Large number of imported chikungunya cases in mainland France, 2014: a challenge for surveillance and response.

During the summer of 2014, all the pre-requisites for autochthonous transmission of chikungunya virus are present in southern France: a competent vector, Aedes albopictus, and a large number of travellers returning from the French Caribbean islands where an outbreak is occurring. We describe the system implemented for the surveillance of chikungunya and dengue in mainland France. From 2 May to 4 July 2014, there were 126 laboratory-confirmed imported chikungunya cases in mainland France.

Turning of 42CrMo4+QT under different scenarios: Dataset of machining, roughness and residual stress.

The turning process remains one of the most widely used manufacturing methods in the industry due to its high flexibility and production rates. Despite being an extensively used technique, the impact of this machining process on the surface integrity of the components has not yet been resolved in the literature, although it is well known that it can have a major influence on their final life. With the aim of providing new insights in the field, an extensive experimental campaign was designed on a 42CrMo4 quenched and tempered steel (in the following 42CrMo4+QT) using the response surface method. As inputs of this experimental design, the principal machining parameters were selected: feed rate (mm/rev), cutting speed (m/min), depth of cut (mm) and insert radius (mm). Meanwhile the main outputs measured where the surface roughness (µm) and the longitudinal residual stresses (MPa). In parallel, the turning operation of each specimen was monitored and the forces (X, Y and Z), current consumption of the main lathe motor, sound pressure and tool holder accelerations were recorded.

Chagas disease in European countries: the challenge of a surveillance system.

A study of aggregate data collected from the literature and official sources was undertaken to estimate expected and observed prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, annual incidence of congenital transmission and rate of underdiagnosis of Chagas disease among Latin American migrants in the nine European countries with the highest prevalence of Chagas disease. Formal and informal data sources were used to estimate the population from endemic countries resident in Europe in 2009, diagnosed cases of Chagas disease and births from mothers originating from endemic countries. By 2009, 4,290 cases had been diagnosed in Europe, compared with an estimated 68,000 to 122,000 expected cases. The expected prevalence was very high in undocumented migrants (on average 45% of total expected cases) while the observed prevalence rate was 1.3 cases per 1,000 resident migrants from endemic countries. An estimated 20 to 183 babies with congenital Chagas disease are born annually in the study countries. The annual incidence rate of congenital transmission per 1,000 pregnancies in women from endemic countries was between none and three cases. The index of under diagnosis of T. cruzi infection was between 94% and 96%. Chagas disease is a public health challenge in the studied European countries. Urgent measures need to be taken to detect new cases of congenital transmission and take care of the existing cases with a focus on migrants without legal residency permit and potential difficulty accessing care.

First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan France, September 2010.

In September 2010, two cases of autochthonous dengue fever were diagnosed in metropolitan France for the first time. The cases occurring in Nice, southeast France, where Aedes albopictus is established, are evidence of dengue virus circulation in this area. This local transmission of dengue calls for further enhanced surveillance, active case finding and vector control measures to reduce the spread of the virus and the risk of an epidemic.

[Chagas disease in France: estimated number of infected persons and cardiac diseases in 2009, by risk groups]. / Maladie de Chagas en France: estimation du nombre de personnes infectées et d'atteintes cardiaques en 2009, selon les groupes & risque.

An estimation of the number of Trypanosoma cruzi infected individuals and expected number of Chagasic cardiomyopathies in France (excluding French Guyana) was conducted in June, 2009 by InVS. Different risk groups were identified: Latino-Americans (LA) from endemic area (naturalized, legal and illegal migrants, adopted children), children born from LA's mother, French Guyanese living in Metropolitan France, expatriated and travellers from endemic countries. Prevalence rates by country of origin were applied to official data on risk populations obtained from the International Adoption Agency, Tourism Direction and French ministries (Finances, Foreign Affairs and Migrations). Around 157,000 individuals were potentially exposed. It is estimated than 1,464 [895-2,619] are infected by T. cruzi, of which 63 to 555 may evolve towards a chronic cardiomyopathy. This figure is within the range of earlier estimations of InVS and Guerri-Guttenberg. Taking into account illegal immigrants, the expected number of infected individuals in France should increase greatly this estimation.

