tinnitus. Objectives: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the semantic memory, which is not yet investigated in the tinnitus population. Methods: In this case-control study, 15 subjects with chronic tinnitus and 16 matched healthy controls were included. 40 semantically related and 40 semantically unrelated word pairs were presented to the participants in a counter-balanced fashion. They were asked to make decision about their semantic relatedness. Then the participants' reaction times and the accuracy of responses were calculated. Results: Mean of reaction times were significantly longer in the tinnitus group (M = 1034 ms, SD = 0.31) compared to the control group (Mean = 1016 ms, SD = 0.13), p < 0.05. However, no significant difference was found for the mean percentage of correct responses between the two groups. Conclusion: The current study provided behavioral evidence that chronic tinnitus can affect the semantic memory. Such behavioral outcomes may provide new insights into more research activities in the field of electrophysiology and neuroimaging in the tinnitus population.

Resumo Introdução: O zumbido é um distúrbio auditivo central, no qual diferentes sistemas de processamento estão envolvidos como em uma rede. Uma dessas redes é a memória. Estudos anteriores demonstraram alguns déficits em vários tipos de memória no zumbido crônico. Objetivos: Investigar a memória semântica, que ainda não foi investigada na população com zumbido. Método: Neste estudo de caso-controle, 15 indivíduos com zumbido crônico e 16 controles saudáveis pareados foram incluídos; 40 pares de palavras semanticamente relacionados e 40 semanticamente não relacionados foram apresentados aos participantes de forma contrabalançada. Eles foram instruídos a tomar decisões sobre sua relação semântica. Em seguida, os tempos de reação dos participantes e a precisão das respostas foram calculados. Resultados: A média dos tempos de reação foi significativamente maior no grupo com zumbido (M = 1,034 ms, DP = 0,31) em comparação ao grupo controle (média = 1,016 ms, DP = 0,13), p< 0,05. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença significante foi encontrada para a porcentagem média de respostas corretas entre os dois grupos. Conclusão: O presente estudo forneceu evidências comportamentais de que o zumbido crônico pode afetar a memória semântica. Tais resultados comportamentais podem levar a novas percepções em mais atividades de pesquisa no campo da eletrofisiologia e neuroimagem na população com zumbido.

Which of available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is more effective in treatment of premature ejaculation? A randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of available selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in order to find the most effective drug with the least number of side effects in treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial. Four hundred and eighty patients with PE in the 4 groups referred to Imam Reza hospital Tehran, Iran from July 2018 to February 2019 were enrolled in the study. The patients received sertraline 50mg, fluoxetine 20mg, paroxetine 20mg and citalopram 20mg, every 12 hours daily. The intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT) before treatment, fourth and eighth weeks after treatment was recorded by the patient's wife with a stopwatch. Results: Mean IELT before, 4 and 8 weeks after treatment in four groups were: sertraline 69.4±54.3, 353.5±190.4, 376.3±143.5; fluoxetine 75.5±64.3, 255.4±168.2, 314.8±190.4; paroxetine 71.5±69.1, 320.7±198.3, 379.9±154.3; citalopram 90.39±79.3, 279.9±192.1, 282.5±171.1 seconds, respectively. The ejaculation time significantly increased in all groups (p <0.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups (P=0.75). Also, there was no significant difference in drugs side effects between groups (p >0.05). The most common side effects were drowsiness and dyspepsia, which were not severe enough to cause discontinuation of the drug. Conclusions: All available SSRIs were effective and usually had no serious complications. In patients who did not respond to any of these drugs, other SSRI drugs could be used as a salvage therapy.

La respuesta excelente al tratamiento en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides se mantiene a lo largo del seguimiento independientemente del riesgo de recurrencia inicial / Excellent response to treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer is maintained throughout follow-up regardless of the risk of initial recurrence

