Membralin is required for maize development and defines a branch of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway in plants.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) plays key roles in controlling protein levels and quality in eukaryotes. The Ring Finger Protein 185 (RNF185)/membralin ubiquitin ligase complex was recently identified as a branch in mammals and is essential for neuronal function, but its function in plant development is unknown. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of Narrow Leaf and Dwarfism 1 (NLD1), which encodes the ER membrane-localized protein membralin and specifically interacts with maize homologs of RNF185 and related components. The nld1 mutant shows defective leaf and root development due to reduced cell number. The defects of nld1 were largely restored by expressing membralin genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and mice, highlighting the conserved roles of membralin proteins in animals and plants. The excessive accumulation of ß-hydroxy ß-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in nld1 indicates that the enzyme is a membralin-mediated ERAD target. The activation of bZIP60 mRNA splicing-related unfolded protein response signaling and marker gene expression in nld1, as well as DNA fragment and cell viability assays, indicate that membralin deficiency induces ER stress and cell death in maize, thereby affecting organogenesis. Our findings uncover the conserved, indispensable role of the membralin-mediated branch of the ERAD pathway in plants. In addition, ZmNLD1 contributes to plant architecture in a dose-dependent manner, which can serve as a potential target for genetic engineering to shape ideal plant architecture, thereby enhancing high-density maize yields.

Development and validation of a prognostic score to identify the optimal candidate for preemptive TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Baveno VII workshop recommends the use of preemptive TIPS (p-TIPS) in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding (AVB) at high- risk of treatment failure. However, the criteria defining "high-risk" have low clinical accessibility or include subjective variables. We aimed to develop and externally validate a model for better identification of p-TIPS candidates. APPROACH AND RESULTS: The derivation cohort included 1554 patients with cirrhosis and AVB who were treated with endoscopy plus drug (n = 1264) or p-TIPS (n = 290) from 12 hospitals in China between 2010 and 2017. We first used competing risk regression to develop a score for predicting 6-week and 1-year mortality in patients treated with endoscopy plus drugs, which included age, albumin, bilirubin, international normalized ratio, white blood cell, creatinine, and sodium. The score was internally validated with the bootstrap method, which showed good discrimination (6 wk/1 y concordance-index: 0.766/0.740) and calibration, and outperformed other currently available models. In the second stage, the developed score was combined with treatment and their interaction term to predicate the treatment effect of p-TIPS (mortality risk difference between treatment groups) in the whole derivation cohort. The estimated treatment effect of p-TIPS varied substantially among patients. The prediction model had good discriminative ability (6 wk/1 y c -for-benefit: 0.696/0.665) and was well calibrated. These results were confirmed in the validation dataset of 445 patients with cirrhosis with AVB from 6 hospitals in China between 2017 and 2019 (6-wk/1-y c-for-benefit: 0.675/0.672). CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated a clinical prediction model that can help to identify individuals who will benefit from p-TIPS, which may guide clinical decision-making.

Abscisic acid root-to-shoot translocation by transporter AtABCG25 mediates stomatal movements in Arabidopsis.

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in regulating stomatal movements under drought conditions. The root-derived peptide CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED 25 (CLE25) moves from the root to shoot for activating ABA biosynthesis under drought conditions. However, the root-to-shoot translocation of root-derived ABA and its regulation of stomatal movements in the shoot remain to be clarified. Here, we reveal that the ABA transporter ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 25 (AtABCG25) mediates root-to-shoot translocation of ABA and ABA-glucosyl ester (ABA-GE) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Isotope-labeled ABA tracer experiments and hormone quantification in xylem sap showed that the root-to-shoot translocation of ABA and ABA-GE was substantially impaired in the atabcg25 mutant under nondrought and drought conditions. However, the contents of ABA and ABA-GE in the leaves were lower in the atabcg25 mutant than in the wild type (WT) under nondrought but similar under drought conditions. Consistently, the stomatal closure was suppressed in the atabcg25 mutant under nondrought but not under drought conditions. The transporter activity assays showed that AtABCG25 directly exported ABA and ABA-GE in planta and in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. Thus, we proposed a working model in which root-derived ABA transported by AtABCG25 via xylem mediates stomatal movements in the shoot under nondrought conditions but might exhibit little effect on stomatal movements under drought conditions. These findings extend the functions of AtABCG25 and provide insights into the long-distance translocation of ABA and its role in stomatal movements.

