Surgical Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation: Early Repair Improves Survival.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal timing of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannulation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The timing of CDH repair after ECMO cannulation remains a controversial topic due to studies with low power or strong selection bias. METHODS: This is a 2-aim retrospective cohort study based on the CDH Study Group registry for the period of 2007-2017. Aim 1-Compare On versus After ECMO repair. Aim 2-Compare Early versus Late repair on ECMO. In order to minimize selection bias and account for non-repairs, subjects in each aim were stratified into study groups based on their treatment center's characteristics. In each aim, the study groups were matched based on propensity score (PS). The main outcomes included mortality rate and incidence of non-repair. RESULTS: In aim 1, 136 patients remained in each group after PS matching. Compared to the After ECMO group, patients in the On ECMO group demonstrated a lower mortality rate, hazard ratio (HR) 0.54 (0.38, 0.77) (P < 0.001), and lower incidence of non-repair, 5.9% versus 33.8% (P < 0.001). In aim 2, 77 patients remained in each group after PS matching. Compared to the Late group, Early repair of CDH on ECMO was associated with a lower mortality rate, HR 0.51 (0.33, 0.77) (P = 0.002), and lower incidence of non-repair, 9.1% versus 44.2% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The approach of early repair after ECMO cannulation is associated with improved survival compared to delayed surgical correction.

Systematic analysis of copy number variation associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), characterized by malformation of the diaphragm and hypoplasia of the lungs, is one of the most common and severe birth defects, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. There is growing evidence demonstrating that genetic factors contribute to CDH, although the pathogenesis remains largely elusive. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been studied in recent whole-exome sequencing efforts, but larger copy number variants (CNVs) have not yet been studied on a large scale in a case control study. To capture CNVs within CDH candidate regions, we developed and tested a targeted array comparative genomic hybridization platform to identify CNVs within 140 regions in 196 patients and 987 healthy controls, and identified six significant CNVs that were either unique to patients or enriched in patients compared with controls. These CDH-associated CNVs reveal high-priority candidate genes including HLX, LHX1, and HNF1B We also discuss CNVs that are present in only one patient in the cohort but have additional evidence of pathogenicity, including extremely rare large and/or de novo CNVs. The candidate genes within these predicted disease-causing CNVs form functional networks with other known CDH genes and play putative roles in DNA binding/transcription regulation and embryonic development. These data substantiate the importance of CNVs in the etiology of CDH, identify CDH candidate genes and pathways, and highlight the importance of ongoing analysis of CNVs in the study of CDH and other structural birth defects.

De novo variants in congenital diaphragmatic hernia identify MYRF as a new syndrome and reveal genetic overlaps with other developmental disorders.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe birth defect that is often accompanied by other congenital anomalies. Previous exome sequencing studies for CDH have supported a role of de novo damaging variants but did not identify any recurrently mutated genes. To investigate further the genetics of CDH, we analyzed de novo coding variants in 362 proband-parent trios including 271 new trios reported in this study. We identified four unrelated individuals with damaging de novo variants in MYRF (P = 5.3x10(-8)), including one likely gene-disrupting (LGD) and three deleterious missense (D-mis) variants. Eight additional individuals with de novo LGD or missense variants were identified from our other genetic studies or from the literature. Common phenotypes of MYRF de novo variant carriers include CDH, congenital heart disease and genitourinary abnormalities, suggesting that it represents a novel syndrome. MYRF is a membrane associated transcriptional factor highly expressed in developing diaphragm and is depleted of LGD variants in the general population. All de novo missense variants aggregated in two functional protein domains. Analyzing the transcriptome of patient-derived diaphragm fibroblast cells suggest that disease associated variants abolish the transcription factor activity. Furthermore, we showed that the remaining genes with damaging variants in CDH significantly overlap with genes implicated in other developmental disorders. Gene expression patterns and patient phenotypes support pleiotropic effects of damaging variants in these genes on CDH and other developmental disorders. Finally, functional enrichment analysis implicates the disruption of regulation of gene expression, kinase activities, intra-cellular signaling, and cytoskeleton organization as pathogenic mechanisms in CDH.

Longitudinal Analysis of Ventilation Perfusion Mismatch in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Survivors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the natural history of pulmonary function for survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of survivors of CDH born during 1991-2016 and followed at our institution. A generalized linear model was fitted to assess the longitudinal trends of ventilation (V), perfusion (Q), and V/Q mismatch. The association between V/Q ratio and body mass index percentile as well as functional status was also assessed with a generalized linear model. RESULTS: During the study period, 212 patients had at least one V/Q study. The average ipsilateral V/Q of the cohort increased over time (P < .01), an effect driven by progressive reduction in relative perfusion (P = .012). A higher V/Q ratio was correlated with lower body mass index percentile (P < .001) and higher probability of poor functional status (New York Heart Association class III or IV) (P = .045). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of survivors of CDH with more severe disease characteristics, V/Q mismatch worsens over time, primarily because of progressive perfusion deficit of the ipsilateral side. V/Q scans may be useful in identifying patients with CDH who are at risk for poor growth and functional status.

