[Immunochemical characteristics of human blood proteins, exhibiting anti-influenza gamma-inhibitor activity]. / Immunokhimicheskaia kharakteristika belkov syvorotki cheloveka, proiavliaiushchikh aktivnost' protivogrippoznykh gamma-ingibitorov

The molecular composition of gamma-inhibitors in human serum was found to be heterogenous. In gel filtration of serum gamma-inhibitors were detected in macroglobulin 19S and low molecular 4S fractions. Heating at 100 degrees C for 10 min resulted in a considerable (32--128-fold) increase of the activity of 19S and 4S gamma-inhibitors. A mixture of specific antibody and gamma-inhibitors could be isolated from human serum by means of immunosorbent. The eluate from the immunosorbent was separated into two fractions in gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 column. According to the results of HI tests, both fractions showed the activities of both antibody and gamma-inhibitors. Proteins of the eluate and its fractions were identified by means of disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunodiffusion analysis. The function of gamma-inhibitors in human sera was found to be performed by alpha2-macroglobulins and transferrin. Antibody for influenza A2/Singapore/1/57 virus belong to IgG and IgA classes.

[Immunogenicity of the antigenic determinants of influenza virus type B hemagglutinin]. / Immunogennost' antigennykh determinant gemaggliutinina virusov grippa tipa B.

The immunogenic activity of antigenic determinants of influenza type B viruses in primary and booster immunizations was studied. In primary immunization, the highest immunogenicity was found with the type- and strain-specific antigenic determinants whereas the antigenic determinants of group specificity were less immunogenic. After booster immunizations the animal sera had antibody to all 3 antigenic determinants.

[Monoreceptor sera to the antigenic determinants of influenza virus A hemagglutinin]. / Monoretseptornye syvorotki antigennym determinantam gemaggliutinina virusa grippa A.

The method of specific adsorption was used to produce monoreceptor sera to individual antigenic determinants of hemagglutinin of influenza A virus, Hong Kong variant. The sera were completely free of inhibitors, contained no antibody to neuraminidase or host cell antigens. The monoreceptor sera were used in HI tests and immunoelectrophoresis for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the antigenic variants isolated in 1968--1977. It was shown that alongside with the appearance of qualitatively new antigenic determinants changes in the content of some or other antigens in influenza virus hemagglutinins occurred.

[Hemagglutinin antigens of influenza viruses isolated from man and birds]. / Antigeny gemaggliutininov virusov grippa, vydelennykh ot cheloveka i ptits.

Immunological analysis has shown hemagglutinins of avian viruses like hemagglutinins of human viruses to have a complex antigenic composition. Three antigenic determinants were discovered in hemagglutinin of A/Chicken/12/71 virus previously designated H3 and in hemagglutinin of A/Tern/18/73 virus previously designated Hav7. The H3 determinant and the second determinant are identical in avian and A/Hong Kong/1/68 human viruses. In addition, hemagglutinins of avian viruses have a determinant specific for each virus which is lacking in human influenza virus hemagglutinin.

[Interaction of immune and normal macrophages with the influenza virus]. / Vzaimodeistvie immunnykh i normal'nykh makrofagov s virusom grippa.

The interaction of macrophage cultures from immune and non-immune animals with influenza A/PR8/34 virus was studied. Significant differences were demonstrated between immune and normal macrophages. Influenza virus could be found in immune macrophages for a considerably shorter period than in normal macrophages. In immune macrophage cultures as compared with normal macrophages the synthesis of V- and S-antigens occurred only in a small number of cells. The study of the hemadsorbing capacity of macrophages showed the number of cells adsorbing erythrocytes to increase in normal macrophage cultures in contrast to those of immune macrophages. When macrophage cultures were inoculated with influenza virus, it exerted a cytopathic effect on normal macrophages at a lower multiplicity of infection whereas much greater infectious doses were required to produce the CPE in immune macrophages. The experimental results suggest that in infection or immunization certain changes occur in macrophages which may play a role in elimination of influenza virus from the body and in immune response.

[Speed and intensity of the immune response to the administration of inactivated influenza vaccine in relation to neuraminidase activity]. / Bystrota i intensivnost' immunnogo otveta na vvedenie inaktivirovannoi protivogrippoznoi vaktsiny v zavisimosti ot aktivnosti neiraminidazy

A comparative study of the rate of appearance of specific virus antigen in immune competent organs of mice immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine with active neuraminidase or a vaccine devoid of the neuraminidase activity was carried out by means of the immunofluorescence test and the serological tests. A considerable delay in the time (by 16--18 hours) of detection of virus antigen in cells of lymph nodes of mice as well as later (1--2 days) and less intensive (2--4-fold) production of specific virus antibody was demonstrated after immunization of mice with the vaccine without the active enzyme.