Bamboo-Modulated Helical Carbon Nanotubes for Rechargeable Zn-Air Battery.

The high-performance and sustainable electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential for rechargeable Zn-air batteries (ZABs). In this paper, a natural all-components bamboo is provided as the carbon source, and melamine and cobalt chloride are provided as the nitrogen and cobalt sources, respectively. As a result, the unique helical carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) encapsulated cobalt nanoparticles are prepared, which are acted as ORR/OER electrocatalysts to improve ZABs performance. The resultant HCNTs contribute to high ORR/OER activities via exposing more Co─N sites, providing excellent electron conductivity, and facilitating mass transfer of the reactant. The HCNTs assembled rechargeable liquid ZABs showed a maximum output power density of 226 mW cm-2 and a low voltage gap of 0.85 V for 330 h cycles. The flexible all-solid-state ZABs achieved the maximum power density with 59.4 mW cm-2 and charge-discharge cycles over 25 h. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the increase of Co─N at HCNTs effectively regulates the electronic structure of Co, optimizing the binding affinity of oxygen intermediates and resulting in the low ORR/OER overpotentials. This work paves the way for transforming renewable bamboo biomass into versatile electrocatalysts, which boosts the development of next-generation energy storage and conversion devices.

Sequential activation of strigolactone and salicylate biosynthesis promotes leaf senescence.

Leaf senescence is a complex process strictly regulated by various external and endogenous factors. However, the key signaling pathway mediating leaf senescence remains unknown. Here, we show that Arabidopsis SPX1/2 negatively regulate leaf senescence genetically downstream of the strigolactone (SL) pathway. We demonstrate that the SL receptor AtD14 and MAX2 mediate the age-dependent degradation of SPX1/2. Intriguingly, we uncover an age-dependent accumulation of SLs in leaves via transcriptional activation of SL biosynthetic genes by the transcription factors (TFs) SPL9/15. Furthermore, we reveal that SPX1/2 interact with the WRKY75 subclade TFs to inhibit their DNA-binding ability and thus repress transcriptional activation of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic gene SA Induction-Deficient 2, gating the age-dependent SA accumulation in leaves at the leaf senescence onset stage. Collectively, our new findings reveal a signaling pathway mediating sequential activation of SL and salicylate biosynthesis for the onset of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.

Cytokinins regulate rice lamina joint development and leaf angle.

Leaf angle is determined by lamina joint inclination and is an important agronomic trait that determines plant architecture, photosynthetic efficiency, and crop yield. Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones involved in shaping rice (Oryza sativa L.) architecture, but their role in leaf angle remains unknown. Here, we report that CK accumulation mediated by rice CK OXIDASE/DEHYDROGENASE3 (OsCKX3) controls lamina joint development and negatively regulates leaf angle. Phenotypic analysis showed that rice osckx3 mutants had smaller leaf angles, while the overexpression lines (OsCKX3-OE) had larger leaf angles. Histological sections indicated that the leaf inclination changes in the osckx3 and OsCKX3-OE lines resulted from asymmetric proliferation of the cells and vascular bundles in the lamina joint. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR, promoter-fused ß-glucuronidase expression, and subcellular localization assays indicated that OsCKX3 was highly expressed in the lamina joint, and OsCKX3-GFP fusion protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The enzyme assays using recombinant protein OsCKX3 revealed that OsCKX3 prefers trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP). Consistently, tZ and iP levels increased in the osckx3 mutants but decreased in the OsCKX3 overexpression lines. Interestingly, agronomic trait analysis of the rice grown in the paddy field indicated that osckx3 displayed a smaller leaf angle and enhanced primary branch number, grain size, 1,000-grain weight, and flag leaf size. Collectively, our results revealed that enhancing CK levels in the lamina joint by disrupting OsCKX3 negatively regulates leaf angle, highlighting that the CK pathway can be engineered to reduce leaf angle in rice and possibly in other cereals.

Intelligent Gas Detection: g-C3N4/Polypyrrole Decorated Alginate Paper as Smart Selective NH3/NO2 Sensors at Room Temperature.

