Contributing to the Revolution of Electrolyte Systems via In Situ Polymerization at Different Scales: A Review.

Solid-state batteries have become the most anticipated option for compatibility with high-energy density and safety. In situ polymerization, a novel strategy for the construction of solid-state systems, has extended its application from solid polymer electrolyte systems to other solid-state systems. This review summarizes the application of in situ polymerization strategies in solid-state batteries, which covers the construction of polymer, the formation of the electrolyte system, and the design of the full cell. For the polymer skeleton, multiple components and structures are being chosen. In the construction of solid polymer electrolyte systems, the choice of initiator for in situ polymerization is the focus of this review. New initiators, represented by lithium salts and additives, are the preferred choice because of their ability to play more diverse roles, while the coordination with other components can also improve the electrical properties of the system and introduce functionalities. In the construction of entire solid-state battery systems, the application of in situ polymerization to structure construction, interface construction, and the use of separators with multiplex functions has brought more possibilities for the development of various solid-state systems and even the perpetuation of liquid electrolytes.

Regulate the Solvation Structure and Interface by Nitrate in Phosphate-Based Electrolytes for 4.5 V-Class Ni-Rich Batteries.

Phosphate-based electrolyte propels the advanced battery system with high safety. Unfortunately, restricted by poor electrochemical stability, it is difficult to be compatible with advanced lithium metal anodes and Ni-rich cathodes. To alleviate these issues, the study has developed a phosphate-based localized high-concentration electrolyte with a nitrate-driven solvation structure, and the nitrate-derived N-rich inorganic interface shows excellent performance in stabilizing the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cathode interface and modulating the lithium deposition morphology on the anode. The results show that the Li|| NCM811 cell has exceptional long-cycle stability of >80% capacity retention after 800 cycles at 4.3 V, 1 C. A more prominent capacity retention rate of 93.3% after 200 cycles can be reached with the high voltage of 4.5 V. While being compatible with the phosphate-based electrolyte with good flame retardancy and the good electrochemical stability of Ni-rich lithium metal battery (LMBs) systems, the present work expands the construction of anion-rich solvation structures, which is expected to promote the development of the high-performance LMBs with safety.

Localized High-Concentration Sulfone Electrolytes with High-Voltage Stability and Flame Retardancy for Ni-Rich Lithium Metal Batteries.

The localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) propels the advanced high-voltage battery system. Sulfone-based LHCE is a transformative direction compatible with high energy density and high safety. In this work, the application of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) in the LHCE system constructed from sulfolane and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE) is investigated. The addition of diluent causes an increase of contact ion pairs and ionic aggregates in the solvation cluster and an acceptable quantity of free solvent molecules. A small amount of LiFSI as an additive can synergistically decompose with TTE on the cathode and participate in the construction of both electrode interfaces. The designed electrolyte helps the Ni-rich system to cycle firmly at a high voltage of 4.5 V. Even with high mass load and lean electrolyte, it can keep a reversible specific capacity of 91.5% after 50 cycles. The constructed sulfone-based electrolyte system exhibits excellent thermal stability far beyond the commercial electrolytes. Further exploration of in-situ gelation has led to a quick conversion of the designed liquid electrolyte to the gel state, accompanied by preserved stability, which provides a direction for the synergistic development of LHCE with gel electrolytes.

Metabolomic and regular analysis reveal phytotoxic mechanisms of sterigmatocystin in Amaranthus retroflexus L.

Sterigmatocystin (STE) is a common hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic contaminant in cereals, however, its phytotoxicity and mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, the phytotoxic mechanisms of STE were investigated via the metabolomics of Amaranthus retroflexus L. A total of 140 and 113 differential metabolites were detected in the leaves and stems, respectively, among which amino acids, lipids, and phenolic compounds were significantly perturbed. Valine, leucine, isoleucine, and lysine biosynthesis were affected by STE. These metabolic responses revealed that STE might be toxic to plants by altering the plasma membrane and inducing oxidative damage, which was verified by measuring the relative electrical conductivity and quantification of reactive oxygen species. The elevated amino acids, as well as the decreased of D-sedoheptuiose-7-phosphate indicated increased proteolysis and carbohydrate metabolism restriction. Furthermore, the IAA level also decreased. This study provides a better understanding of the impacts of STE on the public health, environment and food security.