Resumen Introducción: El riesgo de recurrencia en cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) se utiliza para determinar la frecuencia de las respuestas estructurales incompletas o excelentes con un valor predictivo positivo cercano al 30%. El riesgo dinámico, que evalúa la respuesta inicial al tratamiento demostró tener una proporción de varianza explicada de hasta el 80%. Por otro lado, en nuestro medio es fácil establecer la respuesta inicial, pero muchas veces es dificultoso determinar el riesgo de recurrencia desde donde partió el paciente. A esto hemos denominado "la silla rota" en pacientes con CDT. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó el análisis retrospectivo incluyendo 340 pacientes con los siguientes criterios:1) edad ≥18 años al momento del diagnóstico, 2) tratamiento inicial con tiroidectomía total y ablación con radioyodo, 3) seguimiento mínimo ≥3 años (excepto si ocurrió metástasis a distancia o muerte antes de ese tiempo), 4) datos anatomopatológicos y estudios complementarios suficientes para poder determinar tanto el riesgo de recurrencia como la respuesta inicial (evaluada en los primeros 6 meses a 2 años de seguimiento) y el estado al final del seguimiento (al momento de la última consulta). Objetivos: Describir la evolución de la respuesta inicial al final del seguimiento para demostrar que esta es la definición más importante, independientemente del riesgo de recurrencia al diagnóstico en pacientes con CDT. Resultados: El 36% de los pacientes presentó una respuesta excelente al tratamiento inicial (n=122) y de ellos, ninguno presentó evidencia estructural de enfermedad al final del seguimiento, independientemente del RR inicial. Conclusiones: La denominada "silla rota" parecería "repararse" correctamente cuando el paciente presenta una respuesta excelente al tratamiento, ya que esta se mantiene al final del seguimiento independientemente del RR inicial. La carencia de un correcto RR inicial no parecería ser imprescindible en pacientes con respuestas excelentes al tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Background: The risk of recurrence (RR) stratification system has been proposed as a useful tool for stablishing the frequency of the structural incomplete and excellent response-to-treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the available information at diagnosis could be insufficient to accurately determine the initial RR. We called this situation "the broken chair". Although many studies have shown that the initial response to treatment usually predicts the final outcome, it is not clear if the final outcome could be different in the distinctive responses to treatment, if we analyze it together with the initial RR. Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of patients by comparing both situations: the initial RR and the initial response to treatment with the final outcome to establish if there was a different frequency of structural incomplete response at the end of follow-up. Methods: Retrospective review of 340 DTC patients followed up for at least 3 years after initial total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine ablation (RAI). We assessed the initial response as the best response to therapy during the first 2 years, and the final response to therapy as the status at the end of follow-up, according to the definitions of the 2015 ATA guidelines. Conclusions: An excellent response to treatment during the first two years of follow-up can fix the "broken chair" in patients treated with DTC who received remnant ablation and it is independent of the initial RR. Results: None of the patients that achieved an initial excellent response to treatment (n=122, 36%), showed structural evidence of disease in the entire follow-up despite their initial RR.

Comparación de la respuesta inicial luego de la ablación con 30 mCi de 131I versus no ablación en pacientes con cáncer diferenciado de tiroides de bajo riesgo de recurrencia. Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico / Comparison of initial response to treatment after remnant ablation (RA) with 30 mCi of 131 I versus no RA in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with low risk of recurrence. Multicentric prospective study

RESUMEN Material y métodos Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico. Se incluyeron 174 pacientes con CDT tratados consecutivamente desde junio 2014 hasta mayo 2015. Se los dividió en 2 grupos (ablacionados y no ablacionados) con 87 pacientes incluidos en cada uno. La respuesta inicial al tratamiento se determinó con la medición de tiroglobulina, anticuerpos anti-tiroglobulina y ecografía de cuello. Resultados Se compararon las características basales de ambos grupos y no se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas: sexo femenino 84% y 88% (p = 0,5); edad promedio de 46,8 y 47,5 años (p = 0,7); carcinoma papilar variedad clásico 68% y 75,9% (p = 0,15), respectivamente. El resto de las características basales como tamaño tumoral, bilateralidad, multifocalidad, tiroiditis de Hashimoto y estadio tumoral tampoco mostraron diferencias significativas. La evaluación de la respuesta inicial al tratamiento se realizó en 64 pacientes del grupo ablacionado y en 76 del grupo no ablacionado. Se observó una respuesta excelente en 81% de pacientes ablacionados vs. 87% del grupo no ablacionado, con una frecuencia de respuesta estructural incompleta de 1,6% y 1,4%, respectivamente, (p = 0,9). Un 17% de los ablacionados y 12% de los no ablacionados presentaron una respuesta indeterminada. Conclusión: Los pacientes de bajo riesgo, ablacionados o no, presentan similares frecuencias de respuesta inicial excelente y estructural incompleta. El seguimiento a largo plazo podrá definir si estas respuestas iniciales se mantienen en el tiempo, lo que permitirá reducir la indicación de ablación con radioyodo en este grupo de pacientes con CDT.

