Morphology of coat and skin of small ruminants reared in the Brazilian semi-arid region.

The structure of the coat and integument of small ruminants reared in semi-arid regions have valuable characteristics that favor their adaptation to the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the coat and integument and sweating capacity of goats and sheep in the Brazilian semi-arid region, using 20 animals, 10 of each breed, 5 males and 5 females of each species, grouped in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (2 species and 2 genders) with 5 replicates. The animals were already being kept under the influence of high temperatures and levels of direct solar radiation before the day of the collections. At the time of the evaluations, ambient temperature was high, with low relative humidity. The pattern of epidermal thickness and sweat glands per body region was superior in sheep (P < 0.05), and the number of hair follicles and sweat rate were similar (P > 0.05) between the species. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the evaluated characteristics between the genders, showing that they are not influenced by hormones. The morphology of the coat and skin of these animals showed a superiority of goats compared to sheep.

Thermal stress index for native sheep.

The first objective of this study was to develop a thermal stress index for sheep based on environmental and animal data collected in a climate chamber under various environmental conditions. The second objective was to compare published indices of thermal comfort and the proposed index, testing them with the data from this study, with the objective of pointing out the most adequate index to be used by breeders when choosing management procedures. A total of 3024 data were obtained for the physiological variables of the sheep exposed to the eight thermal conditions in the climatic chamber and in ambient condition, kept three days in each thermal condition. A principal component analysis summarized the measurements of physiological variables into only one variable (y1). Using SigmaPlot software, multiple regression of y1 with the environmental variables and their combinations produced a number of indices. The equation chosen was the heat stress index for sheep, TSI = 24.153 - (0.0523*AT) + (0.746*BGT) + (4.104*Vp), with R2 = 0.668. The correlations presented high values, where these correlation values were assumed to indicate the efficiency of each index as indicators of the animals' response to the environment. Thus, it was assumed that the TSI presents a high efficiency.

Inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em pequenos ruminantes: desafio de um programa comercial / Artificial insemination at a fixed time in small ruminants: challenge of a commercial program

A Inseminação Artificial é uma das biotécnicas da reprodução animal mais utilizadas em pequenos ruminantes, contribuindo na incessante busca pelo melhoramento animal nesta espécie e apresentando-se viável ao pequeno, médio e grande produtor. Pelo método convencional, com observação de cio, ou com a utilização de protocolos de sincronização do estro e indução de ovulação, com uso da Inseminação Artificial em Tempo Fixo (IATF), diversos são os desafios encontrados quando da execução de um programa comercial. Entendendo a não padronização de manejo nas diversas unidades produtivas, bem como, a pouca ou nenhuma atenção dada, por grande parte destas, a questões de bem-estar animal, envolvendo conforto térmico, atendimento as necessidades nutricionais especificas de cada fase, a utilização de práticas rudimentares desencadeadoras de estresse, com conseguinte liberação de cortisol e, a pouca valorização da equipe de colaboradores, fatos estes, em diferentes níveis, têm contribuído na obtenção de resultados pouco desejáveis. Maior atenção carece ser dada na organização de toda cadeia produtiva e em especial, das unidades de produção de pequenos ruminantes.

Artificial Insemination is one of the most used animal reproduction biotechniques in small ruminants, contributing to the incessant search for animal improvement in this species and presenting itself as viable to small, medium and large producers. By the conventional method, with estrus observation, or with the use of estrus synchronization and ovulation induction protocols, using Fixed Time Artificial Insemination (IATF), there are several challenges encountered when executing a commercial program. Understanding the non-standardization of management in the various production units, as well as the little or no attention given, by most producers, to animal welfare issues, involving thermal comfort, meeting the specific nutritional needs of each phase, the use rudimentary practices that trigger stress, with the consequent release of cortisol and, the low appreciation of the team of employees, facts that, at different levels, have contributed to the achievement of undesirable results. Greater attention needs to be paid to the organization of the entire production chain and, in particular, of small ruminant production units.