Longitudinal Analysis of Pulmonary Function in Survivors of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze longitudinal trends of pulmonary function testing in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) followed in our multidisciplinary clinic. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study of CDH patients born between 1991 and 2013. A linear mixed effects model was fitted to estimate the trends of percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1pp), percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVCpp), and FEV1/FVC over time. RESULTS: Of 268 patients with CDH who survived to discharge, 119 had at least 1 pulmonary function test study. The FEV1pp (P < .001), FVCpp (P = .017), and FEV1/FVC (P = .001) decreased with age. Compared with defect size A/B, those with defect size C/D had lower FEV1pp by an average of 11.5% (95% CI, 2.9%-20.1%; P = .010). A history of oxygen use at initial hospital discharge also correlated with decreased FEV1pp by an average of 8.0% (95% CI, 1.2%-15.0%; P = .023). CONCLUSIONS: In a select cohort of CDH survivors, average pulmonary function declines with age relative to expected population normative values. Those with severe CDH represent a population at risk for worsening pulmonary function test measurements who may benefit from recognition and monitoring for complications.

Non-operative management of extralobar pulmonary sequestration: a safe alternative to resection?

PURPOSE: This retrospective cohort study compares the natural history of patients with extralobar sequestrations (ELS) who do not undergo intervention with those who undergo resection to assess the safety of non-operative management. METHODS: 126 patients with pulmonary sequestrations or congenital pulmonary airway malformations born between 1999 and 2016 were identified. 49 patients had ELS on postnatal imaging, but two were excluded for associated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Demographic and clinical data were retrospectively reviewed, with phone follow-up for non-operative patients with no records for > 1 year. Statistical analysis was by Fisher's exact test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (two-tailed p < 0.05). RESULTS: 40% (19/47) were managed non-operatively and 60% (28/47) underwent resection. Non-operative patients were less likely to have an intrathoracic ELS: 47% (9/19) vs. 75% (21/28), p = 0.07. No symptoms were attributable directly to the ELS. Non-operative patients had median follow-up 3.2 years, during which time 88% (15/17) of ELS decreased in size on serial imaging. For patients who underwent resection, there was 100% concordance between imaging and intraoperative findings. There was no evidence of inflammation, infection or malignancy on final pathology, though 57% (16/28) of resected lesions had foci of non-aerated cysts. CONCLUSIONS: Although further longitudinal study is required, this study supports the safety of non-operative ELS management.

Aggressive Surgical Management of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Worth the Effort?: A Multicenter, Prospective, Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) that do not undergo repair, (ii) to identify nonrepair rate by institution, and (iii) to compare institutional outcomes based on nonrepair rate. BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of infants with CDH go unrepaired and the threshold to offer surgical repair is variable. METHODS: Data were abstracted from a multicenter, prospectively collected database. Standard clinical variables, including repair (or nonrepair), and outcome were analyzed. Institutions were grouped based on volume and rate of nonrepair. Preoperative mortality predictors were identified using logistic regression, expected mortality for each center was calculated, and observed /expected (O/E) ratios were computed for center groups and compared by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. RESULTS: A total of 3965 infants with CDH were identified and 691 infants (17.5%) were not repaired. Nonrepaired patients had lower Apgar scores (P < 0.05) and increased incidence of anomalies (P < 0.0001). Low-volume centers ("Lo", n=44 total, < 10 CDH pts/yr) and high-volume centers ("Hi", n = 21) had median nonrepair rates of 19.8% (range 0%-66.7%) and 16.7% (5.1%-38.5%), respectively. High-volume centers were further dichotomized by rate of nonrepair (HiLo = 5.1-16.7% and HiHi = 17.6-38.5%), leaving 3 groups: HiLo, HiHi, and Lo. Predictors of mortality were lower birth weight, lower Apgar scores, prenatal diagnosis, and presence of congenital anomalies. O/E ratios for mortality in the HiLo, HiHi, and Lo groups were 0.81, 0.94, and 1.21, respectively (P < 0.0001). For every 100 CDH patients, HiLo centers have 2.73 (2.4-3.1, 95% confidence interval) survivors beyond expectation. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences between repaired and nonrepaired CDH infants and significant center variation in rate of nonrepair exists. Aggressive surgical management, leading to a low rate of nonrepair, is associated with improved risk-adjusted mortality.

