Neuronal splicing of the unmethylated histone H3K4 reader, PHF21A, prevents excessive synaptogenesis.

PHF21A is a histone-binding protein that recognizes unmethylated histone H3K4, the reaction product of LSD1 histone demethylase. PHF21A and LSD1 form a complex, and both undergo neuron-specific microexon splicing. The PHF21A neuronal microexon interferes with nucleosome binding, whereas the LSD1 neuronal microexon weakens H3K4 demethylation activity and can alter the substrate specificity to H3K9 or H4K20. However, the temporal expression patterns of PHF21A and LSD1 splicing isoforms during brain development and their biological roles remain unknown. In this work, we report that neuronal PHF21A isoform expression precedes neuronal LSD1 expression during human neuron differentiation and mouse brain development. The asynchronous splicing events resulted in stepwise deactivation of the LSD1-PHF21A complex in reversing H3K4 methylation. An unbiased proteomics survey revealed that the enzymatically inactive LSD1-PHF21A complex interacts with neuron-specific binding partners, including MYT1-family transcription factors and post-transcriptional mRNA processing proteins such as VIRMA. The interaction with the neuron-specific components, however, did not require the PHF21A microexon, indicating that the neuronal proteomic milieu, rather than the microexon-encoded PHF21A segment, is responsible for neuron-specific complex formation. Finally, by using two Phf21a mutant mouse models, we found that Phf21a neuronal splicing prevents excess synapse formation that otherwise would occur when canonical PHF21A is expressed in neurons. These results suggest that the role of the PHF21A microexon is to dampen LSD1-mediated H3K4 demethylation, thereby containing aberrant synaptogenesis.

Fully magnetically centrifugal left ventricular assist device and long-term outcomes: the ELEVATE registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HeartMate 3 (HM3) is a fully magnetically levitated continuous flow left ventricular assist device, which received CE marking in 2015. The ELEVATE Registry was initiated to collect real-world outcomes in patients treated with HM3 post-CE Mark approval. METHODS: A total of 540 subjects implanted at 26 centres between March 2015 and February 2017 were included in this registry. Of these, 463 received the device as a primary implant (primary implant cohort, PIC), 19 as a pump exchange (pump exchange cohort), and in 58 patients, only anonymized survival data were collected (anonymized cohort, AC). Patients in the PIC contributed to the baseline demographics, survival, adverse events, quality of life (QoL) (EuroQoL-5 Dimensions-5 Levels visual analogue scale), and functional capacity (6 min walk distance) assessments, while patients in the AC contributed only to survival. RESULTS: Primary implant cohort patients had a mean age of 56 years and were predominantly male (89%) with 48% ischaemic aetiology. The majority of subjects was designated bridge to transplant (66%) and had INTERMACS Profiles 1-3 (70%). At baseline, the subjects had poor functional capacity (104 ± 140 m) and impaired QoL (35 ± 19 points). The overall survival rate of the PIC was 63.3% and survival free of stroke was 58.1% at 5 years. Significant improvements in functional capacity and QoL were observed and maintained for 5 years (301 ± 131 m and 64 ± 20 points, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Real-world data from the ELEVATE registry demonstrate an overall survival rate for primary implants of 63.3%. In the PIC, reductions in adverse events for patients in the extended follow-up and improved QoL and functional capacity were observed at 5 years in this patient population with advanced heart failure.

Center Variability in Patient Outcomes Following HeartMate 3 Implantation: An Analysis of the MOMENTUM 3 Trial.

BACKGROUND: As left ventricular assist device (LVAD) survival rates continue to improve, evaluating site-specific variability in outcomes can facilitate identifying targets for quality-improvement initiative opportunities in the field. METHODS: Deidentified center-specific outcomes were analyzed for HeartMate 3 (HM3) patients enrolled in the MOMENTUM 3 pivotal and continued access protocol trials. Centers < 25th percentile for HM3 volumes were excluded. Variability in risk-adjusted center mortality was assessed at 90 days and 2 years (conditional upon 90-day survival). Adverse event (AE) rates were compared across centers. RESULTS: In the 48 included centers (1958 patients), study-implant volumes ranged between 17 and 106 HM3s. Despite similar trial-inclusion criteria, patient demographics varied across sites, including age quartile ((Q)1-Q3:57-62 years), sex (73%-85% male), destination therapy intent (60%-84%), and INTERMACS profile 1-2 (16%-48%). Center mortality was highly variable, nadiring at ≤ 3.6% (≤ 25th percentile) and peaking at ≥ 10.4% (≥ 75th percentile) at 90 days and ≤ 10.2% and ≥ 18.7%, respectively, at 2 years. Centers with low mortality rates tended to have lower 2-year AE rates, but no center was a top performer for all AEs studied. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality and AEs were highly variable across MOMENTUM 3 centers. Studies are needed to improve our understanding of the drivers of outcome variability and to ascertain best practices associated with high-performing centers across the continuum of intraoperative to chronic stages of LVAD support.