Effect of the environment and diet on the physiological variables of sheep in the Brazilian semi-arid region / Efeito do ambiente e dieta sobre as variáveis fisiológicas de ovinos no semiárido brasileiro

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the physiological variables of three sheep genotypes: Morada Nova, Somalis, and Dorper x Somalis crossbreed regarding the environment and diet in the Brazilian semi-arid region by using 30 animals (10 from each genetic group). Five of these animals had 30% of the tifton hay replaced by hairy woodrose hay. The temperature and relative air humidity were registered, the black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI) was calculated, and the rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and surface temperature (ST) were measured in the morning and afternoon. The experimental design was a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, which consisted of three genotypes, two diets, and two periods, and five replications each. BGHI presented values of 81 in the shade and 90 in the sun and a significant difference (P 0.05) was observed for the studied variables in relation to the periods, with higher values in the afternoon. The average ST was 35.48 C in the morning and 38.11 C in the afternoon. Morada Nova presented the lowest RT and RR (P 0.05) among the genetic groups, with a higher tolerance to heat. The 30% substitution of tifton hay by hairy woodrose hay did not negatively affect the thermoregulatory capacity of sheep. The studied genetic groups were adapted and tolerant to climate conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid region.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar e comparar as variáveis fisiológicas de três grupos genéticos de ovinos: Morada Nova, Somalis e mestiços de Dorper x Somalis com relação ao ambiente e à dieta no semiárido brasileiro, utilizando-se 30 animais, 10 de cada grupo genético, sendo que cinco tiveram 30% do feno de tífton substituído por feno de jitirana. Foi coletada a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, calculado o ITGU e aferidas a temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e cardíaca (FC) e temperatura superficial (TS), nos turnos manhã e tarde. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), e o esquema fatorial 3x2x2, sendo três grupos genéticos, duas dietas e dois turnos, com cinco repetições cada. Os valores para ITGU foram de 81 na sombra e 90 no sol e houve diferença (P < 0,05) para as variáveis estudadas com relação aos turnos, sendo mais elevados à tarde. A TS média dos ovinos foi de 35,48 pela manhã e 38,11oC à tarde, e Morada Nova apresentou TR e FR menor (P < 0,05) entre os grupos genéticos e demonstraram maior tolerância ao calor. A substituição de 30% de feno de tífton por feno de Jitirana, não repercutiu negativamente na capacidade termorregulatória dos ovinos. Os grupos genéticos estudados apresentaram-se adaptados e tolerantes às condições climáticas do semiárido brasileiro.(AU)

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia e pré-medicadas com midazolam e morfina / Continuous intravenous anesthesia by dextroketamine and detomidine in bitches subjected to ovariohysterectomy and premedicated with midazolam and morphine

Background: The use of injectable anesthetics to induce and maintain anesthesia has been the subject of extensive research.Ketamine induces dissociative anesthesia, which is characterized by sensory loss, analgesia and amnesia without loss of consciousness. The levorotatory isomer of ketamine is dextroketamine. Detomidine, a potent myorelaxant that acts as a sedative andanalgesic, is commonly used on horses but rarely tested in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratoryand anesthetic effects promoted by a combination of detomidine and dextroketamine applied via continuous intravenous infusionin bitches premedicated with midazolam and morphine.Materials, Methods & Results:Eight bitches treated at the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande werereferred for elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The animals were premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg of midazolam and 0.1 mg/kgof morphine intramuscular (IM) followed, after 15 min, with 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine IM. Fifteen min after the administration of detomidine, 3.5 mg/kg of dextroketamine was administered intravenously (IV), followed by continuous IV infusion of14 mg/kg/h of dextroketamine and 30 μg/kg/h of detomidine. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT),mean arterial pressure (MAP), myorelaxation and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 min after the administrationof midazolam and morphine (M0 and M1), 15 min after detomidine (M2), immediately after starting the infusion (M3), at 10min intervals up to 60 min (M4, M5, M6, M7, M8 and M9) and 30 min after the end of the infusion (M10). Blood gas variableswere analyzed at M0, M1, M2, M6, M9 and M10. Analgesia was evaluated by measuring cortisol and glucose levels at M0, threemin after dermotomy, three min after clamping the ovarian pedicle, and three min after dermorrhaphy. The quality and durationof recovery were evaluated. HR dropped significantly from...

Anestesia intravenosa contínua com dextrocetamina e detomidina em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia e pré-medicadas com midazolam e morfina / Continuous intravenous anesthesia by dextroketamine and detomidine in bitches subjected to ovariohysterectomy and premedicated with midazolam and morphine