Genome-wide enrichment of damaging de novo variants in patients with isolated and complex congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is a common and often lethal birth defect characterized by diaphragmatic structural defects and pulmonary hypoplasia. CDH is isolated in 60% of newborns, but may also be part of a complex phenotype with additional anomalies. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 87 individuals with isolated or complex CDH and on their unaffected parents, to assess the contribution of de novo mutations in the etiology of diaphragmatic and pulmonary defects and to identify new candidate genes. A combined analysis with 39 additional trios with complex CDH, previously published, revealed a significant genome-wide burden of de novo variants compared to background mutation rate and 900 control trios. We identified an increased burden of likely gene-disrupting (LGD, i.e. nonsense, frameshift, and canonical splice site) and predicted deleterious missense (D-mis) variants in complex and isolated CDH patients. Overall, an excess of predicted damaging de novo LGD and D-mis variants relative to the expected frequency contributed to 21% of complex cases and 12% of isolated CDH cases. The burden of de novo variants was higher in genes expressed in the developing mouse diaphragm and heart. Some overlap with genes responsible for congenital heart defects and neurodevelopmental disorders was observed in CDH patients within our cohorts. We propose that de novo variants contribute significantly to the development of CDH.

Molecular pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia revealed by exome sequencing, developmental data, and bioinformatics.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common and severe birth defect. Despite its clinical significance, the genetic and developmental pathways underlying this disorder are incompletely understood. In this study, we report a catalog of variants detected by a whole exome sequencing study on 275 individuals with CDH. Predicted pathogenic variants in genes previously identified in either humans or mice with diaphragm defects are enriched in our CDH cohort compared with 120 size-matched random gene sets. This enrichment was absent in control populations. Variants in these critical genes can be found in up to 30.9% of individuals with CDH. In addition, we filtered variants by using genes derived from regions of recurrent copy number variations in CDH, expression profiles of the developing diaphragm, protein interaction networks expanded from the known CDH-causing genes, and prioritized genes with ultrarare and highly disruptive variants, in 11.3% of CDH patients. These strategies have identified several high priority genes and developmental pathways that likely contribute to the CDH phenotype. These data are valuable for comparison of candidate genes generated from whole exome sequencing of other CDH cohorts or multiplex kindreds and provide ideal candidates for further functional studies. Furthermore, we propose that these genes and pathways will enhance our understanding of the heterogeneous molecular etiology of CDH.

De novo frameshift mutation in COUP-TFII (NR2F2) in human congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

COUP-TFII (NR2F2) is mapped to the 15q26 deletion hotspot associated with the common and highly morbid congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Conditional homozygous deletions of COUP-TFII in mice result in diaphragmatic defects analogous to the human Bochdalek-type hernia phenotype. Despite evidence from animal models however, mutations in the coding sequence of COUP-TFII have not been reported in patients, prompting the speculation that additional coding or non-coding sequences in the 15q26 locus are necessary for diaphragmatic hernias to develop. In this report, we describe a case of a patient with a heterozygous de novo COUP-TFII frameshift mutation, presenting with CDH and an atrial septal defect. The p.Pro33AlafsTer77 mutation specifically disrupts protein isoform 1 which contains the DNA binding domain. In addition, we review other COUP-TFII sequence variations and deletions that have been described in cases of CDH. We conclude that COUP-TFII mutations can cause diaphragmatic hernias, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of CDH patients, particularly those with comorbid congenital heart defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Obstruction of the superior vena cava after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: association with chylothorax and outcome of transcatheter treatment.

BACKGROUND: Obstruction of the superior vena cava is one of the potential complications of neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Chylothorax is a known complication of surgery involving the thoracic cavity in children, and of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between chylothorax and superior vena cava obstruction after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-two patients diagnosed with superior vena cava obstruction at ≤ 6 months of age (median 1.8 months) after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were compared with a randomly selected cohort of 44 neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients without superior vena cava obstruction. Among patients with superior vena cava obstruction, 18 underwent extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory disease and four for cardiac insufficiency. Chylothorax was more prevalent among patients with superior vena cava obstruction than controls (odds ratio 9.4 [2.2-40], p = .01) and was associated with extension of obstruction into the left innominate vein. Patients with superior vena cava obstruction were supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for a longer duration than controls. Nineteen patients with superior vena cava obstruction (86%) underwent transcatheter balloon angioplasty and/or stent implantation (median 7 days after diagnosis), which decreased the superior vena cava pressure and superior vena cava-to-right atrium pressure gradient and increased the superior vena cava diameter (all p < 0.001). There were no serious procedural adverse events. Six study patients died within 30 days of the diagnosis of superior vena cava obstruction (including three of nine with chylothorax), which did not differ from controls. During a median follow-up of 2.7 yrs, two additional patients died and nine underwent 14 superior vena cava reinterventions. CONCLUSIONS: Among neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, superior vena cava obstruction is associated with an increased risk of chylothorax. In neonates with chylothorax after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, evaluation for superior vena cava obstruction may be warranted. Although mortality is high in this population, transcatheter treatment can relieve superior vena cava obstruction and facilitate symptomatic improvement.

