Sexual addiction in drug addicts: The impact of drug of choice and poly-addiction / Dependência sexual em dependentes químicos: o impacto de diferentes drogas de escolha e de polidependência

Summary Objective: To compare the risk of comorbid sexual addiction in a sample of individuals with a diagnosis of substance dependence, stratifying the sample by drug of choice as well as by mono versus polysubstance addiction. Method: All data were collected at Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brazil. The study sample comprised all alcohol or drug dependents admitted to the Addiction Treatment Unit between November 2013 and August 2014. A generalized linear model with a binomial distribution was performed to compare the odds of having a Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) score greater than 6 points in the subgroups analyzed. Results: A total of 133 participants were included in our analysis, all reporting cocaine/crack and/or alcohol as drug of choice. Polysubstance addicts had a significant higher risk of a positive screening for sexual addiction compared to monosubstance addicts, age-sex adjusted odds ratios of sexual addiction being respectively 2.72 (95CI 1.1-6.71) and 0.37 (95CI 0.15-0.91). The odds of a SAST score greater than 6 was not statistically different between the cocaine/crack and alcohol groups, respectively 0.38 (95CI 0.14-1.02) and 2.67 (95CI 0.98-7.25). We found a significant relation between stronger drug addiction and greater levels of sexual addiction in the cocaine/crack group (p=0.0012), but not in the alcohol group. Conclusion: Our study reinforces the importance of assessing sexual behavior of drug addicts in clinical practice, especially considering users of multiple substances or with severe dependence.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar o risco de dependência sexual em uma amostra de indivíduos com diagnóstico de dependência química, estratificados por droga de escolha e por dependência única ou de múltiplas substâncias. Método: Todos os dados foram coletados na Santa Casa de São Paulo, Brasil. A amostra estudada correspondeu a todos os indivíduos dependentes de álcool ou outras substâncias admitidos no Ambulatório de Dependência Química entre novembro de 2013 e agosto de 2014. Modelos lineares generalizados com distribuição binomial foram utilizados para comparar o risco de escores maiores que seis na Escala de Rastreamento para Dependência de Sexo (SAST) nos subgrupos analisados. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 133 pacientes usuários de cocaína/crack e/ou álcool. Usuários de múltiplas substâncias apresentaram risco significativamente maior de um screening positivo para dependência sexual comparados com usuários de uma única substância. Os odds ratios de dependência sexual ajustados por sexo e idade obtidos nos dois grupos foram, respectivamente, 2.72 (IC95% 1.1-6.71) e 0.37 (IC95% 0.15-0.91). O risco de dependência sexual entre usuários de cocaína/crack e álcool foi estimado, respectivamente, em 0.38 (IC95% 0.14-1.02) e 2.67 (IC95% 0.98-7.25), não indicando diferença significativa. Foi encontrada uma relação significativa entre severidade de dependência química e maiores níveis de dependência sexual entre dependentes de cocaína/crack, mas não de álcool. Conclusão: Nosso estudo reforça a importância de avaliar o comportamento sexual de dependentes químicos na prática clínica, especialmente considerando usuários de múltiplas substâncias, ou casos de maior severidade.

Oral health assessment for users of marijuana and cocaine/crack substances

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of users of illicit drugs such as marijuana and cocaine/crack and compare it with individuals not using these chemical substances. Questionnaires were applied to 35 illicit drugs users to gather information on demographic status, general health, and use of drugs. Then, a clinical assessment of the oral health condition was performed to collect data on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index, salivary flow rate (SFR), and mucosal lesions. The control group was composed of 35 non-illicit drug users. In the experimental group, 91.43% were males, 80% were smokers, and 42.85% were alcoholics. Cocaine was the most common drug used (77.15%), followed by marijuana (68.6%), and crack (51.4%). The average DMFT index was 9.8 and the SFR was reduced in 60% of subjects. Mucosal alterations were detected, but no potentially malignant disorders or oral cancer were diagnosed. Compared to control group, significantly higher values for gender (40%, p = 0.0001), smoking (22.86%) and heavy drinking (5.7%) habits (p = 0.0001), SFR (31.4%; p = 0.0308), and oral lesions (p = 0.0488) were found for the experimental group, although significantly higher values were found in the control group for DMFT index (p = 0.0148). It can be concluded that the use of illicit drugs contributed to an increased prevalence of oral mucosa lesions. In addition, a decline on SFR and a reduced DMFT index was observed for illicit drug users.

