EuroQol (EQ-5D-5L) Validity in Assessing the Quality of Life in Adults With Asthma: Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D), developed in 1990, is a most widely used generic tool to measure the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and considered suitable for patients with asthma. In 2009, the EuroQol Group developed a new EQ-5D version to overcome limitations related to its consistently reported high ceiling effect. To enhance the sensitivity for assessing the HRQoL in further patient populations, the number of responses of EQ-5D was increased from 3 to 5 levels (EQ-5D-5L). Moreover, the availability of well-defined requirements for its Web-based administration allows EQ-5D-5L use to monitor the HRQoL in electronic health (eHealth) programs. No study has evaluated the metric properties of the new EQ-5D-5L in patients with asthma yet. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the distribution, construct validity, and reliability of the new EQ-5D-5L questionnaire administered online to adults with asthma. METHODS: We evaluated patients with asthma (age: 18-40 years) from a primary care setting in France and England, who self-completed the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire online. The inclusion criteria were persistent asthma defined as >6 months of prescribed inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists or inhaled corticosteroids alone during the 12 months prior to inclusion. The EQ-5D index was obtained by applying the English preference value set for the new EQ-5D-5L and the French 3L-5L crosswalk value set. Both value sets produced single preference-based indices ranging from 1 (best health state) to negative values (health states valued as worse than death), where 0=death, allowing the calculation of quality-adjusted life years. Responses to dimensions and index distribution, including ceiling and floor effects, were examined. The construct validity was assessed by comparing the means of known groups by analyses of variance and calculation of effect sizes. RESULTS: Of 312 patients answering the baseline Web-based survey, 290 completed the EQ-5D-5L (93%). The floor effect was null, and the ceiling effect was 26.5% (74/279). The mean EQ-5D-5L index was 0.88 (SD 0.14) with the English value set and 0.83 (SD 0.19) with the French 3L-5L crosswalk value set. In both indices, large effect sizes were observed for known groups defined by the Asthma Control Questionnaire (1.06 and 1.04, P<.001). Differences between extreme groups defined by chronic conditions (P=.002 and P=.003 for the English value set and French 3L-5L crosswalk value set, respectively), short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) canisters in the last 12 months (P=.02 and P=.03), or SABA use during the previous 4 weeks (P=.03 and P=.01) were of moderate magnitude with effect sizes around 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: The new EQ-5D-5L questionnaire has an acceptable ceiling effect, a good construct validity based on the discriminant ability for distinguishing among health-related known groups, and high reliability, supporting its adequacy for assessing the HRQoL in patients with asthma. EQ-5D-5L completion by most Web-based respondents supports the feasibility of this administration form.

Head-to-head comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in general population health surveys.

BACKGROUND: The EQ-5D has been frequently used in national health surveys. This study is a head-to-head comparison to assess how expanding the number of levels from three (EQ-5D-3L) to five in the new EQ-5D-5L version has improved its distribution, discriminatory power, and validity in the general population. METHODS: A representative sample (N = 7554) from the Catalan Health Interview Survey 2011-2012, aged ≥18, answered both EQ-5D versions, and we evaluated the response redistribution and inconsistencies between them. To assess validity of this redistribution, we calculated the mean of the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), which measures perceived health. The discriminatory power was examined with Shannon Indices, calculated for each dimension separately. Spanish preference value sets were applied to obtain utility indices, examining their distribution with statistics of central tendency and dispersion. We estimated the proportion of individuals reporting the best health state in EQ-5D-5L and EQ-5D-3L within groups of specific chronic conditions and their VAS mean. RESULTS: A very small reduction in the percentage of individuals with the best health state was observed, from 61.8% in EQ-5D-3L to 60.8% in EQ-5D-5L. In contrast, a large proportion of individuals reporting extreme problems in the 3 L version moved to severe problems (level 4) in the 5 L version, particularly for pain/discomfort (75.5%) and anxiety/depression (66.4%). The average proportion of inconsistencies was 0.9%. The pattern of the perceived health VAS mean confirmed the hypothesis established a priori, supporting the validity of the observed redistribution. Shannon index showed that absolute informativity was higher in the 5 L version for all dimensions. The means (SD) of the Spanish EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L indices were 0.87 (0.25) and 0.89 (0.22). The proportion of individuals with the best health state within each specific chronic condition was very similar, regardless of the EQ-5D version (≤ 30% in half of the 28 chronic conditions). CONCLUSION: Although the proportion of individuals with the best possible health state is still very high, our findings support that the increase of levels provided by the EQ-5D-5L contributed to the validity and discriminatory power of this new version to measure health in general population, as in the national health surveys.