Liver position is a prenatal predictive factor of prosthetic repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether any common maternal-fetal variable has prenatal predictive value of prosthetic repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. METHODS: This was a 5-year single-center retrospective review of fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia referrals. Multiple prenatal variables were correlated with the need for a prosthetic repair. Statistical analyses were by Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U-tests, as appropriate (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Fetal liver position was a predictor of prosthetic repair. The presence or absence of liver herniation was correlated with prosthetic repair rates of 83.3 and 23.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). All patients with moderate/severe liver herniation required a prosthetic patch. CONCLUSION: Liver herniation has prenatal predictive value for the need for prosthetic repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. This finding should be valuable during prenatal counseling for clinical trials of engineered diaphragmatic repair.

Does the ex utero intrapartum treatment to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation procedure change morbidity outcomes for high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors?

PURPOSE: In high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), significant barotrauma or death can occur before extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be initiated. We previously examined ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)-to-ECMO in our most severe CDH patients, but demonstrated no survival advantage. We now report morbidity outcomes in survivors of this high-risk cohort to determine whether EXIT-to-ECMO conferred any benefit. METHODS: All CDH survivors with <15% predicted lung volume (PPLV) from September 1999 to December 2010 were included. We recorded prenatal imaging, defect size, and pulmonary, nutritional, cardiac, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. RESULTS: Seventeen survivors (8 EXIT-to-ECMO, 9 non-EXIT) had an average PPLV of 11.7%. Eight of 9 non-EXIT received ECMO within 2days. There were no significant defect size differences between groups, mostly left-sided (13/17) and type D (12/17). Average follow-up was 6.7years (0-13years). There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes, including supplemental oxygen, diuretics, gastrostomy, weight-for-age Z scores, fundoplication, pulmonary hypertension, stroke or intracranial hemorrhage rate, CDH recurrence, and reoperation. No survivor in our cohort was neurologically devastated. All had mild motor and/or speech delay, which improved in most. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot series of severe CDH survivors, EXIT-to-ECMO confers neither significant survival nor long-term morbidity benefit. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III treatment study.

Percent predicted lung volume changes on fetal magnetic resonance imaging throughout gestation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

PURPOSE: Percent predicted lung volume (PPLV)<15% on fetal MRI predicts high-risk CDH. Potential changes in PPLV throughout gestation and impact on risk stratification are unknown. We reviewed CDH patients with serial fetal MRIs to follow PPLV and determine correlation with postnatal outcomes. METHODS: CDH patients with serial fetal MRIs from 2005 to 2015 were included. We recorded prenatal MRI gestational age (GA) and PPLV, postnatal ECMO use, and survival. Data were analyzed by logistic regression and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: 57 patients had 127 fetal MRI studies. PPLV decreased from mean 25.4% to 19.6% between GA 22.1 and 32.6weeks. A steeper decline in PPLV, regardless of final PPLV, was independently predictive of higher ECMO use (p=0.046) and death (p=0.045). All patients with first PPLV<15% remained high-risk with poor outcomes. Of those with first PPLV>15%, 31% dropped below 15%, having similar ECMO use as the high-risk cohort, but trending toward greater survival (p=0.09). Those with first and final PPLV>15% had significantly less ECMO use (p=0.015) and greater survival (p<0.001) than the high-risk cohort. CONCLUSIONS: On average, PPLV decreases throughout gestation in fetuses with CDH. Serial MRI is recommended for those with initial PPLV>15%, as clinical outcomes tend to mirror the lowest PPLV. TYPE OF STUDY: Treatment study LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Follow up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Survival of patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia has improved with the introduction of more sophisticated treatments. Long-term follow up has led to the recognition of pulmonary morbidity not previously recognized. In addition, extrapulmonary problems associated with the survival of these high-risk infants are now being identified. This review describes associated morbidities in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors and their predictors.