Intentos de suicidio y heridas auto-inferidas: 12 meses de seguimiento de conductas de riesgo de consumidores de cocaína no consultantes de servicios de rehabilitación / Suicide attempts and self inflicted harm: a one year follow up of risk behaviors among out of treatment cocaine users

Background: Cocaine users tend to have a higher frequency of risk behaviors. Aim: To compare risk behaviors of out ­of ­treatment Cocaine Base Paste (CBP) and Cocaine Hydrochloride (CH) users, by means of Privileged Access Interviewing in a one­ year prospective study. Material and Methods: Twenty ­eight interviewers were trained to recruit and administer a questionnaire on substance use patterns and related risk behaviors. Intentioned sampling was carried out in four municipalities of Santiago, Chile. Subjects who used CBP (group 1) or CH (group 2) at least once in the last month, with primary current use of CBP (group 1) or CH (group 2), and without treatment for substance abuse in the last six months were interviewed. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were employed to compare risk behaviors during follow ­up. Results: Four hundred and two of 467 subjects (86.1%) were followed up for one year. CBP users (n = 204) reported greater frequency of self ­inflicted injuries (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.97 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.07­3.66]) and suicide attempts (OR: 2.68 [95% CI: 1.19­6.01]) than CH users. Conclusions: CBP users had a greater frequency of self ­inflicted injuries and suicide attempts, both life threatening risk behaviors, than CH users. This profile shows the high vulnerability of CBP users and should encourage further research and design of outreach interventions, particularly focused on this group.

Cocaine-induced pulmonary changes: HRCT findings / Alterações pulmonares induzidas pelo uso de cocaína: avaliação por TCAR de tórax

AbstractObjective: To evaluate HRCT scans of the chest in 22 patients with cocaine-induced pulmonary disease.Methods: We included patients between 19 and 52 years of age. The HRCT scans were evaluated by two radiologists independently, discordant results being resolved by consensus. The inclusion criterion was an HRCT scan showing abnormalities that were temporally related to cocaine use, with no other apparent causal factors.Results:In 8 patients (36.4%), the clinical and tomographic findings were consistent with "crack lung", those cases being studied separately. The major HRCT findings in that subgroup of patients included ground-glass opacities, in 100% of the cases; consolidations, in 50%; and the halo sign, in 25%. In 12.5% of the cases, smooth septal thickening, paraseptal emphysema, centrilobular nodules, and the tree-in-bud pattern were identified. Among the remaining 14 patients (63.6%), barotrauma was identified in 3 cases, presenting as pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and hemopneumothorax, respectively. Talcosis, characterized as perihilar conglomerate masses, architectural distortion, and emphysema, was diagnosed in 3 patients. Other patterns were found less frequently: organizing pneumonia and bullous emphysema, in 2 patients each; and pulmonary infarction, septic embolism, eosinophilic pneumonia, and cardiogenic pulmonary edema, in 1 patient each.Conclusions: Pulmonary changes induced by cocaine use are varied and nonspecific. The diagnostic suspicion of cocaine-induced pulmonary disease depends, in most of the cases, on a careful drawing of correlations between clinical and radiological findings.