Naphthalene derivatives and halogenate quinoline from the coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) through OSMAC approach.

OSMAC approach was performed on the soft coral-derived fungus Trichoderma harzianum (XS-20090075) leading to the significant changes of its secondary metabolites by using two different cultures. A new naphthalene derivative, trichoharzin B (1) and a new natural product, methyl-trichoharzin (2) were isolated by using rice medium. Whereas, a new natural product, ethyl 2-bromo-4-chloroquinoline-3-carboxylate (9) was obtained by using Czapek's medium. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic investigation. The absolute configuration of 5 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 9 was the first halogenate quinoline derivative isolated from the genus of Trichoderma.

SnS2 /Co3 S4 Hollow Nanocubes Anchored on S-Doped Graphene for Ultrafast and Stable Na-Ion Storage.

SnS2 has been widely studied as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) based on the high theoretical capacity and layered structure. Unfortunately, rapid capacity decay associated with volume variation during cycling limits practical application. Herein, SnS2 /Co3 S4 hollow nanocubes anchored on S-doped graphene are synthesized for the first time via coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods. When applied as the anode for SIBs, the sample delivers a distinguished charge specific capacity of 1141.8 mAh g-1 and there is no significant capacity decay (0.1 A g-1 for 50 cycles). When the rate is increased to 0.5 A g-1 , it presents 845.7 mAh g-1 after cycling 100 times. Furthermore, the composite also exhibits an ultrafast sodium storage capability where 392.9 mAh g-1 can be obtained at 10 A g-1 and the charging time is less than 3 min. The outstanding electrochemical properties can be ascribed to the enhancement of conductivity for the addition of S-doped graphene and the existence of p-n junctions in the SnS2 /Co3 S4 heterostructure. Moreover, the presence of mesopores between nanosheets can alleviate volume expansion during cycling as well as being beneficial for the migration of Na+ .

Alternatone A, an Unusual Perylenequinone-Related Compound from a Soft-Coral-Derived Strain of the Fungus Alternaria alternata.

A novel perylenequinone-related compound, alternatone A (1), with an unprecedented tricyclo[6.3.1.02,7] dodecane skeleton, together with three known perylenequinones, altertoxin I (2), stemphyperylenol (3), and alterperylenol (4), was isolated from the soft-coral-derived fungus Alternaria alternata L3111'. Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and X-ray diffraction data. Compound 4 showed cytotoxicity against A-549, HCT-116, and HeLa cell lines with IC50 values of 2.6, 2.4, and 3.1 µM, respectively. A possible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed.

Anti-Phytopathogenic and Cytotoxic Activities of Crude Extracts and Secondary Metabolites of Marine-Derived Fungi.

Thirty-one isolates belonging to eight genera in seven orders were identified from 141 strains that were isolated from several marine plants. Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. were found to be the predominant fungi. Evaluation of the anti-phytopathogenic bacterial and fungal activities, as well as the cytotoxicity of these 31 extracts, revealed that most of them displayed different levels of bioactivities. Due to their interesting bioactivities, two fungal strains-Fusarium equiseti (P18) and Alternaria sp. (P8)-were selected for chemical investigation and compounds 1-4 were obtained. The structure of 1 was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR analysis, as well as high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS), and the absolute configuration of its stereogenic carbon (C-11) was established by comparison of the experimental and calculated electronic circular-dichroism (ECD) spectra. Moreover, alterperylenol (4) exhibited antibacterial activity against Clavibacter michiganensis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.95 µg/mL, which was 2-fold stronger than that of streptomycin sulfate. Additionally, an antibacterial mechanism study revealed that 4 caused membrane hyperpolarization without evidence of destruction of cell membrane integrity. Furthermore, stemphyperylenol (3) displayed potent antifungal activity against Pestallozzia theae and Alternaria brassicicola with MIC values equal to those of carbendazim. The cytotoxicity of 1 and 2 against human lung carcinoma (A-549), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines were also evaluated.

Benzophenone Derivatives from an Algal-Endophytic Isolate of Penicillium chrysogenum and Their Cytotoxicity.