Chemiresistive NH3/NO2 sensors are attracting considerable attention for use in air-conditioning systems. However, the existing sensors suffer from cross-sensitivity, detection limit, and power consumption, owing to the inadequate charge-transfer ability of gas-sensing materials. Herein, we develop a flexible NH3/NO2 sensor based on graphitic carbon nitride/polypyrrole decorated alginate paper (AP@g-CN/PPy). The flexible sensor can work at room temperature and exhibits a positive response of 23-246% and a negative response of 37-262% toward 0.1-5 ppm of NH3 and NO2, which is ∼4.5 times and ∼7.0 times higher than a pristine PPy sensor. Moreover, the sensor exhibits flexibility, reproducibility, long-term stability, anti-interference, and high resilience to humidity, indicating its promising potential in real applications. Using the 9 feature parameters extracted from the transient response, a matched deep learning model was developed to achieve qualitative recognition of different types of gases with distinguished decision boundaries. This work not only provides an alternative gas-sensing material for dual NH3/NO2 sensing but also establishes an intelligent strategy to identify hazardous gases under an interfering atmosphere.

Flavin mononucleotide regulated photochemical isomerization and degradation of zeatin.

cis-Zeatin (cZ), a cytokinin often overlooked compared to trans-zeatin (tZ), can now be controlled in live cells and plants through a new biocompatible reaction. Using flavin photosensitizers, cZ can be isomerized to tZ or degraded, depending on the presence of a reducing reagent. This breakthrough offers a novel approach for regulating plant growth through chemical molecules.

Structure-dependent spin-polarized electron transport in twin-crystal Cu1-xEuxO semiconductors.

In this work, Eu-doped twin copper oxide (twin Cu1-xEuxO) was synthesized using the gas-liquid phase chemical deposition method in combination with high-temperature oxidation. The incorporation of Eu3+ ions was affected by their diffusivity and the related charge trapping mechanisms. The twin Cu1-xEuxO configuration exhibited significant room-temperature ferromagnetism. From our analysis, it was demonstrated that as the Eu3+ doping concentration increased, the saturation magnetization first increased and then gradually decreased, reaching a peak at 0.82 at%. A p-type to an n-type semiconducting transition was also recorded as the doping concentration increased. A significant anomalous Hall effect characterized by a maximum anomalous Hall coefficient of 1.65, and a maximum Hall conductivity mobility of 16.50 Ohm-1 cm-1 and 250.59 cm2 v-1 s-1, respectively, were derived for the twin Cu1-xEuxO, doped with 0.82 at% at room temperature. First-principles computational simulations were also conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the magnetic properties, the p-type to n-type transition, and the interplay between the spin-polarized states associated with 4f and carriers. In twin Cu1-xEuxO, the anomalous Hall effect originated from the contribution of the edge-to-jump scattering mechanism. The latter can be significantly enhanced by doping with Eu atoms, which yields the manifestation of the oblique scattering mechanism. Our work paves the way for the development of twin Cu1-xEuxO material structures, which emerge as an ideal candidate for future spintronic applications.

A Novel Ultrafiltrate Extract of Propolis Exerts Anti-inflammatory Activity through Metabolic Rewiring.

Thousands of years ago, humans started to use propolis because of its medicinal properties, and modern science has successfully identified several bioactive molecules within this resinous bee product. However, a natural propolis extract which has been removed the adhesive glue and preserved propolis bioactive compounds is urgently needed to maximise the therapeutic opportunities. In this study, a novel ultrafiltrate fraction from Brazilian green propolis, termed P30K, was demonstrated with anti-inflammatory properties, both in vitro and in vivo. Total flavonoids and total phenolic acids content in P30K were 244.6 mg/g and 275.8 mg/g respectively, while the IC50 value of inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was 8.30 µg/mL. The anti-inflammatory activity of P30K was furtherly corroborated in experimental models of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced acute liver and lung injury. Mechanistically, integrated GC-MS and LC-MS based serum metabolomics analysis revealed that P30K modulated citrate cycle (TCA), pyruvate, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism pathways to inhibit secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results of network pharmacology and molecular docking suggested that P30K targeted catechol-O-methyltransferases (COMT), 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD11B1), and monoamine oxidases (MAOA and MAOB) to promote cellular metabolomic rewiring. Collectively, our work reveals P30K as an efficient therapeutic agent against inflammatory conditions and its efficacy is related to metabolic rewiring.

Discrimination between raw and ginger juice processed Fructus Gardeniae based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS and Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose.