ResumoObjetivo:Avaliar achados em TCAR de tórax de 22 pacientes com doença pulmonar induzida pelo uso de cocaína.Métodos:Foram incluídos pacientes com idades variando de 19 a 52 anos. As TCAR foram avaliadas por dois radiologistas, de forma independente, e os casos discordantes foram resolvidos por consenso. O critério de inclusão foi a presença de anormalidades na TCAR temporalmente relacionadas ao uso de cocaína, sem outros fatores causais justificáveis.Resultados:Oito pacientes (36,4%) apresentavam quadro clínico-tomográfico compatível com "pulmão de crack", e esses casos foram estudados separadamente. Os achados tomográficos predominantes nesse subgrupo de pacientes foram opacidades em vidro fosco, em 100% dos casos; consolidações, em 50%; e sinal do halo, em 25%. Em 12,5% dos casos, observou-se espessamento septal liso, enfisema parasseptal, nódulos centrolobulares e padrão de árvore em brotamento. Dentre os outros 14 pacientes (63,6%), observou-se barotrauma em 3 casos, apresentando-se como pneumomediastino, pneumotórax, e hemopneumotórax, respectivamente. Talcose foi diagnosticada em 3 pacientes, caracterizada como massas conglomeradas peri-hilares, distorção arquitetural e enfisema. Outros padrões encontrados com menor frequência foram pneumonia em organização e enfisema bolhoso, observados em 2 pacientes cada; e infarto pulmonar, embolia séptica, pneumonia eosinofílica e edema pulmonar cardiogênico, em 1 paciente cada.Conclusões:As alterações pulmonares induzidas pelo uso de cocaína são múltiplas e inespecíficas, e sua suspeita diagnóstica depende, na maioria dos casos, de uma cuidadosa correlação clínico-radiológica.

Efectos de las adicciones en la práctica odontológica: un problema de salud pública / Effects of addictions in dental practice: a public health concern

En la actualidad el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas se vincula al aumento delos accidentes de tránsito y a las situaciones de violencia (robos, asaltos, suicidios, homicidios) y está presente en las causas más frecuentemente de muerte en el grupo de 15-24 años de edad. Los trastornos biológicos, psicológicos y sociales involucrados en el consumo y sus efectos en la salud de la población, nos motivan como profesionales de la salud a comprender y profundizar en esta problemática y aportar las bases suficientes en los programas de prevención y promoción de la salud.

Association beteeen smoking, crack cocaine abus and the discontinuation of commbination antiretroviral therapy in recife, pernambuco, Brazil / Associacao entre tabagismo e o uso de crack com a descontinuidade da terapia antirretroviral combinada em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil

Despite the effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), nonadherence to medication has become a major threat to its effectiveness. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported irregular use of antiretroviral therapy and the factors associated with such an irregularity in PLWHA. A cross-sectional study of PLWHA who attended two referral centers in the city of Recife, in Northeastern Brazil, between June 2007 and October 2009 was carried out. The study analyzed socioeconomic factors, social service support and personal habits associated with nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy, adjusted by multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of PLWHA who reported irregular use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) was 25.7%. In the final multivariate model, the irregular use of cART was associated with the following variables: being aged less than 40 years (OR = 1.66, 95%-CI: 1.29-2.13), current smokers (OR = 1.76, 95%-CI: 1.31-2.37) or former smokers (OR = 1.43, 95%-CI: 1.05-1.95), and crack cocaine users (OR = 2.79, 95%-CI: 1.24-6.32). Special measures should be directed towards each of the following groups: individuals aged less than 40 years, smokers, former smokers and crack cocaine users. Measures for giving up smoking and crack cocaine should be incorporated into HIV-control programs in order to promote greater adherence to antiretroviral drugs and thus improve the quality of life and prolong life expectancy.

Apesar da eficácia da terapêutica antirretroviral combinada para o tratamento de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids, a não adesão aos medicamentos tem se tornado uma das maiores ameaças à efetividade dessa terapêutica. O objetivo desse estudo foi estimar a prevalência de uso irregular autorreferido da terapia antirretroviral e os fatores associados com essa irregularidade em pessoas vivendo com HIV. Foi realizado um estudo seccional de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids atendidas em dois centros de referência no Recife, Nordeste do Brasil, entre junho 2007 e outubro de 2009. Foram analisados os fatores socioeconômicos, de apoio social e de hábitos do indivíduo, ajustados através de análise de regressão logística multivariada. A prevalência de pessoas vivendo com HIV/Aids que relataram o uso irregular da terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARC) foi de 25,7%. No modelo multivariado final, o uso irregular da TARC esteve associado às seguintes variáveis: ter menos de 40 anos (OR = 1,66, IC95%: 1,29-2,13), fumantes (OR = 1,76, IC95%: 1,31-2,37) ou ex-fumantes (OR = 1,43, IC95%: 1,05-1,95) e ser usuário de crack (OR = 2,79, IC95%: 1,24-6,32). Medidas especiais devem ser direcionadas para cada um dos seguintes grupos: adultos com menos de 40 anos, fumantes, ex-fumantes e usuários de crack. Ações voltadas para a cessação do tabagismo e do crack devem ser incorporadas ao programa de controle dos infectados pelo HIV, visando promover a maior adesão aos antirretrovirais e, consequentemente, aumentar a expectativa e a qualidade de vida.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C and factors associated with this in crack users / Soroprevalência da Hepatite C e fatores associados em usuários de crack / Seroprevalencia de la Hepatitis C y factores asociados en usuarios de crack