Five-Year Outcomes in Patients With Fully Magnetically Levitated vs Axial-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices in the MOMENTUM 3 Randomized Trial.

Importance: Although durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy has emerged as an important treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure refractory to pharmacological support, outcomes, including survival, beyond 2 years remain poorly characterized. Objective: To report the composite end point of survival to transplant, recovery, or LVAD support free of debilitating stroke (Modified Rankin Scale score >3) or reoperation to replace the pump 5 years after the implant in participants who received the fully magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow HeartMate 3 or axial-flow HeartMate II LVAD in the MOMENTUM 3 randomized trial and were still receiving LVAD therapy at the 2-year follow-up. Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational study was a 5-year follow-up of the MOMENTUM 3 trial, conducted in 69 US centers, that demonstrated superiority of the centrifugal-flow LVAD to the axial-flow pump with respect to survival to transplant, recovery, or LVAD support free of debilitating stroke or reoperation to replace the pump at 2 years. A total of 295 patients were enrolled between June 2019 to April 2021 in the extended-phase study, with 5-year follow-up completed in September 2021. Exposures: Of 1020 patients in the investigational device exemption per-protocol population, 536 were still receiving LVAD support at 2 years, of whom 289 received the centrifugal-flow pump and 247 received the axial-flow pump. Main Outcomes and Measures: There were 10 end points evaluated at 5 years in the per-protocol population, including a composite of survival to transplant, recovery, or LVAD support free of debilitating stroke or reoperation to replace the pump between the centrifugal-flow and axial-flow pump groups and overall survival between the 2 groups. Results: A total of 477 patients (295 enrolled and 182 provided limited data) of 536 patients still receiving LVAD support at 2 years contributed to the extended-phase analysis (median age, 62 y; 86 [18%] women). The 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimate of survival to transplant, recovery, or LVAD support free of debilitating stroke or reoperation to replace the pump in the centrifugal-flow vs axial-flow group was 54.0% vs 29.7% (hazard ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.45-0.67]; P < .001). Overall Kaplan-Meier survival was 58.4% in the centrifugal-flow group vs 43.7% in the axial-flow group (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.58-0.89]; P = .003). Serious adverse events of stroke, bleeding, and pump thrombosis were less frequent in the centrifugal-flow pump group. Conclusions and Relevance: In this observational follow-up study of patients from the MOMENTUM 3 randomized trial, per-protocol analyses found that receipt of a fully magnetically levitated centrifugal-flow LVAD vs axial-flow LVAD was associated with a better composite outcome and higher likelihood of overall survival at 5 years. These findings support the use of the fully magnetically levitated LVAD. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02224755 and NCT03982979.

Comparing Tumor Characteristics and Rates of Breast Cancers Detected by Screening Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Full-Field Digital Mammography.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the cancer detection rates (CDRs), tumor types, and characteristics between screening digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and screening full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in a matched patient population in a large academic breast imaging practice with mixed DBT and FFDM technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, we reviewed consecutive screening FFDM and DBT examinations performed between October 2012 and September 2014. To control for nonrandomized selection of FFDM versus DBT examinations, we applied propensity score matching on the basis of patient age, imaging site, and prior imaging findings. An institutional breast cancer registry identified cancer diagnoses. CDR and tumor type, grade, receptor, nodal status, and size were compared between matched FFDM and DBT groups. RESULTS. Sixty-one cancers were detected in the matched screening cohort of DBT (n = 9817) and FFDM (n = 14,180) examinations. CDR was higher with DBT than with FFDM for invasive cancers (2.8 vs 1.3, p = 0.01), minimal cancers (2.4 vs 1.2, p = 0.03), estrogen receptor-positive invasive cancers (2.6 vs 1.1, p = 0.01), and node-negative invasive cancers (2.3 vs 1.1, p = 0.02.), respectively. The ratio of screen-detected invasive cancers to ductal carcinoma in situ on DBT (3.0) was not significantly different from that on FFDM (2.6) (p = 0.79). CONCLUSION. DBT results in an overall increase in CDR irrespective of the tumor type, size, or grade of cancer.