ABSTRACT Patients and methods We included 174 patients; 87 patients in each group (ablated and nonablated). Assessment of the initial response to treatment was performed by measurement of thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and by neck ultrasonography. Results Baseline characteristics of both groups were compared, and no statistically significant differences were found: female sex 84% and 88,5%, respectively, (p = 0.5); mean age of 46.8 and 47.5 years, respectively (p = 0.7); papillary carcinoma classic variant 68% and 75.9%, respectively (p = 0.15). The remaining of the baseline characteristics such as tumor size, presence of bilaterality, multifocality, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and tumor stage were not statistically significant, either. The evaluation of the response to treatment was finally performed in 64 patients from the ablated group and in 76 from the non-ablated group. An excellent response to treatment was observed in 81% of ablated patients vs. 87% of the non-ablated group, with a frequency of structural incomplete response of 1.6% and 1.4%, respectively (p = 0.9). On the other hand, 17% and 12% of patients in each group had an indeterminate response. Conclusion Low-risk ablated and non-ablated patients have a similar frequency of excellent initial and structural incomplete response to treatment. Long-term follow-up is needed to establish whether these initial responses are maintained over time, and thus further refine the indications of RA in this group of patients with DTC.

Avaliação das funções cognitivas, qualidade de sono, tempo de reação e risco de quedas em idosos institucionalizados / Evaluation of cognitive functions, quality of sleep, reaction time and risk of falls in institucionalized elderly

O processo de envelhecimento e acompanhado por uma serie de alterações psicossociais e biológicas, dentre as quais esta incluído o declínio cognitivo. Dependendo das condições genéticas, estilo de vida, atividades e interações sociais do idoso, o declínio pode ser acelerado ou retardado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil cognitivo, o tempo de reação, o risco de quedas e a qualidade do sono de idosos institucionalizados da cidade de Uruguaiana-RS. Foram avaliados 10 idosos de ambos os sexos utilizando como instrumentos o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG), o Inventario de Ansiedade Traco-Estado, o Teste de Tempo de Reação (TTR), a Escala de Eficácia de Quedas (EEQ) e o Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP). Os resultados apontaram a presença de declínio cognitivo em 40% dos idosos, indícios de depressão em 60% deles e tendência ao desenvolvimento de ansiedade. 76% dos idosos classificaram a qualidade de seu sono como boa, mencionando alguns fatores que interferem na mesma, e 64% revelaram haver preocupação ou medo de cair. No TTR os idosos apresentaram escore médio de 2,175+- 0,32 s. Estes resultados podem estar relacionados ao estilo de vida adotado pela maioria dos idosos institucionalizados, fora do seu convívio familiar, favorecendo seu isolamento e sua inatividade física e mental, gerando declínio da capacidade cognitiva. Nossos resultados demonstram um percentual significativo de risco de demência, depressão e/ou ansiedade nos idosos institucionalizados avaliados.

The aging process is accompanied by a series of biological and psychosocial changes, among which is included cognitive decline. Depending on genetics, conditions of life, activities and social interactions of the elderly, the decline can be accelerated or decelerated. The objective of this work was evaluate the cognitive profile, the reaction time, the risk of falls and the quality of sleep of institutionalized elderly of Uruguaiana-RS. We evaluated 10 elderly of both sexes using as instruments the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Reaction Time Test, the Falls Efficacy Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The results indicated presence of cognitive decline in 40% of elderly, signs of depression in 60% and tendency to the development of anxiety. 76% of elderly rated their quality of sleep as good, mentioning some factors that interfere in it, and 64% of the elderly revealed they have concern or fear of falling. In the reaction time score the elderly showed a mean of 2.175 + - 0.32 s. These results might be related to the lifestyle adopted by most of the institutionalized elderly, out of their family context, often contributing to their isolation and their physical/mental inactivity, generating cognitive decline. Our results demonstrate a significant percentage of risk of dementia, depression and/or anxiety in evaluated institutionalizated elderly.