Background: The use of injectable anesthetics to induce and maintain anesthesia has been the subject of extensive research.Ketamine induces dissociative anesthesia, which is characterized by sensory loss, analgesia and amnesia without loss of consciousness. The levorotatory isomer of ketamine is dextroketamine. Detomidine, a potent myorelaxant that acts as a sedative andanalgesic, is commonly used on horses but rarely tested in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratoryand anesthetic effects promoted by a combination of detomidine and dextroketamine applied via continuous intravenous infusionin bitches premedicated with midazolam and morphine.Materials, Methods & Results:Eight bitches treated at the veterinary hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande werereferred for elective ovariohysterectomy (OHE). The animals were premedicated with 0.3 mg/kg of midazolam and 0.1 mg/kgof morphine intramuscular (IM) followed, after 15 min, with 0.02 mg/kg of detomidine IM. Fifteen min after the administration of detomidine, 3.5 mg/kg of dextroketamine was administered intravenously (IV), followed by continuous IV infusion of14 mg/kg/h of dextroketamine and 30 μg/kg/h of detomidine. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT),mean arterial pressure (MAP), myorelaxation and electrocardiogram were recorded before and 15 min after the administrationof midazolam and morphine (M0 and M1), 15 min after detomidine (M2), immediately after starting the infusion (M3), at 10min intervals up to 60 min (M4, M5, M6, M7, M8 and M9) and 30 min after the end of the infusion (M10). Blood gas variableswere analyzed at M0, M1, M2, M6, M9 and M10. Analgesia was evaluated by measuring cortisol and glucose levels at M0, threemin after dermotomy, three min after clamping the ovarian pedicle, and three min after dermorrhaphy. The quality and durationof recovery were evaluated. HR dropped significantly from...(AU)

Thermal conditioning in the broiler production: challenges and possibilities

With the introduction of new technologies that lead to the development of new systems of poultry breeding, have been promoted to the animals better thermal comfort conditions. This lessens the great challenge for industrial poultry, with regard to aviary constructions, resulting in increased productivity. It is known that an animal in heat stress condition presents lower productive performance. A lower feed conversion caused by decreased feed intake is the main cause. Multidisciplinary studies have been developed seeking the deepening the needs and possibilities already available about these new systems. With this, this review seeks to approach in a didactic and simplified way the planning and construction of aviary sheds aiming to provide an suitable thermal conditioning for broiler accommodation.(AU)

Thermal conditioning in the broiler production: challenges and possibilities

With the introduction of new technologies that lead to the development of new systems of poultry breeding, have been promoted to the animals better thermal comfort conditions. This lessens the great challenge for industrial poultry, with regard to aviary constructions, resulting in increased productivity. It is known that an animal in heat stress condition presents lower productive performance. A lower feed conversion caused by decreased feed intake is the main cause. Multidisciplinary studies have been developed seeking the deepening the needs and possibilities already available about these new systems. With this, this review seeks to approach in a didactic and simplified way the planning and construction of aviary sheds aiming to provide an suitable thermal conditioning for broiler accommodation.

Growth and reproduction hormones of ruminants subjected to heat stress

The adaptation of the animals, either temperate or tropical climate, is mainly related to physiology and its adaptation to the environment. When subjected to temperature and humidity different from the usual air, these animals found in heat stress difficulty reproduction and production. The endocrine system is one of those responsible for controlling the stress response, and rapid and appropriate growth is one of the elements of greatest economic importance toward meat production, and more producers want to improve, to accelerate the production rate and decreasing production costs. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate, through research papers found in the literature, the influence of heat stress on the hormones of growth and reproduction in ruminants. It was observed that even in studies that do not consider the productive performance of the animals, the influence of these parameters is significant in the ambience and the degree of adaptation of the same. However, more research should be conducted in order to evaluate the production of animals of different species under the conditions of different regions, as well as search for alternatives to achieve the best animal production levels, either by finding the best way of introducing exotic breeds, or the possibility of bringing more comfort to the animals in their various productive and reproductive stages.(AU)

Growth and reproduction hormones of ruminants subjected to heat stress

The adaptation of the animals, either temperate or tropical climate, is mainly related to physiology and its adaptation to the environment. When subjected to temperature and humidity different from the usual air, these animals found in heat stress difficulty reproduction and production. The endocrine system is one of those responsible for controlling the stress response, and rapid and appropriate growth is one of the elements of greatest economic importance toward meat production, and more producers want to improve, to accelerate the production rate and decreasing production costs. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate, through research papers found in the literature, the influence of heat stress on the hormones of growth and reproduction in ruminants. It was observed that even in studies that do not consider the productive performance of the animals, the influence of these parameters is significant in the ambience and the degree of adaptation of the same. However, more research should be conducted in order to evaluate the production of animals of different species under the conditions of different regions, as well as search for alternatives to achieve the best animal production levels, either by finding the best way of introducing exotic breeds, or the possibility of bringing more comfort to the animals in their various productive and reproductive stages.