Chromatographic separation of a marine algal-derived endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum AD-1540, which was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine red alga Grateloupia turuturu, yielded two new benzophenone derivatives, chryxanthones A and B (compounds 1 and 2, respectively). Their structures were undoubtedly determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data (1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS). The relative and absolute configurations were assigned by analysis of the coupling constants and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra, respectively. Both compounds possessed an unusual dihydropyran ring (ring D) fused to an aromatic ring, rather than the commonly occurring prenyl moiety, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway was postulated. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated against six human cell lines, and both of the compounds demonstrated weak to moderate cytotoxicities with IC50 values ranging from 20.4 to 46.4 µM. These new compounds further demonstrate the potential of marine-derived fungi as an untapped source of pharmaceutical components with unique properties that could be developed as drug candidates.

Phytochemical Composition, Hepatoprotective, and Antioxidant Activities of Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv.

Phyllodiumpulchellum has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb because of its health-promoting effects, such as its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. In the present study, the petroleum ether fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction, and aqueous fraction were successively obtained from the ethanol extract of P. pulchellum. Two fractions, ethyl acetate fraction and n-butanol fraction, were found to display hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities. Further chemical investigation of the active fractions led to the isolation of its main constituents, including 11 flavonoids (1⁻11) and 8 indole alkaloids (12⁻19). There were 9 flavonoids (1⁻9) that were obtained from the ethyl acetate fraction, and 2 flavonoids (10 and 11) and 8 alkaloids (12⁻19) from the n-butanol fraction. Compounds 1⁻11 and 16⁻19 were isolated for the first time from P. pulchellum, and 1, 2, 8, 11, and 18 were obtained from the genus Phyllodium initially. Subsequently, the isolated compounds were evaluated for their in vitro hepatoprotective effects on the human normal hepatocyte cell line L-O2 injured by d-galactosamine and radical scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The flavonoids (-)-epigallocatechin (5) and (-)-epicatechin (6) exhibited prominent hepatoprotective activities with higher cell viability values (65.53% and 62.40% at 10 µM·mL-1, respectively) than the positive control, silymarin (61.85% at 10 µM·mL-1). In addition, compared with the positive control of vitamin C (IC50: 5.14 µg·mL-1), (-)-gallocatechin (3) and (-)-epigallocatechin (5) exhibited stronger antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 3.80 and 3.97 µg·mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, the total flavonoids from P. pulchellum were characterized using a high-performance liquid chromatography-linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (HPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). In total, 34 flavonoids were tentatively identified, which had not been previously reported from P. pulchellum. In addition, we performed a semi-quantitative analysis of the isolated flavonoids. The contents of compounds 1⁻11 were 3.88, 17.73, 140.35, 41.93, 27.80, 4.34, 0.01, 0.20, 9.67, 795.85, and 5.23 µg·g-1, respectively. In conclusion, this study revealed that the flavonoids that were isolated from P. pulchellum showed hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities, indicating that, besides alkaloids, the flavonoids should be the potential pharmacodynamic ingredients that are responsible for the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of P. pulchellum.

Bioactive Diphenyl Ethers and Isocoumarin Derivatives from a Gorgonian-Derived Fungus Phoma sp. (TA07-1).

Three new diphenyl ether derivatives-phomaethers A-C (1-3) and five known compounds-including a diphenyl ether analog, 2,3'-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-5',6-dimethyl diphenyl ether (4); and four isocoumarin derivatives, diaportinol (5), desmethyldiaportinol (6), citreoisocoumarinol (7), and citreoisocoumarin (8)-were isolated from a gorgonian-derived fungus Phoma sp. (TA07-1). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic investigation. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by acid hydrolysis reactions. It was the first report to discover the diphenyl glycoside derivatives from coral-derived fungi. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed selective strong antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacteria with the minimum inhibiting concentration (MIC) values and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values between 0.156 and 10.0 µM.

Naphthalenones and Depsidones from a Sponge-Derived Strain of the Fungus Corynespora cassiicola.