Mismatch Negativity (MMN) y lenguaje en niños preescolares hablantes del idioma español / Mismatch negativity (MMN) and language in Spanish-speakers preschool children

El objetivo del estudio fue describir la relación entre las respuestas del MMN, obtenidas mediante pares de palabras del idioma español con diferente contenido en frecuencia, y las características del lenguaje en niños preescolares mexicanos. Se evaluaron 12 niños preescolares hablantes del español entre 5 años 2 meses y6 años 3 meses de edad, diestros, de nivel socioeconómico medio-bajo, provenientes de escuelas públicas de Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Por la articulación de su lenguaje, se crearon dos grupos: uno sin dificultades de articulación, y otro con dificultades de articulación, a su vez, clasificadas como leves, moderadas y severas. Para obtener el MMN se utilizó un paradigma oddball, con un par mínimo de palabras: /ajos/-/ojos/, presentado biauralmente a una intensidad de 90dB.El 83 por ciento de los niños presentó un MMN esperado y el 17 por ciento un MMN temprano. De los siete niños sin dificultades de lenguaje, seis niños presentaron potencial esperado (150-350 ms.) y uno temprano (100-150 ms.); de los cinco niños con dificultades cuatro niños presentaron MMN esperado y uno temprano. La respuesta de MMN puede usarse como una herramienta para explorar el procesamiento de las diferencias acústicas del lenguaje, que son la base de la percepción de éste.

The aim of the study was to describe the relationship between MMN responses, obtained by pairs of words in the Spanish language with different frequency content, and language features in Mexican preschoolers. We evaluated 12 Spanish speaking preschoolers ranging from 5 years 2 months to 6 years 3 months,right handed, of medium-low socioeconomic level, and from public schools in the city of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. We created two groups based on their capacity for articulation in language: one without difficulties in articulation, and one with difficulties in articulation, further divided into mild, moderate and severe categories. To elicite the MMN, an oddball paradigm was used, with the Word pair: /ajos/-/ojos/ applied binaurally at an intensity of 90 dB. 83 percent of the children presented an expected MMN and 17 percent presented an early MMN. Of the seven children without language difficulties, two presented an expected MMN (150-350 ms.) and one presented an early MMN (100-150 ms.), of the five children with difficulties, one presented an early. The MMN response elicited by a word pair can be used as a tool to explore differences in acoustic language processing, which is the basis of language perception.

Adaptação de prótese auditiva e a privação da audição unilateral: avaliação comportamental e eletrofisiológica / Hearing aid fitting and unilateral auditory deprivation: behavioral and electrophysiologic assessment

O fenômeno da Privação Auditiva Unilateral de Início Tardio foi reportado em 1984. No entanto, ainda se observa um expressivo número de adaptações de próteses auditivas unilaterais, nos casos de perdas auditivas bilaterais, justificadas por fatores não auditivos, tais como custo, vaidade, desinformação ou políticas públicas de saúde. OBJETIVO: Investigar, por meio de avaliação comportamental e eletrofisiológica, o desempenho auditivo de adultos que fazem uso de amplificação unilateral, comparados àqueles expostos à estimulação auditiva simétrica bilateral. MÉTODO: Participaram deste estudo 35 indivíduos adultos com perda auditiva sensorioneural bilateral simétrica, usuários regulares de prótese auditiva unilateral, bilateral e não usuários de prótese auditiva por meio de testes de avaliação comportamental e eletrofisiológica. RESULTADOS: A análise de variância revelou que, no grupo usuário de amplificação unilateral, a latência do P300 foi significantemente maior na orelha que sofreu a privação auditiva comparada a orelha com prótese auditiva (p < 0,05). Também foi encontrado desempenho significantemente pior deste grupo no reconhecimento de sentenças no ruído (LSP) realizado em campo livre. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados reforçam os achados da literatura de que a privação auditiva unilateral pode levar a mudanças fisiológicas e perceptuais.

The phenomenon of Late-Onset Unilateral Auditory Deprivation was first reported in 1984. However, a high number of unilateral hearing aid fittings are still carried out in cases of bilateral hearing loss, justified by non-auditory factors such as cost, vanity, misinformation and public health policies. OBJECTIVE: To carry out behavioral and electrophysiological assessment of the auditory performance of adults using unilateral amplification compared with individuals exposed to bilateral symmetric auditory stimulation. METHOD: Thirty five adults, all with symmetric bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, regular users of unilateral hearing aid, bilateral hearing aids and not users of hearing aids, were assessed on behavioral and electrophysiological tests. RESULTS: Variance analysis revealed that in the unilaterally fitted group, P300 latency was significantly greater in ears with auditory deprivation compared with those fitted with the hearing aid (p < 0.05). This same group also had poorer performance on the Sentence Recognition Test in Noise held in free field. CONCLUSION: These results corroborate findings in the literature showing that unilateral auditory deprivation can lead to physiological and perceptual changes.