INTRODUCTION: Fructus Gardeniae (ZZ), a traditional Chinese herb, has been used in treating patients with jaundice, inflammation, etc. When mixed with ginger juice and stir-baked, ginger juice-processed Fructus Gardeniae (JZZ) is produced, and the chemical compositions in ZZ would be changed by adding the ginger juice. OBJECTIVE: To illuminate the differential components between ZZ and JZZ. METHODS: HPLC, UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose were applied to identify the differential components between ZZ and JZZ. RESULTS: HPLC fingerprints of ZZ and JZZ were established, and 24 common peaks were found. The content determination results showed that the contents of shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-ß-D-gentiobioside and geniposide increased, while the contents of crocin I and crocin II decreased in JZZ. By UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS, twenty-six possible common components were inferred, among which 11 components were different. In further investigation, eight components were identified as the possible distinctive non-volatile compounds between ZZ and JZZ. By Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose, four substances were inferred as the possible distinctive volatile compounds in JZZ. CONCLUSION: Shanzhiside, caffeic acid, genipin-1-ß-D-gentiobioside, geniposide, rutin, crocin I, crocin II, and 4-Sinapoyl-5-caffeoylquinic acid were identified as the possible differential non-volatile components between ZZ and JZZ. Aniline, 3-methyl-3-sulfanylbutanol-1-ol, E-3-octen-2-one, and decyl propaonate were inferred as the possible distinctive volatile compounds in JZZ. This experiment explored a simple approach with objective and stable results, which would provide new ideas for studying decoction pieces with similar morphological appearance, especially those with different odors.

Transcription factor GATA4 drives RNA polymerase III-directed transcription and transformed cell proliferation through a filamin A/GATA4/SP1 pathway.

RNA polymerase III (pol III) products play fundamental roles in a variety of cellular processes, including protein synthesis and cancer cell proliferation. In addition, dysregulation of pol III-directed transcription closely correlates with tumorigenesis. It is therefore of interest to identify novel pathways or factors governing pol III-directed transcription. Here, we show that transcription factor (TF) GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) expression in SaOS2 cells was stimulated by the silencing of filamin A (FLNA), a repressor of pol III-directed transcription, suggesting that GATA4 is potentially associated with the regulation of pol III-directed transcription. Indeed, we show that GATA4 expression positively correlates with pol III-mediated transcription and tumor cell proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that GATA4 depletion inhibits the occupancies of the pol III transcription machinery factors at the loci of pol III target genes by reducing expression of both TFIIIB subunit TFIIB-related factor 1 and TFIIIC subunit general transcription factor 3C subunit 2 (GTF3C2). GATA4 has been shown to activate specificity factor 1 (Sp1) gene transcription by binding to the Sp1 gene promoter, and Sp1 has been confirmed to activate pol III gene transcription by directly binding to both Brf1 and Gtf3c2 gene promoters. Thus, the findings from this study suggest that GATA4 links FLNA and Sp1 signaling to form an FLNA/GATA4/Sp1 axis to modulate pol III-directed transcription and transformed cell proliferation. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism of pol III-directed transcription.

Room-Temperature Optoelectronic Gas Sensor Based on Core-Shell g-C3N4@WO3 Heterocomposites for Efficient Ammonia Detection.

The ever-growing modern industry promotes the evolution of gas sensors for environmental monitoring and safety inspection. However, traditional chemiresistive gas sensors still suffer from drawbacks of high power consumption and detection limit, mainly due to the insufficient charge-transfer ability of gas-sensing materials. Here, an optoelectronic gas sensor that can detect ppb-level ammonia at room temperature is constructed based on core-shell g-C3N4@WO3 heterocomposites. The growth of WO3 nanosheets on graphitic g-C3N4 nanosheets was precisely controlled, achieving well-defined g-C3N4@WO3 core-shell architectures. Based on the synergism between light activation and the amplification effect of in situ-formed heterojunctions, the g-C3N4@WO3 sensor exhibits improved sensing characteristics for reliable ammonia detection. As compared with the pristine g-C3N4 sensor, the sensor response toward ammonia is enhanced 21 times and the detection limit is reduced from 308 to 108 ppb. This work provides a successful approach for the in situ formation of core-shell g-C3N4@WO3 interfacial composites and offers an easy solution for the rational design of advanced optoelectronic gas sensors.

Modulation of p- and n-Type Transitions in Co3- x Nix O4 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Supercapacitor Electrochemical Performance.