Systemic and neurotoxic effects of epidural meloxicam in rabbits / Efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos do meloxicam por via epidural em coelhos

The aim of this study was to assess systemic and neurotoxic changes following an epidural administration of meloxicamin to rabbits. Twelve adult rabbits four males and eight females; average mass, 1.9 ± 0.1kg were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (GC), which received a single dose of 0.9% NaCl epidurally in a volume of 0.3mL kg-1and a meloxicam group (GM), which received 0.2mg kg-1 meloxicam epidurally along with 0.9% NaCl in a total volume of 0.3mL kg-1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and neurological abnormalities were assessed prior to administration of anesthesia (H0), 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24h following epidural puncture (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12, and H24, respectively), and every 24h afterward for 10 days after epidural puncture (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, and D10). The surface temperature of lumbosacral region was also measured at H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 and D10. Three animals from each group were euthanized on days 15 and 30 after epidural puncture to assess possible spinal injuries. Variances observed in physiological parameters were not suggestive of adverse effects of meloxicam, as all were within the reference standards, and there were no physical or behavioral changes observed. Neurological function was similar between groups, with only difference between baseline values and values 1h after epidural administration in both groups. There were no histopathological changes in the GM group, and only one animal showed discrete lymphocytic infiltrate. Epidural lumbosacral administration of meloxicam at a dose of 0.2mg kg-1 caused no significant systemic or neurotoxic effects in rabbits.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações sistêmicas e neurotóxicas promovidas pelo meloxicam, administrado por via epidural, em coelhos. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos adultos, quatro machos e oito fêmeas, pensando em média 1,9 ± 0,1kg. Os animais foram divididos equitativa e aleatoriamente em dois grupos, os quais receberam dose única de solução de NaCl 0,9% no volume de 0,3mL kg-1, por via epidural (grupo controle - GC) ou meloxicam (0,2mg kg-1) associado à solução de NaCl 0,9%, compondo um volume total de 0,3mL kg-1 (grupo meloxicam - GM). Avaliaram-se frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura corporal e alterações neurológicas, antes da administração da anestesia (H0), uma, duas, três, seis, 12 e 24 horas após a punção epidural (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12 e H24, respectivamente) e a cada 24 horas após o H24, até o 10º dia após a punção epidural (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 e D10). Mensurou-se ainda a temperatura superficial da região lombossacra em H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 e D10. Realizou-se eutanásia em três animais de cada grupo no 15o e no 30o dia após o início do experimento, para avaliação das possíveis lesões medulares. As variâncias observadas nos parâmetros fisiológicos não foram sugestivas de efeito adverso do meloxicam, pois estiveram dentro do padrão de referência e não houve alterações físicas ou comportamentais. O exame neurológico se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos, havendo diferença apenas entre a avaliação inicial e uma hora após a epidural em ambos os grupos. Na histopatologia não houve alterações no GM e apenas um animal do GC apresentou discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário. A administração epidural lombossacra de meloxicam, na dose de 0,2mg kg-1, não causa efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos significativos, em coelhos.

Systemic and neurotoxic effects of epidural meloxicam in rabbits / Efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos do meloxicam por via epidural em coelhos

The aim of this study was to assess systemic and neurotoxic changes following an epidural administration of meloxicamin to rabbits. Twelve adult rabbits four males and eight females; average mass, 1.9 ± 0.1kg were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (GC), which received a single dose of 0.9% NaCl epidurally in a volume of 0.3mL kg-1and a meloxicam group (GM), which received 0.2mg kg-1 meloxicam epidurally along with 0.9% NaCl in a total volume of 0.3mL kg-1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and neurological abnormalities were assessed prior to administration of anesthesia (H0), 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24h following epidural puncture (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12, and H24, respectively), and every 24h afterward for 10 days after epidural puncture (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, and D10). The surface temperature of lumbosacral region was also measured at H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 and D10. Three animals from each group were euthanized on days 15 and 30 after epidural puncture to assess possible spinal injuries. Variances observed in physiological parameters were not suggestive of adverse effects of meloxicam, as all were within the reference standards, and there were no physical or behavioral changes observed. Neurological function was similar between groups, with only difference between baseline values and values 1h after epidural administration in both groups. There were no histopathological changes in the GM group, and only one animal showed discrete lymphocytic infiltrate. Epidural lumbosacral administration of meloxicam at a dose of 0.2mg kg-1 caused no significant systemic or neurotoxic effects in rabbits.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações sistêmicas e neurotóxicas promovidas pelo meloxicam, administrado por via epidural, em coelhos. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos adultos, quatro machos e oito fêmeas, pensando em média 1,9 ± 0,1kg. Os animais foram divididos equitativa e aleatoriamente em dois grupos, os quais receberam dose única de solução de NaCl 0,9% no volume de 0,3mL kg-1, por via epidural (grupo controle - GC) ou meloxicam (0,2mg kg-1) associado à solução de NaCl 0,9%, compondo um volume total de 0,3mL kg-1 (grupo meloxicam - GM). Avaliaram-se frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura corporal e alterações neurológicas, antes da administração da anestesia (H0), uma, duas, três, seis, 12 e 24 horas após a punção epidural (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12 e H24, respectivamente) e a cada 24 horas após o H24, até o 10º dia após a punção epidural (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 e D10). Mensurou-se ainda a temperatura superficial da região lombossacra em H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 e D10. Realizou-se eutanásia em três animais de cada grupo no 15o e no 30o dia após o início do experimento, para avaliação das possíveis lesões medulares. As variâncias observadas nos parâmetros fisiológicos não foram sugestivas de efeito adverso do meloxicam, pois estiveram dentro do padrão de referência e não houve alterações físicas ou comportamentais. O exame neurológico se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos, havendo diferença apenas entre a avaliação inicial e uma hora após a epidural em ambos os grupos. Na histopatologia não houve alterações no GM e apenas um animal do GC apresentou discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário. A administração epidural lombossacra de meloxicam, na dose de 0,2mg kg-1, não causa efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos significativos, em coelhos.(AU)