Effect of Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in rats submitted to animal models of anxiety and depression

Erythrina velutina (EV) and Erythrina mulungu (EM), popularly used in Brazil as tranquilizing agents, were studied. The effects of acute and chronic oral treatment with a water:alcohol extract of EV (7:3, plant grounded stem bark; acute = 100, 200, 400 mg/kg; chronic = 50, 100, 200 mg/kg) were evaluated in rats (N = 11-12) submitted to the elevated T-maze (for avoidance and escape measurements) model of anxiety. This model was selected for its presumed capacity to elicit specific subtypes of anxiety disorders recognized in clinical practice: avoidance has been related to generalized anxiety and escape to panic. Additionally, animals were treated with the same doses of EV and EM (water:alcohol 7:3, inflorescence extract) and submitted to the forced swim test for the evaluation of antidepressant activity (N = 7-10). Both treatment regimens with EV impaired elevated T-maze avoidance latencies, without altering escape, in a way similar to the reference drug diazepam (avoidance 1, mean ± SEM, acute study: 131.1 ± 45.5 (control), 9.0 ± 3.3 (diazepam), 12.7 ± 2.9 (200 mg/kg), 28.8 ± 15.3 (400 mg/kg); chronic study: 131.7 ± 46.9 (control), 35.8 ± 29.7 (diazepam), 24.4 ± 10.4 (50 mg/kg), 29.7 ± 11.5 (200 mg/kg)). Neither EV nor EM altered measurements performed in the forced swim test, in contrast to the reference drug imipramine that significantly decreased immobility time after chronic treatment. These results were not due to motor alterations since no significant effects were detected in an open field. These observations suggest that EV exerts anxiolytic-like effects on a specific subset of defensive behaviors which have been associated with generalized anxiety disorder.

Efeito do treinamento sobre a endurance e qualidade de vida em pacientes portadores de DPOC / Effect of training on the endurance and quality of life in patients with COPD

Neste estudo analisamos o efeito de um Programa de 36 sessões de Reabilitação Pulmonar sobre a endurance e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica(DPOC) estáveis. Cada sessão foi composta de treinamento aeróbio em esteira ergométrica, exercícios de fortalecimento de MMSS e MMII e alongamentos, além de técnicas de conservação de energia e educação individualizada. Ao final do programa os pacientes foram reavaliados e os dados de melhora de endurance e qualidade de vida comparados. Concluímos que houve melhora na qualidade de vida e na endurance na grande maioria dos pacientes, porém, com uma correlação estatística inversa e fraca dos resultados. Ao contrário, do que imaginávamos, a melhora da capacidade física no DPOC pode, ocasionalmente, não vir acompanhada da melhora na percepção de qualidade de vida.

Wrist and palm indexes in carpal tunnel syndrome

According to median sensory latency > or = 3.7 ms (wrist-index finger [WIF], 14 cm), median/ulnar sensory latency difference to ring finger > or = 0.5 ms (14 cm) or median midpalm (8 cm) latency > or = 2.3 ms (all peak-measured), 141 Brazilian symptomatic patients (238 hands) have CTS confirmation. Wrist ratio (depth divided by width, WR) and a new wrist/palm ratio (wrist depth divided by the distance between distal wrist crease to the third digit metacarpophalangeal crease, WPR) were measured in all cases. Previous surgery/peripheral neuropathy were excluded; mean age 50.3 years; 90.8 percent female. Control subjects (486 hands) have mean age 43.0 years; 96.7 percent female. The mean WR in controls was 0.694 against 0.699, 0.703, 0.707 and 0.721 in CTS groups of progressive WIF severity. The mean WPR in controls was 0.374 against 0.376, 0.382, 0.387 and 0.403 in CTS groups of WIF progressive severity. Both were statistically significant for the last two groups (WIF > 4.4 ms, moderate, and, WIF unrecordable, severe). BMI increases togetherwith CTS severity and WR. It was concluded that both WR/WPR have a progressive correlation with the severity of CTS but with statistically significance only in groups moderate and severe. In these groups both WR and BMI have progressive increase and we believe that the latter could be a risk factor as important as important WR/WPR

Avaliação pelo P300 de crianças com e sem epilepsia e rendimento escolar / Assessment through P300 of epileptic and non-epileptic children and school performance