The efficient storage of electrons and the type of conduction in semiconductor materials are important factors in determining their electrochemical performance. However, the interaction between these two factors is often overlooked by researchers. In this study, the effects of Ni doping at Co3- x Nix O4 nanoparticles on the electronic storage form of the material and resulting changes in the conduction p/n-type are reported. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that n-type conduction with high effective mass of electrons contributes significantly to the redox reaction of electrode materials and is beneficial for improving electrochemical performance. The specific capacitance of Co3- x Nix O4 (x = 0.67) electrode material is 10 times larger than that of Co3 O4 due to enhanced orbital hybridization caused by Ni atom doping. The findings provide new directions for exploring the mechanism of conductive type conversion of materials and offer insights beyond the traditional approach of considering doping content alone.

Diverse Roles of the Salicylic Acid Receptors NPR1 and NPR3/NPR4 in Plant Immunity.

The plant defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) is perceived by two classes of receptors, NPR1 and NPR3/NPR4. They function in two parallel pathways to regulate SA-induced defense gene expression. To better understand the roles of the SA receptors in plant defense, we systematically analyzed their contributions to different aspects of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plant immunity using the SA-insensitive npr1-1 npr4-4D double mutant. We found that perception of SA by NPR1 and NPR4 is required for activation of N-hydroxypipecolic acid biosynthesis, which is essential for inducing systemic acquired resistance. In addition, both pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) are severely compromised in the npr1-1 npr4-4D double mutant. Interestingly, the PTI and ETI attenuation in npr1-1 npr4-4D is more dramatic compared with the SA-induction deficient2-1 (sid2-1) mutant, suggesting that the perception of residual levels of SA in sid2-1 also contributes to immunity. Furthermore, NPR1 and NPR4 are involved in positive feedback amplification of SA biosynthesis and regulation of SA homeostasis through modifications including 5-hydroxylation and glycosylation. Thus, the SA receptors NPR1 and NPR4 play broad roles in plant immunity.

Biomimetic Two-Dimensional Vermiculite Nanofluidic Membranes for Stable Salinity-Gradient Energy Conversion.

Aligned ion transport in the nanofluidic membrane is promising for efficient salinity-gradient energy conversion, while remaining rather challenging due to relatively inadequate mass transport and long-time durability. In this work, wet-chemically exfoliated and negatively charged vermiculite lamellas are readily restacked into free-standing membranes with massive arrays of nanochannels and a three-dimensional interface. The resulting vermiculite nanofluidic membranes possess excellent stability against harsh conditions including a wide pH range and high temperature and exhibit a different ion transport behavior from the macroscopic one due to the surface-charge-governed conductivity. The ionic conductivity is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the native solution at low concentrations. Moreover, the negatively charged lamellas create a space charge zone, making the nanofluidic membrane capable of coupling surface charge and space charge in confinement for salinity-gradient energy conversion from seawater and freshwater. Compared with other layered materials, the vermiculite-derived membranes have distinct advantages such as low cost, facile fabrication, and high stability. This work provides a new idea for designing nanofluidic membranes from phyllosilicate minerals, which offers opportunities for manufacturing nanofluidic devices.

[Processing Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex with ginger juice: process optimization based on AHP-CRITIC weighting method and composition changes after processing].

The weight coefficients of appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol were determined by analytic hierarchy process(AHP), criteria importance though intercrieria correlation(CRITIC), and AHP-CRITIC weighting method, and the comprehensive scores were calculated. The effects of ginger juice dosage, moistening time, proces-sing temperature, and processing time on the quality of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(MOC) were investigated, and Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the process parameters. To reveal the processing mechanism, MOC, ginger juice-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(GMOC), and water-processed Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex(WMOC) were compared. The results showed that the weight coefficients of the appearance traits, extract yield of standard decoction, and total content of honokiol and magnolol determined by AHP-CRITIC weighting method were 0.134, 0.287, and 0.579, respectively. The optimal processing parameters of GMOC were ginger juice dosage of 8%, moistening time of 120 min, and processing at 100 ℃ for 7 min. The content of syringoside and magnolflorine in MOC decreased after processing, and the content of honokiol and magnolol followed the trend of GMOC>MOC>WMOC, which suggested that the change in clinical efficacy of MOC after processing was associated with the changes of chemical composition. The optimized processing technology is stable and feasible and provides references for the modern production and processing of MOC.

Esterase-Activated Precipitating Strategy to Achieve Highly Specific Detection and Long-Term Imaging of Calcium Ions by Aggregation-Induced Phosphorescence Probe.