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis C in crack users in Piauí. METHOD: seroepidemiological survey, undertaken in the Psycho-Social Care Centers for Drugs and Alcohol (CAPS AD) in Piauí in the period December 2011 to May 2012. A questionnaire was administered and blood samples were collected for serological research. Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test were used, with a level of significance of (p<0.05). RESULTS: the prevalence of Anti-HCV was 05 (1.4%) and 04 (1.1%) for the RNA-HCV. There was a statistically significant association between hepatitis C (serological marker RNA-HCV) and age, being resident at home, length of use of crack, interruption of the use of crack, and the habit of sharing the crack pipes. CONCLUSION: the findings support the need to implement health policies aimed at crack users, due to the accelerated process of physical and psychological deterioration to which these are subject. .

OBJETIVO: investigar a soroprevalência da Hepatite C em usuários de crack do Estado do Piauí. MÉTODO: trata-se de um inquérito soroepidemiológico, desenvolvido nos Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas do Piauí, nos meses de dezembro de 2011 a maio de 2012. Aplicou-se formulário e coletou-se amostra sanguínea para pesquisa sorológica. Utilizou-se o teste exato de Fisher e de Mann-Whitney com nível de significância p<0,05. RESULTADOS: a prevalência do Anti-HCV foi de 05 (1,4%) e 04 (1,1%) para o RNA-HCV. Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre Hepatite C (marcador sorológico RNA-HCV) e idade, residentes no domicílio, tempo de uso do crack, interrupção do uso do crack e hábito de compartilhar os cachimbos. CONCLUSÃO: os achados reforçam a necessidade de implementação de políticas de saúde voltadas para os usuários de crack, devido ao acelerado processo de deterioração física e psíquica à qual estão sujeitos. .

OBJETIVO: investigar la seroprevalencia de la Hepatitis C en usuarios de crack del estado de Piauí. Método: se trata de una investigación seroepidemiológico, desarrollado en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial Alcohol y Drogas de Piauí entre diciembre del 2011 y mayo del 2012. Fue aplicado formulario y colectada muestra sanguínea para investigación serológica. Fue utilizado el test exacto de Fisher y de Mann-Whitney con nivel de significancia (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: la prevalencia del Anti-HCV correspondió a 05 (1,4%) y 04 (1,1%) para el RNA-HCV. Fue encontrada asociación estadísticamente significativa entre Hepatitis C (marcador serológico RNA-HCV) y edad, residentes en domicilio, tiempo de uso del crack, interrupción del uso del crack y hábito de compartir las pipas. CONCLUSIÓN: los hallazgos refuerzan la necesidad de implementación de las políticas de salud dirigidas a los usuarios de crack, debido al acelerado proceso de deterioro físico y psíquico a que están sujetos. .

Arteriopatía periférica crónica inducida por cocaína / Chronic peripheral arterial disease induced by cocaine

La trombosis periférica aguda inducida por cocaína ha sido descripta en la literatura, siendo una complicación poco común. Si bien existen comunicaciones que reflejan los efectos crónicos de la cocaína sobre el sistema arterial periférico, no hay casos publicados de tal complicación en ausencia de otros factores de riesgo. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 22 años de edad con antecedentes de consumo de cocaína intranasal de 3 gramos por semana durante un año, que consultó por claudicación intermitente a los 200 metros asociada a dolor y parestesias en miembro inferior izquierdo de 2 meses de evolución. El ecodoppler arterial evidenció una estenosis mayor del 70% en la arteria femoral superficial izquierda. Se realizaron estudios complementarios descartando otras etiologías probables. Se inició tratamiento con ácido acetilsalicílico, cilostazol y ejercicio reglado, asociado a terapia de apoyo para mantenimiento del cese del consumo de cocaína, con buena respuesta. Se destaca la importancia de la difusión de información a los pacientes, dado que la mayoría de la población desconoce las complicaciones cardiovasculares de dicha adicción. Es indispensable indagar sobre el consumo de cocaína en pacientes jóvenes con arteriopatía sin factores de riesgo aparentes.