Differential expression of proteome in aqueous humor in patients with and without glaucoma. / Expresión diferencial del proteoma en humor acuoso de pacientes con y sin glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine quantitative and qualitative differences of aqueous humor proteome in patients with and without glaucoma. METHOD: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 12 patients (8 men; 4 women) with and without glaucoma. There are 3 groups of minority proteins with serum equimolar contribution of each of the patients. Specimens were obtained during cataract surgery from patients without glaucoma (performed with retrobulbar anaesthesia [cataract retrobulbar patient -CRP-;n=4] or topical [cataract topical patient -CTP-; n=4]), or from patients with glaucoma (performed with retrobulbar anaesthesia [glaucoma retrobulbar patient -GRP-; n=4]). The humor proteome samples were frozen at -80°C until processing by trypsin digestion to obtain tryptic peptides, and then performing liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain the proteome and its differential expression between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS v.17 program. RESULTS: The study included 12 patients, aged (mean±standard deviation) 74.50±9.53 years. Concentrations obtained: 0.48±0.25µg/µl for CRP, 0.28±0.04µg/µl for CTP, and 0.35±0.16µg/µl for GRP. A total of 309 proteins were identified, of which 205, 210, and 182 were in CRP, CTP, and GRP, respectively. A total of 114 proteins were common to all three groups, 50 were exclusive to CRP, 58 to CTP, and 27 to GRP. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, a quantitative difference was found in the protein expression of humor among patients with glaucoma, there being 27 proteins unique to patients with glaucomatous disease.

Expresión diferencial del proteoma en humor acuoso de pacientes con y sin glaucoma / Differential expression of proteome in aqueous humor in patients with and without glaucoma

PROPÓSITO: Determinación cuantitativa y cualitativa del proteoma en humor acuoso de pacientes con y sin glaucoma. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, de 12 pacientes (8 hombres; 4 mujeres) con y sin glaucoma. Se constituyen 3 grupos de proteínas minoritarias con aportación sérica equimolar de cada uno de los pacientes. Las muestras se han obtenido durante la cirugía de cataratas, de pacientes sin glaucoma (realizada con anestesia retrobulbar [cataract retrobulbar patient -CRP-; n = 4] o tópica [cataract topical patient -CTP-; n = 4]), o de pacientes con glaucoma (realizada con anestesia retrobulbar [glaucoma retrobulbar patient -GRP-; n = 4]). Las muestras de humor acuoso se congelaron a -80°C hasta su procesamiento mediante digestión con tripsina para obtener péptidos trípticos y realizar cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MS/MS), para obtener el proteoma y su expresión diferencial entre grupos. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el programa SPSS V.17. RESULTADOS: Doce pacientes, con edad (media ± desviación estándar) de 74,50 ± 9,53 años. Concentraciones proteicas obtenidas; 0,48 ± 0,25μg/μl para CRP, 0,28 ± 0,04 μg/μl para CTP y 0,35 ± 0,16μg/μl para GRP. Identificadas 309 proteínas, de estas 205, 210 y 182 se encuentran en CRP, CTP y GRP, respectivamente. Comunes a los tres grupos 114. Exclusivas 50 de CRP, 58 de CTP y 27 de GRP. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro estudio piloto, encontramos diferencia cuantitativa en la expresión proteica del humor acuoso entre pacientes con y sin glaucoma, existiendo 27 proteínas exclusivas de pacientes con enfermedad glaucomatos

OBJECTIVE: To determine quantitative and qualitative differences of aqueous humor proteome in patients with and without glaucoma. METHOD: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 12 patients (8 men; 4 women) with and without glaucoma. There are 3 groups of minority proteins with serum equimolar contribution of each of the patients. Specimens were obtained during cataract surgery from patients without glaucoma (performed with retrobulbar anaesthesia [cataract retrobulbar patient -CRP-;n = 4] or topical [cataract topical patient -CTP-; n = 4]), or from patients with glaucoma (performed with retrobulbar anaesthesia [glaucoma retrobulbar patient -GRP-; n = 4]). The humor proteome samples were frozen at -80°C until processing by trypsin digestion to obtain tryptic peptides, and then performing liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to obtain the proteome and its differential expression between groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS V.17 program. RESULTS: The study included 12 patients, aged (mean ± standard deviation) 74.50 ± 9.53 years. Concentrations obtained: 0.48 ± 0.25 μg/μl for CRP, 0.28 ± 0.04 μg/μl for CTP, and 0.35 ± 0.16μg/μl for GRP. A total of 309 proteins were identified, of which 205, 210, and 182 were in CRP, CTP, and GRP, respectively. A total of 114 proteins were common to all three groups, 50 were exclusive to CRP, 58 to CTP, and 27 to GRP. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, a quantitative difference was found in the protein expression of humor among patients with glaucoma, there being 27 proteins unique to patients with glaucomatous disease