Two new naphthalenones, corynenones A and B (1 and 2), and one new depsidone, corynesidone E (3), together with one known depsidone, corynesidone A (4) and two known diphenyl ethers, corynethers A (5) and B (6), were isolated from the sponge-derived fungus Corynespora cassiicola XS-20090I7. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 4 and 5 showed cytotoxicity against human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell lines.

Chromone derivatives from a sponge-derived strain of the fungus Corynespora cassiicola.

Twelve new chromone derivatives, corynechromones A-L (1-12), were isolated from the sponge-derived fungus Corynespora cassiicola XS-200900I7. Among them, 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8 were pairs of epimers. The planar structures were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1-10 were assigned by the modified Mosher's method and TDDFT ECD calculations together with comparison of their CD spectra. These are the first chromone derivatives reported from the genus Corynespora. A possible rule to determine the absolute configurations at C-2 in chromone derivatives by CD was proposed.

Azaphilone and Diphenyl Ether Derivatives from a Gorgonian-Derived Strain of the Fungus Penicillium pinophilum.

Three new azaphilone derivatives, pinophilins D-F (1-3), and one new diphenyl ether derivative, hydroxypenicillide (10), together with nine known compounds (4-9, 11-13), were isolated from the gorgonian-derived fungus Penicillium pinophilum XS-20090E18. Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic data, chemical conversions, the ECD exciton chirality method, and ECD calculations. Compounds 10-13 exhibited inhibitory activity against the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite at nontoxic concentrations. Compounds 10 and 11 showed cytotoxicity against Hep-2, RD, and HeLa cell lines.

Merosesquiterpenoids and ten-membered macrolides from a soft coral-derived Lophiostoma sp. fungus.

One new merosesquiterpenoid, craterellin D (1), along with one known analog, craterellin A (2), and five known ten-membered macrolides, 3-7, were isolated from a soft coral-derived Lophiostoma sp. fungus. The absolute configuration of 1 was established based on biogenetic consideration with the co-isolated analog 2, whose configuration was determined by modified Mosher's method and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis using CuKα radiation. The absolute configuration of 3 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis using CuKα radiation. Compounds 2 and 3 showed antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus with a MIC value of 3.12 µM.

Interface Engineering of MOF-Derived Co3O4@CNT and CoS2@CNT Anodes with Long Cycle Life and High-Rate Properties in Lithium/Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Metal-organic framework materials can be converted into carbon-based nanoporous materials by pyrolysis, which have a wide range of applications in energy storage. Here, we design special interface engineering to combine the carbon skeleton and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with the transition metal compounds (TMCs) well, which mitigates the bulk effect of the TMCs and improves the conductivity of the electrodes. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 is used as a precursor to form a carbon skeleton and a large number of nitrogen-doped CNTs by pyrolysis followed by the in situ formation of Co3O4 and CoS2, and finally, Co3O4@CNTs and CoS2@CNTs are synthesized. The obtained anode electrodes exhibit a long cycle life and high-rate properties. In lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Co3O4@CNTs have a high capacity of 581 mAh g-1 at a high current of 5 A g-1, and their reversible capacity is still 1037.6 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles at 1 A g-1. In sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), CoS2@CNTs have a capacity of 859.9 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and can be retained at 801.2 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles. The unique interface engineering and excellent electrochemical properties make them ideal anode materials for high-rate, long-life LIBs and SIBs.

Bioactive indole alkaloids and phenyl ether derivatives from a marine-derived Aspergillus sp. Fungus.

Two new prenylated indole alkaloids, 17-epi-notoamides Q and M (1 and 2), and two new phenyl ether derivatives, cordyols D and E (9 and 13), together with 10 known compounds (3-8, 10-12, 14) were isolated from a marine-derived Aspergillus sp. fungus. Among them, 1/5 and 2/4 were pairs of epimers. The planar structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic data as well as CD spectra. The absolute configuration of 3 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for the first time. All isolated metabolites (1-14) and eight synthetic phenyl ether derivatives (12a, 14a-14g) were evaluated for their antibacterial activities in vitro. The polybromide phenyl ether 14g showed pronounced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis with an MIC value of 0.556 µM, stronger than that of the positive control ciprofloxacin (MIC = 3.13 µM).

Bioactive phenylalanine derivatives and cytochalasins from the soft coral-derived fungus, Aspergillus elegans.