Cocaine induced acute peripheral thrombosis, though a rare complication, has been described in the literature. Although there are reports describing the chronic effects of cocaine on the peripheral arterial system, there are no published cases of this complication when other risk factors are lacking. We report on a 22 year old female patient, with intranasal consumption of 3 grams of cocaine per week for a year, who consulted for intermittent claudication at 200 meters, associated to left lower limb pain and paresthesiae for the last two months. Arterial Doppler ultrasonography showed a stenosis greater than 70% in the superficial left femoral artery. Other probable etiologies were excluded. Treatment was initiated with acetylsalicylic acid, cilostazol and graded physical exercise, associated to support therapy in order to maintain cocaine consumption avoidance, with good response. This case emphasizes the relevance of patients information, as most people ignore the cardiovascular complication of this addiction. It is also essential to inquire about cocaine consumption in young patients with peripheral arteriopathy and no apparent risk factors.

Daño endotelial y activación del sistema hemostático asociado al uso crónico de cocaína: estudios ex vivo e in vitro / Endothelial damage and activation of the haemostatic system associated to chronic use of cocaine: an ex vivo and in vitro study

Antecedentes: Usuarios crónicos de cocaína tienen riesgo aumentado de presentar infarto de miocardio, angina,muerte súbita y accidentes cerebrovasculares. Aunque la patogenia del daño vascular es mayormente desconocida, se ha encontrado arterioesclerosis prematura y formación de trombos intravasculares. Objetivo: Demostrar evidencia de daño endotelial y activación del sistema hemostático en usuarios crónicos de cocaína. Métodos: Un grupo de 23 pacientes con criterios de dependencia a cocaína DSM-IV; 19 hombres (edad promedio 32 a), con exposición a la droga dentro de 72 h del estudio. Disfunción endotelial se evaluó por enumeración de las células endoteliales circulantes (CEC) y nivel de sICAM . Para activación del sistema hemostático se incluyó: complejos trombina-antitrombina (TAT) y generación de trombina; NAP-2 y RANTES para activación plaquetaria. In vitro, CE en cultivo (HUVEC), se expusieron a plasma de consumidores o controles. Se midió factor von Willebrand (FVW) en el medio y expresión de FvW y factor tisular (FT) sobre las CE. Adhesión plaquetaria estática se evaluó por microscopía. Resultados: En usuarios de cocaína, con respecto a controles, las CEC estaban significativamente elevadas...

Background: chronic cocaine users have an increased risk of developing myocardial infarction, angina, suddendeath and stroke. Although the pathogenesis of this effect is not completely known, premature atheromatosis and intravascular thrombosis appear to be involved.Aim: to provide evidence for the presence of endothelial damage and activation of the haemostatic system in chronic cocaine users. Methods: 23 subjects (19males, overall mean age 32) with DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependency and exposure to the drug within 72 hours were studied. Endothelial dysfunction was determined by circulating endothelial cell counts (CEC) and sICAM levels. Thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) and thrombin generation were used to characterize haemostatic status. In vitro, platelet activation was studied by NAP-2 and RANTES. EC in culture (HUVEC) were exposed to plasma from cocaine users and controls. Von Willebrand factor was measured in the culture media as well as its expression along with that of tissue factor in EC. Platelet adhesion was evaluated by microscopy. Results: Compared to controls, EC were significantly increased in cocaine users...