Improving Patient Experience in Radiology: Impact of a Multifaceted Intervention on National Ranking.

Purpose To assess the impact of a patient experience improvement program on national ranking in patient experience in a large academic radiology department. Materials and Methods This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant study was exempted from institutional review board approval. After initiating an electronic patient experience survey, 26 210 surveys and 22 213 comments were received from May 2017 to April 2018. During the study period, a multifaceted quality improvement initiative was instituted, focused on improving patient experience in the radiology department. The primary outcome was national percentile ranking as measured with the survey. Secondary outcome was the change in departmental percentile ranking compared with the overall hospital ranking for patient experience measured with a similar survey. Results The overall raw score for the department increased from 92.8 to 93.6 of 100 (P < .001), and the national ranking improved from the 35th to 50th percentile (P = .001). Improvements in raw scores related to personnel were primarily responsible for the increase in overall raw score and ranking. Of the 22 213 comments received, 3458 (15.6%) were negative. The percentage of negative comments was highly correlated with lower monthly percentile ranking (Pearson correlation coefficient of -0.69; P = .01). Conclusion It is feasible to develop a large-scale electronic survey to assess patient experience in the radiology department, to identify improvement opportunities, and to measurably improve patient experience. Changes in the percentage of negative comments were correlated with changes in a practice's national percentile rank in patient experience. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Kruskal and Sarwar in this issue.

Impact of a Multifaceted Information Technology-Enabled Intervention on the Adoption of ACR White Paper Follow-Up Recommendations for Incidental Adnexal Lesions Detected on CT.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to improve adherence to American College of Radiology (ACR) white paper follow-up imaging recommendations for incidental adnexal lesions seen on pelvic CT (herein referred to as "adherence rate to recommendations"). MATERIALS AND METHODS. This quality improvement project was conducted at a large academic teaching hospital. The baseline adherence rate to recommendations was assessed by screening all pelvic CT reports for the period from October 22, 2016, through December 22, 2016, for incidental adnexal findings, followed by manual review. Forty abdominal and cancer imaging radiologists were surveyed to understand the barriers to adoption of the recommendations. Interventions to address the most common identified barriers were implemented on December 23, 2016. The postintervention adherence rate was assessed from December 23, 2016, through February 15, 2017, by again screening CT pelvis reports for incidental adnexal lesions followed by manual review. The change in pre- and postintervention adherence rates was assessed using the Fisher exact test and statistical process control (SPC) p-chart with 3-sigma control limits. RESULTS. The adherence rate to recommendations at baseline was 67% (121/181). Of the 28 of 40 (70%) radiologists who completed the survey, only 29% (8/28) often or consistently used the recommendations. Not remembering the details of the recommendations or not having time to look them up accounted for 83.3% of the barriers cited by radiologists. Interventions consisted of radiologist education and creation of an easily accessible clinical decision support tool incorporated into radiology reporting workflow. The adherence rate to recommendations after the intervention increased to 87% (129/148; p < 0.0001), as also shown by the SPC chart. CONCLUSION. The rate of adherence to follow-up imaging recommendations significantly increased after radiologist education and incorporation of recommendations into the radiologist workflow.