Diverse Morbidity and Mortality Among Infants Treated with Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is utilized for cardiopulmonary failure. We aimed to qualify and quantify the predictors of morbidity and mortality in infants requiring VA-ECMO. METHODS: Data was collected from 170 centers participating in the extracorporeal life support organization (ELSO) registry. Relationships between in-hospital mortality and risk factors were assessed using logistic regression. Survival was defined as being discharged from the hospital. RESULTS: Six hundred and sixty-two eligible records were reviewed. Mortality occurred in 303 (46%) infants. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients (OR=3.83, 95% CI 1.96-7.49, p<0.001), cardiac failure with associated shock (OR= 2.90, 95% CI 1.46-5.77, p=0.002), and pulmonary failure including respiratory distress syndrome (OR=4.06, 95% CI 1.72-9.58, p=0.001) had the highest odds of mortality in this cohort. Birth weight (BW) < 3 kg (OR=1.83, 95% CI 1.21-2.78, p=0.004), E-CPR (OR=3.35, 95% CI 1.57-7.15, p=0.002), hemofiltration (OR=2.04, 95% CI 1.32-3.16, p=0.001), and dialysis (OR=6.13, 95% CI 1.70-22.1, p<0.001) were all independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION: Infants requiring VA-ECMO experience diverse sequelae and their mortality are high.

Pulmonary support on day of life 30 is a strong predictor of increased 1 and 5-year morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

PURPOSE: Pulmonary support (PS) on day-of-life-30 (DOL-30) has been shown to be the strongest predictor of subsequent morbidity and in-patient mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We hypothesized that PS on DOL-30 can also predict long-term outcomes in CDH survivors. METHODS: We analyzed records of 201 CDH survivors followed by a single multidisciplinary clinic (1995-2010). Follow-up was 83 and 70% at 1 and 5years respectively. PS was defined as: (1) invasive support (n=44), (2) noninvasive support (n=54), or (3) room air (n=103). Logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted association of PS on DOL-30 with outcomes at 1 and 5-years. RESULTS: Use of PS on DOL-30 was significantly associated with pulmonary and developmental morbidities at 1 and 5-years. Even after adjusting for defect-size and presence of ventilation/perfusion mismatch, greater PS on DOL-30 was associated with a significantly increased odds of requiring supplemental oxygen and developmental referral at 1-year, and asthma and developmental referral at 5-years. CONCLUSION: CDH survivors continue to have significant long-term pulmonary and developmental morbidities. PS on DOL-30 is a strong independent predictor of morbidity at 1 and 5-years and may be used as a simple prognostic tool to identify high-risk infants.

Nutritional outcomes in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH)-factors associated with growth at one year.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is prevalent among congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors. We aimed to describe the nutritional status and factors that impact growth over the 12-months following discharge from the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in this cohort. METHODS: CDH survivors, who were discharged from the PICU from 2000 to 2010 with follow-up of at least 12months, were included. Nutritional intake, anthropometric, and clinical variables were recorded. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine factors associated with weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ) at 12months. RESULTS: Data from 110 infants, 67% male, 50% patch repair, were analyzed. Median (IQR) WAZ for the cohort was -1.4 (-2.4 to -0.3) at PICU discharge and -0.4 (-1.3 to 0.2) at 12-months. The percentage of infants with significant malnutrition (WAZ<-2) decreased from 26% to 8.5% (p<0.001). Patch repair (p=0.009), protein intake<2.3g/kg/day (p=0.014), and birth weight (BW)<2.5kg (p<0.001) were associated with lower WAZ at 12-months. CONCLUSIONS: CDH survivors had a significantly improved nutritional status in the 12-months after PICU discharge. Patch repair, lower BW, and inadequate protein intake were significant predictors of lower WAZ at 12-months. A minimum protein intake in the PICU of 2.3g/kg/day was essential to ensure optimal growth in this cohort.

Sensorineural hearing loss in congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors is associated with postnatal management and not defect size.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: We determined the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; >20dB at any frequency) in a contemporary cohort of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors at a single tertiary care center and identified potential risk factors for SNHL. METHODS: From 2000 through 2011, clinical and audiologic data were collected on 122 surgically-repaired Bochdalek CDH patients. CDH defect size, duration of ventilation, and cumulative aminoglycoside treatment were used for multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Incidence of SNHL was 7.4% (9/122). We identified one significant independent predictor of SNHL: cumulative length of aminoglycoside treatment (P<.001; OR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.13-1.83). CONCLUSIONS: Over the last decade, the incidence of SNHL in our CDH patients is low compared to previous reports in the literature (7.4%) and is not associated with CDH defect size or the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Prolonged duration of aminoglycoside treatment increases the risk of SNHL independent of defect size and duration of ventilation.