HIV/AIDS risk among female sex workers who use crack in Southern Brazil / Risco frente ao HIV/Aids entre mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo que usam crack no sul do Brasil / Riesgo frente al HIV/Sida entre mujeres trabajadoras del sexo que usan crack en el sur de Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To understand the social context of female sex workers who use crack and its impact on HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. METHODODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: Qualitative study carried out in Foz do Iguaçu, Southern Brazil, in 2003. Twenty-six in-depth interviews and two focus groups were carried out with female commercial sex workers who frequently use crack. In-depth interviews with health providers, community leaders and public policy managers, as well as field observations were also conducted. Transcript data was entered into Atlas.ti software and grounded theory methodology was used to analyze the data and develop a conceptual model as a result of this study. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Female sex workers who use crack had low self-perceived HIV risk in spite of being engaged in risky behaviors (e.g. unprotected sex with multiple partners). Physical and sexual violence among clients, occasional and stable partners was widespread jeopardizing negotiation and consistent condom use. According to health providers, community leaders and public policy managers, several female sex workers who use crack are homeless or live in slums, and rarely have access to health services, voluntary counseling and testing, social support, pre-natal and reproductive care. CONCLUSIONS: Female sex workers who use crack experience a plethora of health and social problems, which apparently affect their risks for HIV infection. Low-threshold, user-friendly and gender-tailored interventions should be implemented, in order to increase the access to health and social-support services among this population. Those initiatives might also increase their access to reproductive health in general, and to preventive strategies focusing on HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections.

OBJETIVO: Compreender o contexto social no qual estão inseridas trabalhadoras do sexo que usam crack e seu impacto na adoção de comportamentos de risco frente ao HIV/Aids. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo qualitativo realizado em Foz do Iguaçu (PR), em 2003. Foram realizadas 26 entrevistas em profundidade e dois grupos focais com trabalhadoras do sexo que utilizam crack freqüentemente. Também foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com profissionais de saúde, líderes comunitários e gerentes de políticas públicas, além de observações de campo. Os dados transcritos foram codificados com auxílio do software Atlas.ti e a metodologia grounded theory (teoria fundamentada em dados) foi utilizada para analisar os dados e desenvolver um modelo conceitual como resultado do estudo. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: As trabalhadoras do sexo que utilizam crack apresentaram baixa autopercepção de risco frente ao HIV, apesar de estarem envolvidas em comportamentos de risco, como sexo desprotegido com múltiplos parceiros. Experiências de violência física e sexual com clientes, parceiros ocasionais e estáveis foram bastante freqüentes entre estas mulheres, prejudicando a negociação e o uso consistente de preservativos. Segundo profissionais de saúde, líderes comunitários e gerentes de políticas públicas, diversas trabalhadoras do sexo usuárias de crack, são moradoras de rua ou favelas, raramente acessam serviços de saúde, de aconselhamento e testagem anônimos, de apoio social e de saúde reprodutiva e pré-natal. CONCLUSÕES: As profissionais do sexo que utilizam crack vivenciam vários problemas sociais e de saúde que parecem influenciar o risco à infecção pelo HIV. Intervenções de limiar baixo, amigáveis e voltadas para questões de gênero devem ser implementadas objetivando facilitar o acesso a serviços de saúde e de apoio social nessa população. Tais iniciativas poderão também facilitar o acesso deste grupo a serviços voltados para saúde reprodutiva em geral ...

OBJETIVO: Comprender el contexto social en el cual están insertadas trabajadoras del sexo que usan crack y su impacto en la adopción de comportamientos de riesgo frente al HIV/Sida. MÉTODOS: Se realizó estudio cualitativo en Foz de Iguacu (Sur de Brasil), en 2003. Se realizaron 26 encuestas con profundidad y dos grupos focales con trabajadoras del sexo que utilizan crack frecuentemente. También se realizaron encuestas con profundidad con profesionales de la salud, líderes comunitarios y gerentes de políticas públicas, además de observaciones de campo. Los datos transcritos fueron codificados con ayuda del software Atlas.ti y el método grounded theory (teoría fundamentada en datos) fue utilizada para analizar los datos y desarrollar un modelo conceptual como resultado de estudio. ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS: Las trabajadoras del sexo que utilizan crack presentaron baja autopercepción del riesgo frente al HIV, a pesar de estar relacionadas con comportamientos de riesgo, como sexo desprotegido con múltiples parejas. Experiencias de violencia física y sexual con clientes, parejas ocasionales y estables fueron bastante frecuentes entre estas mujeres, perjudicando la negociación y el uso consistente de preservativos. Según los profesionales de la salud, los líderes comunitarios y los gerentes de políticas públicas, diversas trabajadoras del sexo usuarias de crack, viven en las calles o en barrios, raramente tienen acceso a los servicios de salud, de consejos y exámenes anónimos, de apoyo social y de salud reproductiva y pre-natal. CONCLUSIONES: Las profesionales del sexo que utilizan crack experimentaron varios problemas sociales y de salud que parecen influenciar sobre el riesgo a la infección por el HIV. Intervenciones de bajo umbral, amigables y dirigidas para cuestiones de género deben ser implementadas buscando facilitar el acceso a servicios de salud y de apoyo social en esa población. Tales iniciativas podrán también facilitar el acceso ...