Systemic and neurotoxic effects of epidural meloxicam in rabbits / Efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos do meloxicam por via epidural em coelhos

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to assess systemic and neurotoxic changes following an epidural administration of meloxicamin to rabbits. Twelve adult rabbits four males and eight females; average mass, 1.9 ± 0.1kg were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (GC), which received a single dose of 0.9% NaCl epidurally in a volume of 0.3mL kg-1and a meloxicam group (GM), which received 0.2mg kg-1 meloxicam epidurally along with 0.9% NaCl in a total volume of 0.3mL kg-1. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and neurological abnormalities were assessed prior to administration of anesthesia (H0), 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24h following epidural puncture (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12, and H24, respectively), and every 24h afterward for 10 days after epidural puncture (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, and D10). The surface temperature of lumbosacral region was also measured at H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 and D10. Three animals from each group were euthanized on days 15 and 30 after epidural puncture to assess possible spinal injuries. Variances observed in physiological parameters were not suggestive of adverse effects of meloxicam, as all were within the reference standards, and there were no physical or behavioral changes observed. Neurological function was similar between groups, with only difference between baseline values and values 1h after epidural administration in both groups. There were no histopathological changes in the GM group, and only one animal showed discrete lymphocytic infiltrate. Epidural lumbosacral administration of meloxicam at a dose of 0.2mg kg-1 caused no significant systemic or neurotoxic effects in rabbits.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as alterações sistêmicas e neurotóxicas promovidas pelo meloxicam, administrado por via epidural, em coelhos. Foram utilizados 12 coelhos adultos, quatro machos e oito fêmeas, pensando em média 1,9 ± 0,1kg. Os animais foram divididos equitativa e aleatoriamente em dois grupos, os quais receberam dose única de solução de NaCl 0,9% no volume de 0,3mL kg-1, por via epidural (grupo controle - GC) ou meloxicam (0,2mg kg-1) associado à solução de NaCl 0,9%, compondo um volume total de 0,3mL kg-1 (grupo meloxicam - GM). Avaliaram-se frequências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura corporal e alterações neurológicas, antes da administração da anestesia (H0), uma, duas, três, seis, 12 e 24 horas após a punção epidural (H1, H2, H3, H6, H12 e H24, respectivamente) e a cada 24 horas após o H24, até o 10º dia após a punção epidural (D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9 e D10). Mensurou-se ainda a temperatura superficial da região lombossacra em H0, H1, H6, H12, H24, D5 e D10. Realizou-se eutanásia em três animais de cada grupo no 15o e no 30o dia após o início do experimento, para avaliação das possíveis lesões medulares. As variâncias observadas nos parâmetros fisiológicos não foram sugestivas de efeito adverso do meloxicam, pois estiveram dentro do padrão de referência e não houve alterações físicas ou comportamentais. O exame neurológico se mostrou semelhante entre os grupos, havendo diferença apenas entre a avaliação inicial e uma hora após a epidural em ambos os grupos. Na histopatologia não houve alterações no GM e apenas um animal do GC apresentou discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário. A administração epidural lombossacra de meloxicam, na dose de 0,2mg kg-1, não causa efeitos sistêmicos e neurotóxicos significativos, em coelhos.