Impact of an Information Technology-Enabled Quality Improvement Initiative on Timeliness of Patient Contact and Scheduling of Screening Mammography Recall.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of an information technology-enabled quality improvement initiative on timeliness of patient contact and scheduling of screening mammography recall. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was conducted in a screening practice (two ambulatory centers, A and B; two hospitals, C and D) that uses offline batch results (A, B, C) and same-day results (D) with on-site (A, C, D) or off-site (B) coordinators scheduling recalls. Before the intervention, radiologists at sites A, B, and C conveyed recalls via paper lists to coordinators after batch interpretation. At site D, coordinators received recall lists several times a day. In March 2017 an electronic alert system was implemented to notify coordinators of recall at report signing with required closed-loop acknowledgment once recall was scheduled. Mean time (hours, excluding weekends) to schedule diagnostic evaluation was compared for 4-month periods before and after intervention by two-tailed t test and statistical process control analyses. RESULTS. Recall rates were 9.5% (1356/14,315) before and 8.9% (1432/16,034) after the intervention (p = 0.10). Mean time to schedule screening decreased after the intervention as follows: site A from 86 to 65 hours (-24.4%, p = 0.01); site B, 116 to 70 hours (-39.7%, p < 0.0001); site C, 98 to 65 hours (-33.7%, p = 0.002); and site D, 49 to 42 hours (-14.3%, p = 0.21). Statistical process control analysis showed significant sustained improvements at sites A, B, and C in mean time to patient contact and scheduling of diagnostic evaluation. CONCLUSION. An information technology-enabled quality improvement initiative to notify coordinators of screening recalls in real time with required patient contact and scheduling acknowledgment reduced time to diagnostic scheduling in a multisite practice. The greatest impact was found at the site with off-site coordinators, the least at the site performing same-day interpretation.

Incidence and clinical correlates of de-novo aortic regurgitation with a fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device: a MOMENTUM 3 trial portfolio analysis.

AIMS: We assessed the incidence, predictors and clinical correlates of de-novo aortic regurgitation (AR), which physiologically reduces left ventricular assist device (LVAD) effectiveness due to recirculation syndrome, in the MOMENTUM 3 trial portfolio of the fully magnetically levitated HeartMate 3 (HM3) pump using the randomized pivotal trial (PT) and post-trial continued access protocol (CAP). METHODS AND RESULTS: De-novo aortic regurgitation incidence at 2 years was analysed in the randomized PT and validated in the first 1000 implanted patients of the CAP. Patients with concomitant/prior aortic valve surgery or without baseline or post-implant echocardiograms were excluded from this analysis. AR severity was assessed qualitatively by site-adjudicated echocardiograms (significant AR was defined as moderate or severe grade on echocardiogram). Of 1028 patients enrolled in the PT, 918 were eligible for inclusion in this analysis (HM3, n = 465; HMII, n = 453). At 2 years of LVAD support, freedom from significant AR was greater in the HM3 (92%) than HMII (82%) (hazard ratio 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.75, p < 0.01). Of 907 HM3 patients analysed from the first 1000 implanted CAP patients, the rate of freedom from significant AR was 90%, consistent with the PT (p = 0.3). In the combined HM3 group (n = 1372), multivariable Cox modelling identified increasing age and female sex as significant predictors. Survival free of urgent transplant or AR corrective procedure was similar between HM3 patients with and without significant de-novo AR. CONCLUSIONS: The development of moderate or severe grade de-novo AR is reduced with the fully magnetically levitated HM3 LVAD compared to the axial-flow HMII pump. The occurrence of significant de-novo AR with the HM3 pump is not associated with a worse outcome at 2 years of follow-up.

A pedigree with retinitis pigmentosa and its concomitant ophthalmic diseases.

AIM: To characterize the ophthalmic clinical phenotype of a family with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and closed-angle glaucoma and to detect pathogenic genes and mutation sites causing RP in this family. METHODS: Ophthalmic clinic performance was examined in detail in 8 enrolled family members. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 4 family members for whole-exome sequencing (WES) to select potential genetic mutations whose structures were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Then, Sanger sequencing was used in 12 family members and control group members to validate and confirm the disease-causing mutation loci, and we analyzed the genotype-phenotype relationships. RESULTS: The known c.512C>T (p.P171L) mutation in the rhodopsin (RHO) gene was only found in afflicted family members and was confirmed by WES and Sanger sequencing as the pathogenic mutation in this family. In addition to being diagnosed with RP, family member III:4 was found to have bilateral closed-angle glaucoma, high myopia, and concurrent cataracts, and family members II:2 and II:4 had pathological changes of anterior chamber angle narrowing. Family members IV:3 and IV:4 were found to have retinoschisis. CONCLUSION: Glaucoma and related pathological changes, such as retinoschisis, in family members are preliminarily considered RP complications caused by RHO mutation.