One new phenylalanine derivative 4'-OMe-asperphenamate (1), along with one known phenylalanine derivative (2) and two new cytochalasins, aspochalasin A1 (3) and cytochalasin Z24 (4), as well as eight known cytochalasin analogues (5-12) were isolated from the fermentation broth of Aspergillus elegans ZJ-2008010, a fungus obtained from a soft coral Sarcophyton sp. collected from the South China Sea. Their structures and the relative configurations were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by chemical synthesis and Marfey's method. All isolated metabolites (1-12) were evaluated for their antifouling and antibacterial activities. Cytochalasins 5, 6, 8 and 9 showed strong antifouling activity against the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite, with the EC50 values ranging from 6.2 to 37 µM. This is the first report of antifouling activity for this class of metabolites. Additionally, 8 exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, especially against four pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus albus, S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus.

Phytotoxic and Antimicrobial Terrein Derivatives and Butenolides Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus terreus HT5.

Two new terrein derivatives, aspergilethers A and B (1 and 2), two known analogues (3 and 4), and three known butenolides (5-7) were isolated from the endophyte Aspergillus terreus HT5. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis and ECD and NMR calculations. Interestingly, 1 and 2 had unpresented medium aliphatic side chains in terrein derivatives, with different absolute configurations at C-7, which was very scarce. (+)-Terrein (3) exhibited potent postemergence phytotoxicity toward Amaranthaceae, Portulacaceae, and Fabaceae, with MIC values of 250-1000 µg/mL. Transcriptome analysis and qRT-PCR suggested that (+)-terrein induced the transcriptional expression of aging-related genes to accelerate organ senescence and stimulated plant detoxification response. The conjugated system between keto carbonyl and double bonds in the cyclopentenone ring and side chain, and the configurations of C-2 and C-3, played critical roles in the phytotoxicity of terrein derivatives. Meanwhile, 3 was first reported to display moderate antioomycetes activity toward Phytophthora nicotiana.

2E,4E-Decadienoic Acid, a Novel Anti-Oomycete Agent from Coculture of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum.

Phytophthora nicotianae is an oomycete pathogen of global significance threatening many important crops. It is mainly controlled by chemosynthetic fungicides, which endangers ecosystem and human health; thus, there is an urgent need to explore alternatives for these fungicides. In this study, a new anti-oomycete aliphatic compound, 2E,4E-decadienoic acid (DDA), was obtained through coculture of Bacillus subtilis Tpb55 and Trichoderma asperellum HG1. Both in vitro and in vivo tests showed that DDA had a strong inhibitory effect against P. nicotianae. In addition, rhizosphere microbiome analysis showed that DDA reduced the relative abundance of Oomycota in rhizosphere soil. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed that treatment of P. nicotianae with DDA resulted in significant downregulation of antioxidant activity and energy metabolism, including antioxidant enzymes and ATP generation, and upregulation of membrane-destabilizing activity, such as phospholipid synthesis and degradation. The metabolomic analysis results implied that the pathways influenced by DDA were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and the cell membrane. The biophysical tests further indicated that DDA produced oxidative stress on P. nicotianae, inhibited antioxidant enzyme and ATPase activity, and increased cell membrane permeability. Overall, DDA exerts inhibitory activity by acting on multiple targets in P. nicotianae, especially on the cell membrane and mitochondria, and can therefore serve as a novel environment-friendly agent for controlling crop oomycete disease. IMPORTANCE P. nicotianae is an oomycete pathogen that is destructive to crops. Although some oomycete inhibitors have been used during crop production, most are harmful to the ecology and lead to pathogen resistance. Alternatively, medium-chain fatty acids have been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity in the medical field in previous studies; however, their potential as biocontrol agents has rarely been evaluated. Our in vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that the medium-chain fatty acid 2E,4E-decadienoic acid (DDA) displayed specific inhibitory activity against oomycetes. Further analysis indicated that DDA may acted on multiple targets in P. nicotianae, especially on the cell membrane and mitochondria. Our findings highlight the potential of DDA in controlling oomycete diseases. In conclusion, these results provide insights regarding the future use of green and environment-friendly anti-oomycete natural products for the prevention and control of crop oomycete diseases.