Brain injury markers (S100B and NSE) in chronic cocaine dependents

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown signs of brain damage caused by different mechanisms in cocaine users. The serum neuron specific enolase and S100B protein are considered specific biochemical markers of neuronal and glial cell injury. This study aimed at comparing blood levels of S100B and NSE in chronic cocaine users and in volunteers who did not use cocaine or other illicit drugs. METHOD: Twenty subjects dependent on cocaine but not on alcohol or marijuana, and 20 non-substance using controls were recruited. Subjects were selected by consecutive and non-probabilistic sampling. Neuron specific enolase and S100B levels were determined by luminescence assay. RESULTS: Cocaine users had significantly higher scores than controls in all psychiatric dimensions of the SCL-90 and had cognitive deficits in the subtest cubes of WAIS and the word span. Mean serum S100B level was 0.09 ± 0.04 µg/l among cocaine users and 0.08 ± 0.04 µg/l among controls. Mean serum neuron specific enolase level was 9.7 ± 3.5 ng/l among cocaine users and 8.3 ± 2.6 ng/l among controls. CONCLUSIONS: In this first study using these specific brain damage markers in cocaine users, serum levels of S100B and neuron specific enolase were not statistically different between cocaine dependent subjects and controls.

OBJETIVO: Estudos têm demonstrado sinais de lesão cerebral causadas por diferentes mecanismos em usuários de cocaína. A enolase sérica neurônio-específica e a proteína S100B são consideradas marcadores bioquímicos específicos de lesão neuronal e glial. Este estudo objetivou comparar os níveis sangüíneos de S100B e enolase sérica neurônio-específica em usuários crônicos de cocaína e em voluntários que não usam cocaína ou outras drogas ilícitas. MÉTODO: Vinte sujeitos dependentes de cocaína, mas não dependentes de álcool, maconha ou outra droga, e 20 sujeitos controles não usuários de drogas foram recrutados. Os sujeitos foram selecionados por amostragem consecutiva e não-probabilística e os níveis de enolase neurônio-específica e S100B foram determinados por ensaio de luminescência. RESULTADOS: Os usuários de cocaína tiveram escores significativamente maior que os controles em todas as dimensões psiquiátricas do SCL-90 e apresentaram prejuízos cognitivos no subteste cubos do WAIS e no span de palavras. Os níveis de S100B foram em média 0,09 ± 0,04 µg/l nos usuários de cocaína e 0,08 ± 0,04 µg/l nos controles. Os níveis de enolase neurônio-específica foram em média 9,7 ± 3,5 ng/l nos usuários e 8,3 ± 2,6 ng/l nos controles. CONCLUSÃO: Neste primeiro estudo utilizando esses marcadores específicos de lesão cerebral em usuários de cocaína, os níveis séricos de S100B e enolase específica do neurônio não foram significativamente diferentes entre dependentes de cocaína e controles.

Patrones de consumo de sustancias de una muestra no consultante de consumidores de pasta base de cocaína / Patterns of substance use of out-of-treatment cocaine base paste users