Predictors of 5-Year Mortality in Patients Managed With a Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device.

BACKGROUND: In advanced heart failure patients implanted with a fully magnetically levitated HeartMate 3 (HM3, Abbott) left ventricular assist device (LVAD), it is unknown how preimplant factors and postimplant index hospitalization events influence 5-year mortality in those able to be discharged. OBJECTIVES: The goal was to identify risk predictors of mortality through 5 years among HM3 LVAD recipients conditional on discharge from index hospitalization in the MOMENTUM 3 pivotal trial. METHODS: This analysis evaluated 485 of 515 (94%) patients discharged after implantation of the HM3 LVAD. Preimplant (baseline), implant surgery, and index hospitalization characteristics were analyzed individually, and as multivariable predictors for mortality risk through 5 years. RESULTS: Cumulative 5-year mortality in the cohort (median age: 62 years, 80% male, 65% White, 61% destination therapy due to transplant ineligibility) was 38%. Two preimplant characteristics (elevated blood urea nitrogen and prior coronary artery bypass graft or valve procedure) and 3 postimplant characteristics (hemocompatibility-related adverse events, ventricular arrhythmias, and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at discharge) were predictors of 5-year mortality. In 171 of 485 patients (35.3%) without any risk predictors, 5-year mortality was reduced to 22.6% (95% CI: 15.4%-32.7%). Even among those with 1 or more predictors, mortality was <50% at 5 years (45.7% [95% CI: 39.0%-52.8%]). CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survival in successfully discharged HM3 LVAD recipients is largely influenced by clinical events experienced during the index surgical hospitalization in tandem with baseline factors, with mortality of <50% at 5 years. In patients without identified predictors of risk, long-term 5-year mortality is low and rivals that achieved with heart transplantation, even though most were implanted with destination therapy intent. (MOMENTUM 3 IDE Clinical Study Protocol, NCT02224755; MOMENTUM 3 Pivotal Cohort Extended Follow-up PAS, NCT03982979).

Less loop diuretic use in patients on sacubitril/valsartan undergoing remote pulmonary artery pressure monitoring.

AIMS: Control of pulmonary pressures monitored remotely reduced heart failure hospitalizations mainly by lowering filling pressures through the use of loop diuretics. Sacubitril/valsartan improves heart failure outcomes and increases the kidney sensitivity for diuretics. We explored whether sacubitril/valsartan is associated with less utilization of loop diuretics in patients guided with haemodynamic monitoring in the CardioMEMS European Monitoring Study for Heart Failure (MEMS-HF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The MEMS-HF population (n = 239) was separated by the use of sacubitril/valsartan (n = 68) or no use of it (n = 164). Utilization of diuretics and their doses was prespecified in the protocol and was monitored in both groups. Multivariable regression, ANCOVA, and a generalized linear model were used to fit baseline covariates with furosemide equivalents and changes for 12 months. MEMS-HF participants (n = 239) were grouped in sacubitril/valsartan users [n = 68, 64 ± 11 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 25 ± 9%, cardiac index (CI) 1.89 ± 0.4 L/min/m2 ] vs. non-users (n = 164, 70 ± 10 years, LVEF 36 ± 16%, CI 2.11 ± 0.58 L/min/m2 , P = 0.0002, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.0015, respectively). In contrast, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) values were comparable between groups (29 ± 11 vs. 31 ± 11 mmHg, P = 0.127). Utilization of loop diuretics was lower in patients taking sacubitril/valsartan compared with those without (P = 0.01). Significant predictor of loop diuretic use was a history of renal failure (P = 0.005) but not age (P = 0.091). After subjects were stratified by sacubitril/valsartan or other diuretic use, PAP was nominally, but not significantly lower in sacubitril/valsartan-treated patients (baseline: P = 0.52; 6 months: P = 0.07; 12 months: P = 0.53), while there was no difference in outcome or PAP changes. This difference was observed despite lower CI (P = 0.0015). Comparable changes were not observed for other non-loop diuretics (P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: In patients whose treatment was guided by remote PAP monitoring, concomitant use of sacubitril/valsartan was associated with reduced utilization of loop diuretics, which could potentially be relevant for outcomes.