Epidemiology of infections by HIV, Syphilis, Gonorrhea and Lymphogranuloma Venereum in Barcelona City: a population-based incidence study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the evolution of HIV infection, gonorrhea, syphilis and lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), and their epidemiological characteristics in Barcelona city. METHODS: Population-based incidence study of all newly occurring diagnoses of HIV infection, syphilis, gonorrhea and LGV detected in Barcelona between January 2007 and December 2011. A descriptive analysis was performed. The annual incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated by sex, sexual conduct and educational level. To estimate global sex-specific rates we used the Barcelona city census; for the calculation of rates by sexual conduct and educational level we used estimates of the Barcelona Health Interview Survey. Trends were analysed using the chi-squared test for linear trend. RESULTS: HIV. 66.8 % of the HIV cases were men who had sex with men (MSM). The incidence rates in MSM over the study period were from 692.67/100,000 to 909.88/100,000 inh. Syphilis. 74.2 % of the syphilis cases were MSM. The incidence rates in MSM were from 224.9/100,000 to 891.97/100,000 inh. and the MSM with a university education ranged from 196.3/100,000 to 1020.8/100,000. Gonorrhea. 45.5 % of the gonorrhea cases were MSM. The incidence rates in MSM were from 164.24/100,000 to 404.79/100,000 inh. and the MSM with university education ranged from 176.7/100,000 to 530.1/100,000 inh.. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). 95.3 % of the LGV cases are MSM. The incidence rates in MSM were from 24.99/100,000 to 282.99/100,000 inh. and the MSM with university education ranged from 9.3/100,000 to 265/100,000 inh. CONCLUSION: An increase in cases of STI was observed. These STI mainly affected MSM with a university education. Continuing to monitor changes in the epidemiology of STI, and identifying the most affected groups should permit redesigning preventive programs, with the goal of finding the most efficient way to reach these population groups.

[Effectiveness of tixagevimab/cilgavimab in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations and mortality in inmunocompromised patients]. / Efectividad de tixagevimab/cilgavimab en la reducción de la infección, ingresos hospitalarios y mortalidad por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes inmunodeprimidos.

