RESUMEN
Particulate matter (PM) in Imperial Valley originates from a variety of sources such as agriculture, traffic at the border crossing, emissions from the cross-border city of Mexicali, and the drying lakebed of the Salton Sea. Dust storms in Imperial Valley, California regularly lead to exceedances of the federal air quality standards for PM10 (diameter less than 10 microns). To determine if there are differences in the composition and biological response to Imperial County PM by size, ambient PM samples were collected from a sampling unit stationed in the northern-most part of the valley, South of the Salton Sea. Ultrafine, fine, and coarse PM samples were collected and extracted separately. Chemical composition of each size fraction was obtained after extraction by using several analytical techniques, and biological response was measured by exposing a cell line of macrophages to particles and quantifying subsequent gene expression. Biological measurements demonstrated coarse PM induced an inflammatory response in macrophages measured in increases of inflammatory markers IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL2 expression, whereas ultrafine and fine PM only demonstrated significant increases in expression of CYP1a1. These differential responses were due not only to particle size, but to the distinct chemical profiles of each size faction as well. Community groups in Imperial Valley have already completed several projects to learn more about local air quality, giving residents access to data that provides real-time levels of PM2.5 and PM10 as well as recommendations on health-based practices dependent on the current AQI (air quality index). However, to date there is no information on the composition or toxicity of ambient PM from the region. The data presented here could provide more definitive information on the toxicity of PM by size, and further inform the community on local air quality.
RESUMEN
PIP: A reversible method of sterilization to be performed during cesarean section by moving the ovary through the mesosalpinx to the front of the tube is described. 22 patients at a Mexican Institute of Social Security Hospital who did not wish further pregnancies but did not want definitive sterilizations have undergone the procedure with no pregnancies to date. Most of the procedure is done with the fingers to avoid lesions to the ovary and tube; the steps are briefly described and diagrammed. 1 or 2 silk stitches hold the ovary in place. The surgical technique is simple and rapid, postoperative complications were absent and recovery was the same as that following any cesarean operation. After periods of up to 6 months no pregnancies have been reported. No menstrual or other alterations attributable to the procedure have been identified. It is expected that patients will be followed up for several years to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the procedure, as well as its reversibility if some patients desiring restored fertility undergo reversal operations and and achieve pregnancy.^ieng
Asunto(s)
Cesárea , Ovario/cirugía , Reversión de la Esterilización/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , EmbarazoRESUMEN
Se presenta un metodo de esterilizacion reversible, para ser aplicado durante la operacion cesarea. El procedimiento consiste en traspasar el ovario a traves del mesosalpinx a la parte anterior de la trompa, sosteniendolo ahi al cerrar la abertura y en caso de que la mujer desee un nuevo embarazo, bastara con recolocar el ovario en su posicion natural, para que quede en condiciones de lograrlo. Este reporte inicial, comprende 22 casos de pacientes voluntarias las que sin deseos de tener mas hijos, no aceptaron ser esterilizadas definitivamente y optaron por esta tecnica con posibilidades de reversibilidad. Hasta el presente el procedimiento ha sido efectivo ya que ninguna mujer se ha embarazado; ha sido inocuo, sin morbilidad ni alteracion aparente de la funcion ovarica y se espera en el futuro demostrar su reversibilidad