Evaluation of environmental cleaning quality: an observational study at a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, China.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the role of environmental cleaning in controlling infection transmission in hospitals. However, cleaning practice remains inadequate. An important component of effective cleaning is to obtain feedback on actual cleaning practice. This study aimed to evaluate the cleaning process quality from an implementation perspective. METHODOLOGY: An observational study was conducted in a tertiary public hospital in Wuhan, China and 92 cleaning processes of units housing patients with multidrug-resistant organism infections were recorded. The bed unit cleaning quality and floor cleaning quality were measured by six and five process indicators respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the cleaning quality. RESULTS: For bed unit cleaning quality, the appropriate rates of cleaning sequence, adherence to cleaning unit principle, use of cloth, use of cloth bucket, separation of clean and contaminated tools, and disinfectant concentration were 35.9%, 71.7%, 89.7%, 11.5%, 65.4%, and 48.7%, respectively. For floor cleaning quality, the appropriate rates of adherence to cleaning unit principle, use of cloth, use of cloth bucket, separation of clean and contaminated tools, and disinfectant concentration were 13.4%, 50.0%, 35.5%, 11.0%, and 36.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The cleaning staff showed poor environmental cleaning quality, especially the floor cleaning quality. The findings can help reveal deficiencies in cleaning practices, raise awareness of these deficiencies, and inform targeted strategies to improve cleaning quality and hospital safety.

Comparing Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Retrieve Clinical Reports Documenting Implantable Devices Posing MRI Safety Risks.

OBJECTIVE: Assess sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of two approaches to identify patients with implantable devices that pose safety risks for MRI-an expert-derived approach and an ontology-derived natural language processing (NLP). Determine the proportion of clinical data that identify these implantable devices. METHODS: This Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study was performed at a 793-bed academic hospital. The expert-derived approach used an open-source software with a list of curated terms to query for implantable devices posing high safety risk ("MRI-Red") in patients undergoing MRI. The ontology-derived approach used an NLP system with terms mapped to Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms. Queries were performed in three clinical data types-25,000 radiology reports, 174,769 emergency department (ED) notes, and 41,085 other clinical reports (eg, cardiology, operating room, physician notes, radiology reports, pathology reports, patient letters). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of both methods against manual review of a randomly sampled 465 reports were assessed and tested for significant differences between expert-derived and ontology-derived approaches using t test. RESULTS: Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of expert-versus ontology-derived approaches were similar (0.83 versus 0.91, P = .080; 0.88 versus 0.96, P = .178; 0.82 versus 0.92, P = .110). The proportion of radiology reports, ED notes, and other clinical reports retrieved containing implantable devices with high safety risks for MRI ranged from 1.47% to 1.88%. DISCUSSION: Artificial intelligence approaches such as expert-driven NLP and ontology-driven NLP have similar accuracy in identifying patients with implantable devices that pose high safety risks for MRI.

Factors Associated With Optimal Follow-up in Women With BI-RADS 3 Breast Findings.

OBJECTIVE: Assess rate of and factors associated with optimal follow-up in patients with BI-RADS 3 breast findings. METHODS: This Institutional Review Board-approved, retrospective cohort study, performed at an academic medical center, included all women undergoing breast imaging (ultrasound and mammography) in 2016. Index reports for unique patients with an assessment of BI-RADS 3 (retrieved via natural language processing) comprised the study population. Patient-specific and provider-related features were extracted from the Research Data Warehouse. The Institutional Cancer Registry identified patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Optimal follow-up rate was calculated as patients with follow-up imaging on the same breast 3 to 9 months from the index examination among patients with BI-RADS 3 assessments. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression determined features associated with optimal follow-up. Malignancy rate and time to malignancy detection were recorded. RESULTS: Among 93,685 breast imaging examinations, 64,771 were from unique patients of which 2,967 had BI-RADS 3 findings (4.6%). Excluding patients with off-site index examinations and those with another breast examination <3 months from the index, 1,125 of 1,511 patients (74%) had optimal follow-up. In univariate and multivariable analysis, prior breast cancer was associated with optimal follow-up; younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, divorced status, and lack of insurance were associated with not having optimal follow-up. Malignancy rate was 0.86%, and mean time to detection was 330 days. DISCUSSION: Follow-up of BI-RADS 3 breast imaging findings is optimal in only 74% of women. Further interventions to promote follow-up should target younger, unmarried women, those with Hispanic ethnicity, and women without history of breast cancer and without insurance coverage.