INTRODUCTION: Inmunocompromised people have higher SARS-CoV-2 morbi-mortality and they are subsidiary to receive pre-exposure prophylaxis. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of tixagevimab/cilgavimab (Evusheld) in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations and mortality in immunocompromised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 119 immunocompromised people>18 years old eligible of receiving Evusheld were followed for 6 months. People with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or incomplete vaccination regimen were exluded. A total of 19 people who received Evusheld were matched by propensity score, using a 1:1 ratio, with another 19 people who did not receive Evusheld. Sociodemographic, related to SARS-CoV-2 risk factors and related to immunosuppression variables were included. The dependent variables were infection, hospitalization, and mortality related to SARS-CoV-2. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS Statistics 19.0, STATA 11.0, and the R statistical package. RESULTS: In total, 4 people in the Evusheld group and 11 in the control group had SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing an incidence rate of 3.87 and 13.62 per 100 person-months, respectively. The HR (Hazard Ratio) was 0.29 (95% CI=0.09-0.90) for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 0.37 (0.07-1.92) for SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization and, 0.23 (0.03-2.09) for SARS-CoV-2 mortality in the Evusheld group compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that Evusheld reduces the SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Health Inequalities by Sexual Orientation: Results from the 2016-2017 Barcelona Health Survey.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess health inequalities by sexual attraction in the 2016-2017 Barcelona population, stratifying by sex. Methods: Data came from the 2016-2017 Barcelona Health Survey, where 3362 adults answered among other instruments the EuroQol-5 dimensions-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L), which measures five dimensions and summarizes health-related quality of life into a single utility index score. To assess health differences by sexual attraction, we constructed Tobit models for the EQ-5D index score and Poisson regression models for the EQ-5D dimensions. Nested models were constructed to examine the mediating role of discrimination and health-related variables. Results: After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, women feeling attraction to more than one sex showed a lower EQ-5D index score (worse health) than those with only other sex attraction (-0.042, p = 0.012), and higher prevalence of problems with mobility, usual activities, and anxiety/depression with the following adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and confidence intervals (CIs): 1.79 (95% CI 1.05-3.05), 1.84 (95% CI 1.05-3.21), and 1.76 (95% CI 1.27-2.43). Women feeling attraction only to their same sex also presented higher prevalence of anxiety/depression (aPR = 1.46, CI 95% 1.10-1.92). In contrast, differences were not observed for men. Conclusion: Women, but not men, feeling attraction to more than one sex and only same-sex attraction in Barcelona in 2016-2017 presented worse health than those feeling only other sex attraction, with discrimination playing a mediating role in explaining such inequalities. These results among women indicate the need to develop public health strategies in Barcelona addressed to lesbian and bisexual women, considering the intersection of gender and sexual orientation.

Association of Enacted Stigma with Depressive Symptoms Among Gay and Bisexual Men Who Have Sex with Men: Baltimore, 2011 and 2014.

Purpose: We assessed differences between gay and bisexual men in enacted stigma, and how the association between stigma and depressive symptoms may vary according to sexual orientation identity. Methods: Participants (671 gay and 331 bisexual men who have sex with men) in Baltimore's 2011 and 2014 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance completed an anonymous survey, including 3 enacted stigma dimensions and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated through Generalized Estimating Equation models adjusting for theorized confounders (demographic, socioeconomic, and relational factors). Results: Bisexual men reported stigma experiences less frequently than did gay men (verbal harassment 22.7% vs. 32.3%, and discrimination 15.7% vs. 23.0%). Relevant depressive symptoms were reported by 43.1% of bisexual men and 34.2% of gay men (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences in depressive symptoms between bisexual and gay men disappeared after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. The three enacted stigma dimensions were significantly associated with depressive symptoms, but their interaction with sexual orientation identity was not. Conclusion: This study confirms the association between enacted stigma and depressive symptoms among gay and bisexual men. However, sexual orientation identity did not modify this association as hypothesized. The bisexual men presented other psychosocial stressors that may explain their higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. The high levels of verbal harassment, discrimination, and physical assault reported by gay and bisexual men and their negative effect on mental health indicate the need to develop new effective public health strategies to avoid these consequences of homophobic and biphobic culture.

[Gender identity, a factor of inequality forgotten by Spanish health information systems]. / La identidad de género, factor de desigualdad olvidado en los sistemas de información de salud de España.

The Spanish Health Information System (HIS) collects health information. Trans people have poorer health status. This paper aimed to assess the adequacy of the HIS to collect the health data on trans individuals. The HIS sources available in the Statistical Portal of the National Health System were reviewed. The sources containing population health data were selected. The variables "sex" and "gender identity" were searched. Nineteen sources were identified. In all of them the variable "sex" was found, whereas "gender identify" did not appear in any of the 19. In two sources, the variable "sex" allowed values of "transsexual". The SIS contains little information regarding gender identity. This leads to the invisibility of trans people in Spanish health statistics. Obtaining this information would allow for a better understanding of the barriers to health care access, and the health needs of one of the most discriminated groups in our society.