[Immunogenic activity of the influenza virus dependent on ne uraminidase (author's transl)]. / Immunogennaia aktivnost virusa grippa v zavisimosti ot neiraminidazy

The immunity of mice to challenge with influenza virus was studied after immunization with killed influenza vaccine. The results showed the resistance of the animals developing early after one and two intranasal vaccinations to depend not only upon the hemagglutinating properties of the vaccine but also upon its neuraminidase activity. When mice were immunized with a vaccine the neuraminidase of which was blocked with specific antibody or inactivated by heating and formalin, the protective effect against challenge with influenza virus decreased 2-3-fold as compared to that of the vaccine possessing active neuraminidase.

[Detection of a heterogeneous population of influenza virus type A/H1N1 with monoreceptor sera to hemagglutinin antigenic determinants]. / Vyiavlenie geterogennosti populiatsii virusa grippa tipa A/H1N1 monoretseptornymi syvorotkami k antigennym determinantan gemaggliutinina.

Studies of the antigenic composition of hemagglutinins of influenza H1N1 virus variants isolated in 1981 using monoreceptor antibody to individual antigenic determinants obtained by the selective adsorption method showed some variants to represent heterogeneous populations manifesting antigenic properties of different H1N1 viruses. Passages of the heterogeneous virus in the presence of antiinfluenza serum resulted in cloning a subpopulation with the antigenic properties of the hemagglutinin similar to that of H1N1 viruses which had circulated in the end of the first period of epidemic activity of H1N1 viruses. The method "from-plaque-to-plaque" passages in MDCK cells yielded from the heterogeneous population a homogeneous variant which by the hemagglutinin antigenic properties was similar to H1N1 viruses isolated in 1956-1957.

[Antigenic determinants of the hemagglutinin of influenza virus type B]. / Antigennye determinanty gemaggliutinina virusov grippa tipa B.

A comparative immunological analysis of 3 influenza type B virus strains, B/Lee/40, B/M/8/52, and B/Victoria/70 was made. The presence of at least 3 antigenic determinants in hemagglutinins of the viruses under study was established by the method of selective adsorption. One of the determinants was type-specific and was shared by all the three strains, the other two determined the group- and strain-specificity of the viruses studied.

[Effect of antilymphocyte serum on the course of influenzal infection in mice]. / Vliianie antilimfotsitarnoi syvorotki na techenie grippoznoi infektsii u myshei.

The effect of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) on the course of infection produced by influenza A/PR8/34 virus in mice weighing 10-12 g was studied. Inoculation of mice with ALS produced a longer persistence of influenza virus in the lung tissue and in the blood (up to 15 days of the observation period), whereas in the controls no influenza virus could be isolated after 9 days. No antibody production in ALS-treated mice was observed. The immunosuppression in mice reduced the extent of involvement of the lungs and lethality as compared with the control animals, being conducive to the change of the acute influenza infection into chronic one.

[Role of phagocytes and antibodies in freeing the body from influenza virus]. / Rol' fagotsitov i antitel v osvobozhdenii organizma ot virusa grippa

Persistence of influenza virus in normal and immune mice was studied by determinations of the virus infectivity and by the immunofluorescence procedures. After intraperitoneal inoculation the virus could be found in macrophages of the peritoneal exudate in both normal and immune animals. However, in macrophages of normal mice synthesis of V- and S-antigens of influenza virus occurred indicating the possibility of virus reproduction in them, whereas in macrophages of immune animals there was practically no synthesis of S-antigen despite a greater number of cells with V-antigen of influenza virus in their cytoplasma. The assumption that elimination of influenza virus from the body is due to specific antibody and immunologically changed macrophage elements is substantiated.

[Antigenic-genetic connections between human and animal influenza viruses]. / Antigenno-geneticheskie sviazi virusov grippa cheloveka i zhivotnykh.

A comparative immunological analysis of the composition of antigenic determinants (AGD) in hemagglutinins of human influenza A virus (HIAV) of the serosubtypes H1, H2, H3, and in hemagglutinins of animal influenza viruses (AIV) of the serosubtypes H1, H3-H6, H8-H11 with 25 polyclonal highly active sera was demonstrated. Using original monospecific mon AGD in HIAV and AIV hemagglutinins was demonstrated. Using original monospecific antibodies to individual AGD, those AGD contributing to similarity and differences between HIAV and AIV were determined. It was found that influenza A. virus strains isolated from man in the USSR in 1986 were identical in the antigenic structure of hemagglutinin with that isolated from a tern in 1973 (A/tern/Turkmenistan/18/73).

[Course of influenza in cyclophosphane suppression of cellular and humeral immunity]. / Techenie grippoznoi infektsii v usloviiakh podavleniia kletochnogo i gumoral'nogo immuniteta tsiklofosfanom.

Under conditions of immunosuppression of B- and T-cell functions with cyclophosphane, experimental influenza in mice infected with A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) runs early in the infection a much milder course than in mice given no such treatment. The mortality among immunosuppressed mice was 5 times as low as in the controls; the virus could be isolated from the lung tissue earlier and in higher titres; cyclophosphane inhibited the synthesis of antibodies and nonspecific thermolabile and thermostable tissue and serum inhibitors. Hepatization of the lungs in immunosuppressed animals was considerably less marked. The effect of cyclophosphane appeared to depend on its antiinflammatory properties.