Evaluation of Levels of fat protected and concentrate on productive performance and sheep thermoregulation / Avaliação dos níveis de concentrado e gordura protegida sobre o desempenho produtivo e termorregulação de ovinos

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da suplementação energética através da inclusão de gordura protegida e do nível de concentrado da dieta sobre o desempenho e termorregulação de ovinos Santa Inês criados em sistema intensivo no semiárido paraibano. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros machos inteiros da raça Santa Inês, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (3 níveis de concentrado (40, 50 e 60%) e 2 níveis de gordura protegida (0 e 2%) na dieta) em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 5 repetições. Observou-se efeito linear positivo dos níveis de concentrado sobre o desempenho produtivo dos animais. A suplementação energética com gordura protegida (2%), não influenciou o desempenho produtivo dos animais (P > 0,05), no entanto, houve interação do nível de concentrado x gordura protegida para temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. O nível de 60% de concentrado na dieta de ovinos em confinamento promoveu melhor desempenho produtivo. O nível de concentrado na dieta afetou diretamente as respostas fisiológicas dos ovinos, no entanto a utilização de 2% de gordura protegida na dieta quando associado ao nível de 40% de concentrado amenizou os efeitos do estresse calórico sobre esses animais.(AU)

The objective was to verify the effect of energy supplementation by including protected fat and increasing the concentrate fraction of the diet on the performance and thermoregulation of confined Santa Inês sheep in the semiarid region of Paraíba. Thirty non-castrated Santa Ines male lambs were randomized in a 3 x 2 factorial (3 concentrate levels: 40, 50 and 60%, and 2 levels of protected fat: 0 and 2%) arrangement according to a complete randomized block design with 5 replications. We observed a positive linear effect of the concentrate levels on animal performance. Energy supplementation with protected fat (2%) did not affect animal performance (P > 0.05), however, there was a significant level of concentrate x protected fat interaction on rectal temperature and respiratory rate. The 60% concentrate level in the diet of confined lambs promoted better performance. The level of concentrate in the diet directly affected the physiological responses of lambs, however the use of 2% of protected fat in the diet when associated with the 40% concentrate level mitigated the effects of heat stress on these animals.(AU)

Cranial spread of different volumes of iobitridol, administered by epidural lumbosacral route, in rabbits / Migração cranial de diferentes volumes de iobitridol, administrados pela via epidural lombossacra, em coelhos

In order to evaluate the cranial spread of different volumes of iobitridol, by epidural lumbosacral route, 12 mongrel rabbits, 1.0±0.5 years old, weighing 2.4±0.4 kg were used. The animals were anesthetized with xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg) intramuscularly, 15 minutes before of the lumbosacral puncture. Two groups were formed: iobitridol was administered at a volume of 0.33 mL/kg in the group 1 (G1) and at 0.22 mL/kg in the group 2 (G2). The heart (HR) and respiratory rates (f), duration of P-wave, PR interval, QRS complex and QT interval, oxyhemoglobin saturation (OS) and rectal temperature (RT) were evaluated, before epidurography and every 10 minutes after, for 60 minutes. The cranial spread of iobitridol and the ataxia produced were also analyzed. FC, f and RT reduced and duration of QT interval increased after anesthesia in both groups. The duration of PR interval and QRS complex increased in G1. The cranial limit of the migration of the contrast medium varied between the 4th lumbar vertebra and the 8th thoracic vertebra in G1 and between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 11th thoracic vertebra in G2. Ataxia was moderate in both groups. It is concluded that the administration of iobitridol by the lumbosacral epidural route, associated with dissociative anesthesia with xylazine-ketamine, and in the volumes used and under the study conditions, causes tolerable changes in the parameters evaluated in healthy rabbits, and when used in this animal model there is no signs of neurotoxicity.(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar a migração cranial de diferentes volumes de iobitridol, administrado por via epidural lombossacra, bem como as possíveis alterações decorrentes dessa administração, foram utilizados 12 coelhos, sem raça definida, com 1,0±0,5 anos de idade e pesando 2,4±0,4 kg. Os animais foram anestesiados com xilazina (5 mg/kg) e cetamina (20 mg/kg), por via intramuscular, 15 minutos antes da punção lombossacra. Foram compostos dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1), onde foi administrado iobitridol, no volume de 0,33 mL/kg; e grupo 2 (G2), 0,22 mL/kg. Avaliaram-se as frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), a duração da onda P, do intervalo PR, do complexo QRS e do intervalo QT, a saturação de oxihemoglobina (SPO2) e a temperatura retal (TR), antes da epidurografia e a cada 10 minutos após, durante 60 minutos. Também foram analisadas a migração cranial do iobitridol e a ataxia produzida. A FC, f e TR reduziram e a duração do intervalo QT aumentou após a anestesia em ambos os grupos. As durações do intervalo PR e do complexo QRS aumentaram no G1. O limite cranial da migração do meio de contraste variou entre a 4 vértebra lombar e a 8 vértebra torácica no G1 e entre a 5 vértebra lombar e a 11 vértebra torácica no G2. A ataxia foi moderada em ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que a administração do iobitridol pela via epidural lombossacra, associada à anestesia dissociativa com xilazina-cetamina, e nos volumes utilizados e sob as condições de estudo, causa alterações toleráveis nos parâmetros avaliadosem coelhos hígidos, e quando utilizado neste modelo animal não causa sinais de neurotoxicidade.(AU)