Health-related quality of life inequalities by sexual orientation: Results from the Barcelona Health Interview Survey.

BACKGROUND: Studies on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) inequalities according to sexual orientation are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess HRQoL inequalities between lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people and heterosexuals in the 2011 Barcelona population, to describe the extent to which sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and chronic conditions could explain such inequalities, and to understand if they are sexual orientation inequities. METHODS: In the 2011 Barcelona Health Interview Survey 3277 adults answered the EQ-5D, which measures five dimensions of HRQoL summarized into a single utility index (1 = perfect health, 0 = death). To assess HRQoL differences by sexual orientation we constructed Tobit models for the EQ-5D index, and Poisson regression models for the EQ-5D dimensions. In both cases, nested models were constructed to assess the mediator role of selected variables. RESULTS: After adjusting by socio-demographic variables, the LGB group presented a significantly lower EQ-5D index than heterosexuals, and higher prevalence ratios of problems in physical EQ-5D dimensions among both genders: adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 1.70 for mobility (p = 0.046) and 2.11 for usual activities (p = 0.019). Differences in mental dimensions were only observed among men: aPR = 3.15 for pain/discomfort (p = 0.003) and 2.49 for anxiety/depression (p = 0.030). All these differences by sexual orientation disappeared after adding chronic conditions and health-related behaviors in the models. CONCLUSION: The LGB population presented worse HRQoL than heterosexuals in the EQ-5D index and most dimensions. Chronic conditions, health-related behaviors and gender play a major role in explaining HRQoL differences by sexual orientation. These findings support the need of including sexual orientation into the global agenda of health inequities.

Impact of asthma on women and men: Comparison with the general population using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the impact of asthma on patients' Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) by comparing asthmatic women and men with reference norms, to examine the factors which contributed to an impaired HRQoL, and to identify groups at higher risk. METHODS: Cross-sectional evaluation of 222 primary care patients with persistent asthma (18-40 years old). HRQoL impact was estimated with the EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), which allows calculating Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs) by applying society preferences. Participants self-completed the EQ-5D questionnaire online. Telephonic interviews collected information on medication and adherence, and administered the Asthma Control Questionnaire. Severity markers included asthma-related comorbidity, previous oral corticosteroids course prescription, and inhaled corticosteroids daily dose. After bivariate analyses, multiple linear regression models were constructed to examine the relations between HRQoL asthma impact and socio-demographic and clinical variables, using as dependent variable the deviation from general population-based EQ-5D reference norms. RESULTS: Deviation from the EQ-5D index norms was moderate in most age/gender groups (-0.1, which corresponds to 0.6 standard deviations), while it was large in women aged 18-24 years (-0.18, corresponding to 1.1 standard deviations). In regression models, a poor asthma control was the only factor independently associated to HRQoL impact in both women and men: ß -0.18 (p<0.001) and -0.15 (p = 0.01) respectively. Translating these ß coefficients to QALYs, they are interpretable as 66 fewer days of full health per year in women with uncontrolled asthma and 55 for men, compared with those with controlled asthma. CONCLUSION: Persistent asthma has a moderately negative HRQoL impact on patients of both genders, and the youngest women have been identified as a high risk group which merits further research. We identified asthma control as the major contributor to impaired HRQoL in patients, regardless of their gender, suggesting that asthma HRQoL impact could be alleviated by achieving a good control of symptoms.

[Health and health-related behaviors according to sexual attraction and behavior]. / Salud y conductas relacionadas con la salud según la atracción y la conducta sexual.