Introducción: En Chile, el consumo de Pasta Base de Cocaína (PBC) se ha asociado a marginalidad y micronarcotráfico. Es posible que en nuestro país exista una población de consumidores de PBC oculta a los estudios de población general y a los servicios sanitarios. El objetivo fue caracterizar una muestra de consumidores de PBC que no han recibido tratamiento reciente por abuso de sustancias utilizando la Entrevista de Acceso Privilegiado. Método: Se entrenaron 9 entrevistadores, con acceso a consumidores de PBC en las comunas de San Joaquín y La Pintana, en la administración de una encuesta sobre patrones de consumo y conductas de riesgo. Resultados: se reclutaron 160 sujetos con una mediana de edad de 21 años (mín: 12; máx: 46) de los cuales 99 fueron hombres (61,9 por ciento). La PBC fue la sustancia primaria de consumo en 136 sujetos (85 por ciento) con una mediana de días de consumo en el último mes de 23 (mín: 1; máx: 30) y una cantidad mediana de consumo de 4,2 gr/día (mín: 1; máx: 75). La edad mediana de inicio de consumo de PBC fue de 16 años (mín: 8; máx: 37). Conclusiones: el patrón de consumo de sustancias de esta muestra no consultante parece ser de mayor severidad que el patrón de consumo de una muestra de población general reportada en el Estudio Nacional de consumo de Sustancias (CONACE 2000) en las mismas comunas. La muestra descrita, o parte de ella, pudiera constituir una población oculta de consumidores de PBC.

Background: In Chile, crack or free-base Cocaine (FBC) use is associated with social isolation and drug traffic. This fact might be conditioning a hidden population of CBP users. The aim of the study was to characterize a sample of out-of-treatment CBP users by means of Privileged Access Interviewing in two districts of Santiago. Methods: Nine privileged access interviewers were trained to administer a questionnaire about substance use patterns and related risk behaviors. Results: 160 CBP users were recruited. The median age of the sample was 21 years (min: 12; max: 46). Gender distribution was 61,9 percent male. CBP was the primary abused substance in 85 percent of the sample. The median days of use in the last month was 23 days (min: 0; max: 30) and the median daily dose in the last month was 4,2 gr/day (min:0; max:75). The median age of onset of CBP use was 16 years (min: 8; max: 37). Conclusions: The pattern of substance use of this out-of-treatment sample seems to be more serious than the pattern of a general population sample reported by a National Survey in the same territorial areas. This sample, or part of it, might be a hidden population of CBP users.

Drogadicción embriofetal por abuso de pasta base de cocaína durante el embarazo / Fetal drug addiction as a consequence of maternal cocaine base paste abuse during pregnancy

Background: Fetal drug addiction is a serious public health problem. In the United States 10 to 15 percent of children have been exposed "in utero" to cocaine. In a Chilean public health service, more than 200 offspring of cocaine free base abuser have been detected. Aim: To analyze the clinical and social features of 100 children exposed to cocaine free base during fetal development. Patients and methods: Clinical features of children born from cocaine free base consume mothers were described at birth. During subsequent follow up, growth and development, disease episodes, developmental alterations and social situation were recorded. Data was compared with other newborns from the same health service. Results: Compared to their normal counterparts, exposed children has a lower birth weight, the frequency of premature babies was thrice higher, and small-for-gestational age children were four times more common. There was also a higher prevalence of cardiac malformations, seizures and apnea. Hospital admissions were more frequent, prolonged and required more complex facilities. During follow up, undernutrition and stunting were more prevalent. Psychomotor retardation was present in 67 percent of children and behavioral disturbances in 93 percent. Most of these children are governmental protection. Conclusions: Strategies to prevent drug abuse during pregnancy and its devastating medical and social consequences should be urgently developed

Daño cardiovascular asociado al uso de alcohol y drogas / Cardiovascular failure associated to alcohol and drug comsumption

El alcohol y las drogas que generan dependencia, tienen efectos deletéreos sobre el sistema cardiovascular tanto por acción tóxica directa como por agravar o potenciar las alteraciones subyacentes que forman parte de la patología prevalente en adultos expuestos a estos riesgos de adicción. El diagnóstico diferencial es esencial para tomar las medidas correctoras que, en todo caso, prevengan los efectos cardiovasculares de su consumo y disminuyan el riesgo de agravación de las cardiopatías de base asociadas, fundamentalmente por su trascendencia, las alteraciones dependientes de la cardiopatía coronaria. Especialmente respecto al alcoholismo, y dadas las consecuencias de la promoción y de la liberalización de su ingesta por los eventuales beneficios preventivos de su uso controlado, debe mirarse con reservas la supuesta evidencia epidemiológica que preconiza su indicación profiláctica en la cardiopatía ateroesclerótica, como no resiste toda lógica la indicación irrestricta de anabólicos o drogas causantes de dependencia, para aumentar la resistencia o la capacidad física de individuos expuestos a tareas exhaustivas