Migração cranial de diferentes volumes de iobitridol, administrados pela via epidural lombossacra, em coelhos / Cranial spread of different volumes of iobitridol, administered by epidural lumbosacral route, in rabbits

Com o objetivo de avaliar a migração cranial de diferentes volumes de iobitridol, administrado por via epidural lombossacra, bem como as possíveis alterações decorrentes dessa administração, foram utilizados 12 coelhos, sem raça definida, com 1,0±0,5 anos de idade e pesando 2,4±0,4 kg. Os animais foram anestesiados com xilazina (5 mg/kg) e cetamina (20 mg/kg), por via intramuscular, 15 minutos antes da punção lombossacra. Foram compostos dois grupos: grupo 1 (G1), onde foi administrado iobitridol, no volume de 0,33 mL/kg; e grupo 2 (G2), 0,22 mL/kg. Avaliaram-se as frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), a duração da onda P, do intervalo PR, do complexo QRS e do intervalo QT, a saturação de oxihemoglobina (SPO2) e a temperatura retal (TR), antes da epidurografia e a cada 10 minutos após, durante 60 minutos. Também foram analisadas a migração cranial do iobitridol e a ataxia produzida. A FC, f e TR reduziram e a duração do intervalo QT aumentou após a anestesia em ambos os grupos. As durações do intervalo PR e do complexo QRS aumentaram no G1. O limite cranial da migração do meio de contraste variou entre a 4а vértebra lombar e a 8а vértebra torácica no G1 e entre a 5а vértebra lombar e a 11а vértebra torácica no G2. A ataxia foi moderada em ambos os grupos. Conclui-se que a administração do iobitridol pela via epidural lombossacra, associada à anestesia dissociativa com xilazina-cetamina, e nos volumes utilizados e sob as condições de estudo, causa alterações toleráveis nos parâmetros avaliados em coelhos hígidos, e quando utilizado neste modelo animal não causa sinais de neurotoxicidade.

In order to evaluate the cranial spread of different volumes of iobitridol, by epidural lumbosacral route, 12 mongrel rabbits, 1.0±0.5 years old, weighing 2.4±0.4 kg were used. The animals were anesthetized with xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg) intramuscularly, 15 minutes before of the lumbosacral puncture. Two groups were formed: iobitridol was administered at a volume of 0.33 mL/kg in the group 1 (G1) and at 0.22 mL/kg in the group 2 (G2). The heart (HR) and respiratory rates (f), duration of P-wave, PR interval, QRS complex and QT interval, oxyhemoglobin saturation (OS) and rectal temperature (RT) were evaluated, before epidurography and every 10 minutes after, for 60 minutes. The cranial spread of iobitridol and the ataxia produced were also analyzed. FC, f and RT reduced and duration of QT interval increased after anesthesia in both groups. The duration of PR interval and QRS complex increased in G1. The cranial limit of the migration of the contrast medium varied between the 4th lumbar vertebra and the 8th thoracic vertebra in G1 and between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 11th thoracic vertebra in G2. Ataxia was moderate in both groups. It is concluded that the administration of iobitridol by the lumbosacral epidural route, associated with dissociative anesthesia with xylazine-ketamine, and in the volumes used and under the study conditions, causes tolerable changes in the parameters evaluated in healthy rabbits, and when used in this animal model there is no signs of neurotoxicity

Evaluation of Levels of fat protected and concentrate on productive performance and sheep thermoregulation / Avaliação dos níveis de concentrado e gordura protegida sobre o desempenho produtivo e termorregulação de ovinos