OBJECTIVE: to Describe perceived health, mental health and certain health-related behaviors according to sexual attraction and behavior in the population residing in Barcelona in 2011. METHODS: Perceived health, mental health, chronic conditions and health-related behaviors were analyzed in 2675 people aged 15 to 64 years. The Barcelona Health Survey for 2011 was used, which included questions on sexual attraction and behavior. Multivariate robust Poisson regression models were fitted to obtain adjusted prevalence ratios. RESULTS: People feeling same-sex attraction reported a higher prevalence of worse perceived and mental health. These people and those who had had sex with persons of the same sex more frequently reported harmful health-related behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Lesbian, gay, transgender and bisexual people may have health problems that should be explored in depth, prevented, and attended.

La identidad de género, factor de desigualdad olvidado en los sistemas de información de salud de España / Gender identity, a factor of inequality forgotten by Spanish health information systems

El Sistema de Información Sanitaria (SIS) español recoge información sobre la salud. Las personas trans tienen peor estado de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido valorar la adecuación del SIS para recoger las necesidades de salud de las personas trans. Se revisaron las fuentes de información del SIS disponibles en el Portal Estadístico del Sistema Nacional de Salud con datos sobre la población. Se buscaron las variables «sexo» e «identidad de género». Se incluyeron 19 fuentes. En todas estaba la variable «sexo» y en ninguna la variable «identidad de género». En dos, la variable «sexo» permitía valores de «transexual». El SIS contiene escasa información respecto a la identidad de género. Esto conduce a la invisibilidad de las personas trans en las estadísticas de salud. La obtención de esta información permitiría conocer las barreras de acceso y las necesidades de salud de uno de los colectivos más discriminados de nuestra sociedad (AU)

The Spanish Health Information System (HIS) collects health information. Trans people have poorer health status. This paper aimed to assess the adequacy of the HIS to collect the health data on trans individuals. The HIS sources available in the Statistical Portal of the National Health System were reviewed. The sources containing population health data were selected. The variables "sex" and "gender identity" were searched. Nineteen sources were identified. In all of them the variable "sex" was found, whereas "gender identify" did not appear in any of the 19. In two sources, the variable "sex" allowed values of "transsexual". The SIS contains little information regarding gender identity. This leads to the invisibility of trans people in Spanish health statistics. Obtaining this information would allow for a better understanding of the barriers to health care access, and the health needs of one of the most discriminated groups in our society (AU)

Salud y conductas relacionadas con la salud según la atracción y la conducta sexual / Health and health-related behaviors according to sexual attraction and behavior

Objetivo: Describir la salud percibida, la salud mental y algunas conductas relacionadas con la salud según la atracción y la conducta sexual en los residentes en Barcelona en 2011. Métodos: Se analizó la salud percibida y mental, los trastornos crónicos y las conductas relacionadas con la salud, en 2675 personas de 15 a 64 años de edad teniendo en cuenta la atracción y la conducta sexual en el marco de la Encuesta de Salud de Barcelona 2011. Se ajustaron modelos multivariados de regresión de Poisson robusta para obtener razones de prevalencia. Resultados: Las personas atraídas por el mismo sexo presentaron mayor prevalencia de mala salud percibida y mental. Estas personas y las que habían tenido relaciones con personas del mismo sexo declararon más frecuentemente conductas perjudiciales para la salud.Conclusiones: La población lesbiana, gay, transexual y bisexual puede presentar problemas de salud que deben ser explorados en profundidad, prevenidos y atendidos (AU)

Objective: to Describe perceived health, mental health and certain health-related behaviors according to sexual attraction and behavior in the population residing in Barcelona in 2011. Methods: Perceived health, mental health, chronic conditions and health-related behaviors were analyzed in 2675 people aged 15 to 64 years. The Barcelona Health Survey for 2011 was used, which included questions on sexual attraction and behavior. Multivariate robust Poisson regression models were fitted to obtain adjusted prevalence ratios. Results: People feeling same-sex attraction reported a higher prevalence of worse perceived and mental health. These people and those who had had sex with persons of the same sex more frequently reported harmful health-related behaviors. Conclusions: Lesbian, gay, transgender and bisexual people may have health problems that should be explored in depth, prevented, and attended (AU)