Conspicuity of Screen-Detected Malignancies on Full Field Digital Mammography vs. Synthetic Mammography.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate conspicuity of screen-detected cancers on two-dimensional synthetic mammography (SM) reconstructed from digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) compared to two-dimensional full field digital mammography (FFDM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: IRB-approved retrospective review of consecutive screen-detected cancers from October 1, 2015 to June 30, 2017 was performed. All examinations were reviewed by three radiologists in consensus (n = 224); a score of 1-3 was given to each screen-detected cancer on SM vs. FFDM [1 = FFDM more conspicuous than SM, 2 = FFDM equivalent to SM, and 3 = SM more conspicuous than FFDM]. Findings considered only visible on tomosynthesis (n = 40), without medical history (n = 2), and with skin thickening only (n = 1) were excluded, leaving 181 cases as the study population. The longitudinal medical record was reviewed to determine patient demographics and outcomes of imaging surveillance and biopsy. RESULTS: Mammographic features on SM (n = 181) were calcifications (n = 68, 37.8%), masses (n = 51, 27.8%), asymmetries (n = 50, 27.6% [11 focal asymmetries]), and distortion (n = 12, 6.8%). The majority (76%, 137/181) of findings were equal or more conspicuous on SM vs. FFDM. However, calcifications and distortion greater than 2 cm were more conspicuous on SM and asymmetries were less conspicuous on SM vs. FFDM, controlling for menopausal status, family or personal history of breast cancer, BRCA status, and breast density. CONCLUSION: Although the majority of screen-detected cancers are equal to more conspicuous on SM when compared to FFDM, calcifications and asymmetries <2cm were less conspicuous on SM than FFDM. When SM + DBT is used as an alternative to FFDM + DBT in breast cancer screening, caution should be taken when assessing one-view asymmetries and findings <2cm on SM.

Patient, Radiologist, and Examination Characteristics Affecting Screening Mammography Recall Rates in a Large Academic Practice.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to evaluate patient, radiologist, and examination characteristics affecting screening mammography recall rates in an academic breast imaging practice and to identify modifiable factors that could reduce recall variation. METHODS: This institutional review board-approved retrospective study included screening mammographic examinations in female patients interpreted by 13 breast imaging specialists at an academic center and two outpatient centers from October 1, 2012, to May 31, 2015. Patient demographics were extracted via electronic medical record. Natural language processing captured breast density, BI-RADS assignment, and current and prior screening examination findings. Radiologists' annual screening volumes, clinical experience, and concentration in breast imaging were calculated. Risk aversion, stress from uncertainty, and malpractice concerns were derived via survey. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed patient, radiologist, and examination characteristics associated with likelihood of mammography recall. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between cancer detection rate and recall rate. RESULTS: Overall, 5,678 of 61,198 screening examinations (9.3%) were recalled. In multivariate analysis, patient and radiologist characteristics associated with higher odds of recall included patient's age < 50 years (P < .0001), prior mammographic findings (calcification [P < .0001], mass [P < .0001], higher density category [P < .0001]), baseline examination (P < .0001), annual reading volume < 1,250 examinations (P = .0282), and <10 years of experience (P = .0036). Radiologist's risk aversion, stress from uncertainty, malpractice concerns, and cancer detection rates were not associated with higher recall rates (r = -0.36, P = .23). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to patient and examination factors, screening recall variations were associated with radiologists' annual reading volume and experience. Interventions targeting radiologist factors (screening volumes, second review of potential recalls) may help reduce unwarranted variation in screening recall.