Spatial and temporal monitoring of bioactive targets such as calcium ions is vitally significant for their essential roles in physiological and biochemical functions. Herein, we proposed an esterase-activated precipitating strategy to achieve highly specific identification and long-term bioimaging of calcium ions via lighting up the calcium ions by precipitation using a water-soluble aggregation-induced phosphorescence (AIP) probe. The designed probe CaP2 has an AIP behavior and can be efficiently aggregated by calcium ions through the coupling coordination of carboxylic acid and cyanide groups, which enables it to light up Ca2+ by precipitating-triggered phosphorescence. Four hydrophilic groups of tetraethylene glycol were introduced to endow the resulting probe CaP3 with extraordinary water solubility as well as excellent cellular penetration. Only when the probe CaP3 penetrates inside the live cells the existing esterase in cells can activate the probe to be transformed active CaP2 probe selectively binding with calcium ion in the surroundings. The probe was used to further evaluate the imaging of intracellular calcium ions in model organisms. The excellent imaging performance of CaP3 in Arabidopsis thaliana seedling roots demonstrates that CaP3 has the excellent capability of monitoring calcium ions in live-cell imaging, and furthermore CaP3 exhibits much better photostability and thereby greater potential in long-term imaging. This work established a general esterase-activated precipitating strategy to achieve specific detection and bioimaging in situ triggered by esterase in live cells, and established a water-soluble aggregation-induced phosphorescence probe with high selectivity to achieve specific sensing and long-term imaging of calcium ions in live cells.

Risk Stratification Based on Chronic Liver Failure Consortium Acute Decompensation Score in Patients With Child-Pugh B Cirrhosis and Acute Variceal Bleeding.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Optimal candidates for early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding (AVB) remain unclear. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that risk stratification using the Chronic Liver Failure Consortium Acute Decompensation score (CLIF-C ADs) may be useful to identify a subgroup at high risk of mortality or further bleeding that may benefit from early TIPS in patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis and AVB. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We analyzed the pooled individual data from two previous studies of 608 patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis and AVB who received standard treatment between 2010 and 2017 in China. The concordance index values of CLIF-C ADs for 6-week and 1-year mortality (0.715 and 0.708) were significantly better than those of active bleeding at endoscopy (0.633 [P < 0.001] and 0.556 [P < 0.001]) and other prognostic models. With X-tile software identifying an optimal cutoff value, patients were categorized as low risk (CLIF-C ADs <48), intermediate risk (CLIF-C ADs 48-56), and high risk (CLIF-C ADs >56), with a 5.6%, 16.8%, and 25.4% risk of 6-week death, respectively. Nevertheless, the performance of CLIF-C ADs for predicting a composite endpoint of 6-week death or further bleeding was not satisfactory (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve [AUC], 0.588). A nomogram incorporating components of CLIF-C ADs and albumin, platelet, active bleeding, and ascites significantly improved the prediction accuracy (AUC, 0.725). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis and AVB, risk stratification using CLIF-C ADs identifies a subgroup with high risk of death that may derive survival benefit from early TIPS. With improved prediction accuracy for 6-week death or further bleeding, the data-driven nomogram may help to stratify patients in randomized trials. Future external validation of these findings in patients with different etiologies is required.

Phloem unloading via the apoplastic pathway is essential for shoot distribution of root-synthesized cytokinins.

Root-synthesized cytokinins are transported to the shoot and regulate the growth, development, and stress responses of aerial tissues. Previous studies have demonstrated that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter G family member 14 (AtABCG14) participates in xylem loading of root-synthesized cytokinins. However, the mechanism by which these root-derived cytokinins are distributed in the shoot remains unclear. Here, we revealed that AtABCG14-mediated phloem unloading through the apoplastic pathway is required for the appropriate shoot distribution of root-synthesized cytokinins in Arabidopsis. Wild-type rootstocks grafted to atabcg14 scions successfully restored trans-zeatin xylem loading. However, only low levels of root-synthesized cytokinins and induced shoot signaling were rescued. Reciprocal grafting and tissue-specific genetic complementation demonstrated that AtABCG14 disruption in the shoot considerably increased the retention of root-synthesized cytokinins in the phloem and substantially impaired their distribution in the leaf apoplast. The translocation of root-synthesized cytokinins from the xylem to the phloem and the subsequent unloading from the phloem is required for the shoot distribution and long-distance shootward transport of root-synthesized cytokinins. This study revealed a mechanism by which the phloem regulates systemic signaling of xylem-mediated transport of root-synthesized cytokinins from the root to the shoot.