Dificuldade de aprendizagem é situação comum em crianças com epilepsia. Distúrbios da inteligência têm sido associados com epilepsia. O potencial cognitivo (P300) é um adjunto clínico para mensurar neurofisiologicamente o processo cognitivo. Foram estudadas 99 crianças com 10 anos a 11 anos e 11 meses. Do Grupo I, sem epilepsia, faziam parte 64 crianças, das quais 32 com bom rendimento e outras 32 com mau rendimento escolar. Do Grupo II, com epilepsia, faziam parte 35 crianças, sendo 21 com bom rendimento escolar e 15 com mau rendimento escolar. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa na latência do P300 entre os dois grupos. Quando foram estratificados segundo o desempenho escolar, as crianças do Grupo I, com bom rendimento escolar, apresentaram latência do P300 de 336 ms e as com mau rendimento escolar, latência de 382 ms; as crianças do Grupo II, com bom rendimento escolar, apresentaram latência do P300 de 363 ms e as com mau rendimento escolar, latência de 400 ms, com diferença significativa. Essa diferença estava localizada entre as crianças não epilépticas com bom desempenho escolar e as com mau desempenho escolar, epilépticas ou não.

Recuperación de funciones cognitivas y psicomotrices en procedimientos anestésicos de cirugía ambulatoria / Recovery of cognitive and psychomotor functions in anesthetic proceedings of day-surgery

Introducción: La recuperación constituye un requisito indispensable para descargar al paciente de cirugía de día. Eexisten diferentes escalas y tests para la evaluación del estado de alerta. El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar la capacidad de discriminación por tests sencillos, como el test de evaluación de la atención y el test de Bender, del estado de alerta luego de la aplicación de diferentes métodos de anestesia, midiendo las diferencias entre la función cognitiva y la psicomotora. Pacientes y método: Se estudió la recuperación en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a anestesia endovenosa para video colonoscopías (18 pacientes) y en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a anestesia inhalatoria para video artroscopías (17 pacientes), durante tres momentos: antes de la anestesia y 30 y 60 minutos después de ella. Resultados: a.- Los registros (a través del test de evaluación de la atención) de la función cognitiva como tiempo de reacción, en el grupo de anestesia intravenosa, determinaron que el tiempo de respuesta a los 30 minutos después de finalizado el procedimiento anestésico es mayor que en los otros dos momentos. En el grupo de anestesia inhalatoria no existieron diferencias en los promedios de tiempo de reacción a lo largo del estudio. b.- La cantidad de respuestas correctas como capacidad de aciertos registrados en los pacientes tratados con anestesia endovenosa y anestesia inhalatoria es la misma antes, a los 30 minutos y a los 60 minutos después de la aplicación de la anestesia. c.- El monto de errores en la prueba de capacidad por la reproducción gráfica y de exactitud de reproducción de figuras a los 30 minutos de finalizado el procedimiento anestésico, medido por el uso del test de Bender en pacientes que recibieron anestesia intravenosa y anestesia inhalatoria, es mayor que la cantidad de errores que se cometen en relación con los otros dos momentos del test. Discusión: El test de evaluación de la prueba de atención, con registros por medio de una computadora personal, y el test de Bender muestran sensibilidad para la detección de los cambios en las funciones cognitivas y psicomotrices en el período postoperatorio, constituyen una buena ayuda para la decisión de otorgar el alta con estado de alerta aceptable y pueden incorporarse como procedimientos para la evaluación de la recuperación de los pacientes sometidos a las prácticas de cirugía ambulatoria.

Central motor conduction in human chronic Chagas' disease

Estudios previos han demostrado que la enfermedad de Chagas cronica (ECHC) humana puede comprometer las motoneuronas espinales alfa, el ganglio de la raiz dorsal y las fibras sensitivas perifericas. Mas recientemente otras investigaciones han senalado que algunos de estos pacientes presentan anomalias en pruebas cognitivas y de potenciales evocados sensoriales, sugiriendo tambien la existencia de compromiso central en 46 pacientes con ECHC en 30 voluntarios sanos. Para ello se emplearon tecnicas de estimulación electrica cortical transcraneana y espinal percutanea. No se encontro un enlentecimiento significativo en la conducción piramidal del grupo con ECHC comparado con los voluntarios sanos. Considerados individualmente, en ningun paciente con ECHC la conducción corticoespinal presento valores que excedieran el limite superior normal del grupo control. Estos resultados sugieren que a diferencia de lo que ocurre con otros sistemas neurales, las fibras piramidales mielinizadas de grueso calibre se encuentran usualmente indemnes en pacientes con ECHC