Multivariate Analysis of Radiologists' Usage of Phrases that Convey Diagnostic Certainty.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To quantify the use of Diagnostic Certainty Phrases (DCP) in radiology reports, including DCPs with good agreement (including "diagnostic of," "unlikely" and "represents") in connoting degree of certainty between providers based on previous studies; and to assess whether modality, presence of a trainee, radiologic subspecialty, and individual radiologists are associated with the usage of DCPs with good agreement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective, IRB-approved study was conducted at an academic medical center. Radiology reports that contain DCPs were identified using information retrieval from all reports generated in 2016, excluding mammograms, obstetrical ultrasound, bone densitometry, and interventional studies. DCPs connoting good agreement were further noted. Of the reports that contained DCPs, a two-level hierarchical generalized linear model with attending as the level-two variable was performed comparing the use of DCP with good agreement while considering trainee involvement, modality, and subspecialty. RESULTS: A total of 159,151 reports out of 370,881 were found to have at least one DCP (43%). Reports of CT scans had the most number of DCP (68% of all CT reports). Breast and abdomen subspecialties were associated with use of DCP with good agreement. There was significant variation in use of DCP with good agreement between physicians that could not be explained by modality, trainee presence, and subspecialty. CONCLUSION: Phrases to convey diagnostic certainty were commonly used in radiology reports. There is wide variation in usage of DCP with good agreement. Future interventions to reduce variation in use of DCPs may reduce ambiguity and improve quality of radiology reports.

Quantifying and Characterizing Trainee Participation in a Major Academic Radiology Department.

OBJECTIVE: Trainees play an important role in the delivery of medical services in academic medical centers, yet the full extent of their contribution in radiology is unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify trainee involvement in a single large academic radiology department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study performed in a tertiary care academic medical center, we identified the proportion of radiology reports with trainee involvement (by means of report co-signature) between July 2015 and June 2016. For each exam, we documented the modality, whether a trainee co-signed the report, and the division/subspecialty of the attending radiologist. We computed the overall proportion of radiology reports that involved a trainee and compared this proportion between imaging modalities, type of patient setting (Emergency Department, inpatient, outpatient), and across subspecialty divisions using Chi-square tests. RESULTS: Overall, we analyzed 607,074 radiology reports, of which trainees co-signed 239,187 (39.4%) reports. Trainee involvement varied considerably by division, ranging from 7.1% (ultrasound division) to 99.2% (cardiovascular imaging division) of reports, P <0.001. Among diagnostic imaging modalities, trainee participation was highest in CT (67.0%) and MRI (60.9%) examinations, and lowest in ultrasound (15.3%), P < 0.001. Trainees were more involved in the emergency department (58.0%) and inpatient (43.4%) settings than in the outpatient setting (33.9%), P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of the imaging studies performed in an academic radiology department involved radiology trainees. Similar data and studies at other institutions may be useful to help define, monitor and improve optimal trainee education nationally.

Radiologist Preferences, Agreement, and Variability in Phrases Used to Convey Diagnostic Certainty in Radiology Reports.

PURPOSE: To understand radiologists' preference and variability in phrases for expressing diagnostic certainty in radiology reports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This institutional review board-approved study was part of a quality improvement initiative to improve the quality of radiology reports at a tertiary academic hospital. Sixteen phrases commonly used in radiology reports to convey diagnostic certainty were extracted from prior publications. The degree of diagnostic certainty was divided into six arbitrary categories by an expert panel. We used an anonymous online survey to query 239 radiologists at our institution regarding their preferred phrase for each category. We evaluated the distribution of preferred phrases, performed cluster analysis to find groups of phrases used to describe specific diagnostic certainty categories, and calculated Krippendorff's α to evaluate how reliably radiologists use various phrases to express diagnostic certainty. FINDINGS: In all, 59.4% (142 of 239) of radiologists completed the survey. The most commonly preferred phrases were "consistent with" (45.1%; 64 of 142) for 100% confident, "highly suggestive of" (46.5%; 66 of 142) for very high likelihood, "most likely" (31.0%; 44 of 142) for high likelihood, "may represent" (50.7%; 72 of 142) for intermediate likelihood, "unlikely" (47.2%; 67 of 142) for low likelihood, and "very unlikely" (40.1%; 57 of 142) for very low likelihood. Cluster analysis identified six groups of phrases used to indicate a similar level of diagnostic certainty; however, Krippendorff's α was 0.217, indicating radiologists do not consistently use the same phrases for similar degrees of confidence. CONCLUSION: Wide variability persists among radiologists' preferences for phrases used to convey diagnostic certainty. Interventions to improve consistency of use of these phrases may help reduce ambiguity and improve quality of radiology reports.