[Association of retrovirus D with human malignant neoplasms]. / Assotsiatsiia retrovirusa D so zlokachestvennymi novoobrazovaniiami cheloveka.

Immunological methods of investigation (CFT, immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay) showed that the antigen induced by retrovirus D was discovered in some malignant and benign human tumors of various localizations. No association of retrovirus D with human hemoblastoses could be established.

[Antigenic determinants in the composition of the hemagglutinins of the influenza virus H1N1 isolated in 1977 and of the H1N1 viruses isolated in 1947--1956]. / Antigennye determinanty v sostave gemaggliutininov virusa grippa H1N1, vydelennogo v 1977 g., i virusov H1N1, izolirovannykh v 1947--1956 gg.

A comparative analysis of hemagglutinins (HA) of the A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1) virus isolated in 1977 and A/FM/47, A/Leningrad/49, A/Pan/52, and A/Netherlands/56 viruses with the antigenic formula (H1N1) was done. By the method of cross adsorption of rabbit influenza antisera, HA of the viruses under study were found to contain three antigenic determinants: one is common for all the variants studied, another characterizes the relationships of individual variants isolated in different years, and the third is strain-specific, determining the antigenic differences between the variants. According to our results, the influenza A/USSR/090/77 (H1N1) virus has in its HA three antigenic determinants closely related or identical to those of HA of a/leningrad/49 and A/Pan/52 viruses.

[Search for a new antigen associated with oncornavirus D in human breast cancer tumors]. / Poiski novogo antigena, assotsiirovannogo s onkornavirusom D, v rakovykh opukholiakh molochnykh zhelez cheloveka.

An antigen similar in its specificity to a nonvirion antigen emerging in stationary tissue culture cells spontaneously or experimentally infected with oncornavirus D was found in mammary gland cancer tumour tissues of 9 out of 54 examined patients. This virus-associated antigen was absent in 17 examined specimens of benign tumours of the same localization (fibroadenomas, mastopathies) or in the organs of a normal adult man or human embryo.

[Antigenic determinants in the makeup of the hemagglutinins of influenza virus type A (H3N2) isolated in 1977--1978]. / Antigennye determinanty v sostave gemaggliutininov virusov grippa tipa A (H3N2), vydelennykh v 1977--1978 gg.

Antigenic composition of hemagglutinins (HA) of influenza A viruses isolated during the epidemic of 1977--1978 was studied. Three antigenic determinants of H3.1, H3.5 and H3.7, identical to the determinants of HA of the viruses isolated in 1975, were detected in HA of the viruses isolated in 1977--1978 by means o the HAI test with inhibitor-free and monoreceptor sera. A/South Australia/1/77 virus was an exception in this group of viruses, and its HA contained only two determinants, H3.5 and H3.7, common with the HA of the viruses circulating in 1975. Neither the HAI test nor the biological neutralization tests showed H3.1 in A/South Australia/1/77 virus.

[Electron microscopic and immunological study of influenza virus interaction with murine peritoneal microphages]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe i immunologicheskoe izuchenie vazaimodeistviia virusa grippa s peritoneal'nymi myshinymi mikrofagami.

Electron microscopic and immunological investigations of influenza virus HONI interactions with peritoneal macrophages of intact and immune mice were carried out. Both intact and immune macrophages exert phagocytosis and disintegration of virions in phagolysosomes as early as 10 and 30 min after the end of adsorption. This process is most active with eosinophils, less in neutrophils and the least in basophils. Titration of the infectious virus in chick embryos showed that immune macrophages contained considerably less virus than the intact ones.

[Virus-induced antigen in cells infected with the herpes simplex virus]. / Virusindutsirovannyi antigen v kletkakh, infitsirovannykh virusom obychnogo gerpesa.

A new antigen differing from those of mature virion and noninfected cell was shown to appear in herpes simplex (HSV) virus-infected cells. It is virus-specified since the nonvirion antigen had a similar determinant in cells of different species origin. Nonvirion antigens induced by HSV types 1 and 2 were serologically similar. Differences in the specific activity of sera to the new nonvirion antigen and mature virus antigens were established by three different methods: complement fixation test, mixed hemadsorption, and biological neutralization. The early virus-induced antigen found in HSV-infected cells differed by many properties from the antigen previously described by Tarro and Sabin (1970).

[Changes in antigenic determinant H3 in type A influenza virus]. / Ob izmenenii antigennoi determinanty H3 u virusa grippa tipa A.

The analysis of immune and hyperimmune rabbit sera to influenza A/USSR/0249/75. A/Victoria/3/75, and A/Tokyo/1/75 viruses showed the H3 antigenic determinant common for hemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the Hong Kong variety to be poorly manifest in viruses isolated in 1975 in contrast to type A viruses isolated in previous years. Antibody to the H3 antigen is usually absent in immune sera and appears only in hyperimmune sera after reimmunization of the animals. The quantitative decrease of the H3 antigen in viruses isolated in 1975 was also clearly detected in tests of adsorption of anti-H3 monoreceptor sera.