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito da suplementação energética através da inclusão de gordura protegida e do nível de concentrado da dieta sobre o desempenho e termorregulação de ovinos Santa Inês criados em sistema intensivo no semiárido paraibano. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros machos inteiros da raça Santa Inês, distribuídos em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (3 níveis de concentrado (40, 50 e 60%) e 2 níveis de gordura protegida (0 e 2%) na dieta) em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 5 repetições. Observou-se efeito linear positivo dos níveis de concentrado sobre o desempenho produtivo dos animais. A suplementação energética com gordura protegida (2%), não influenciou o desempenho produtivo dos animais (P > 0,05), no entanto, houve interação do nível de concentrado x gordura protegida para temperatura retal e frequência respiratória. O nível de 60% de concentrado na dieta de ovinos em confinamento promoveu melhor desempenho produtivo. O nível de concentrado na dieta afetou diretamente as respostas fisiológicas dos ovinos, no entanto a utilização de 2% de gordura protegida na dieta quando associado ao nível de 40% de concentrado amenizou os efeitos do estresse calórico sobre esses animais.

The objective was to verify the effect of energy supplementation by including protected fat and increasing the concentrate fraction of the diet on the performance and thermoregulation of confined Santa Inês sheep in the semiarid region of Paraíba. Thirty non-castrated Santa Ines male lambs were randomized in a 3 x 2 factorial (3 concentrate levels: 40, 50 and 60%, and 2 levels of protected fat: 0 and 2%) arrangement according to a complete randomized block design with 5 replications. We observed a positive linear effect of the concentrate levels on animal performance. Energy supplementation with protected fat (2%) did not affect animal performance (P > 0.05), however, there was a significant level of concentrate x protected fat interaction on rectal temperature and respiratory rate. The 60% concentrate level in the diet of confined lambs promoted better performance. The level of concentrate in the diet directly affected the physiological responses of lambs, however the use of 2% of protected fat in the diet when associated with the 40% concentrate level mitigated the effects of heat stress on these animals.

Effect of the environment and diet on the physiological variables of sheep in the Brazilian semi-arid region / Efeito do ambiente e dieta sobre as variáveis fisiológicas de ovinos no semiárido brasileiro

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the physiological variables of three sheep genotypes: Morada Nova, Somalis, and Dorper x Somalis crossbreed regarding the environment and diet in the Brazilian semi-arid region by using 30 animals (10 from each genetic group). Five of these animals had 30% of the tifton hay replaced by hairy woodrose hay. The temperature and relative air humidity were registered, the black globe temperature and humidity index (BGHI) was calculated, and the rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and surface temperature (ST) were measured in the morning and afternoon. The experimental design was a completely randomized design in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, which consisted of three genotypes, two diets, and two periods, and five replications each. BGHI presented values of 81 in the shade and 90 in the sun and a significant difference (P 0.05) was observed for the studied variables in relation to the periods, with higher values in the afternoon. The average ST was 35.48 C in the morning and 38.11 C in the afternoon. Morada Nova presented the lowest RT and RR (P 0.05) among the genetic groups, with a higher tolerance to heat. The 30% substitution of tifton hay by hairy woodrose hay did not negatively affect the thermoregulatory capacity of sheep. The studied genetic groups were adapted and tolerant to climate conditions of the Brazilian semi-arid region.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar e comparar as variáveis fisiológicas de três grupos genéticos de ovinos: Morada Nova, Somalis e mestiços de Dorper x Somalis com relação ao ambiente e à dieta no semiárido brasileiro, utilizando-se 30 animais, 10 de cada grupo genético, sendo que cinco tiveram 30% do feno de tífton substituído por feno de jitirana. Foi coletada a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, calculado o ITGU e aferidas a temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR) e cardíaca (FC) e temperatura superficial (TS), nos turnos manhã e tarde. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), e o esquema fatorial 3x2x2, sendo três grupos genéticos, duas dietas e dois turnos, com cinco repetições cada. Os valores para ITGU foram de 81 na sombra e 90 no sol e houve diferença (P < 0,05) para as variáveis estudadas com relação aos turnos, sendo mais elevados à tarde. A TS média dos ovinos foi de 35,48 pela manhã e 38,11oC à tarde, e Morada Nova apresentou TR e FR menor (P < 0,05) entre os grupos genéticos e demonstraram maior tolerância ao calor. A substituição de 30% de feno de tífton por feno de Jitirana, não repercutiu negativamente na capacidade termorregulatória dos ovinos. Os grupos genéticos estudados apresentaram-se adaptados e tolerantes às condições climáticas do semiárido brasileiro.