Plant protein-based edible films and the effect of phenolic additives.

The use of protein-based films in food preservation has been investigated as an alternative to synthetic plastics in recent years. Being biodegradable, edible, natural, and upcycling from food waste/by-products are the benefits of protein-based edible films. Their use ensures food safety as an alternative to synthetic plastics, and their film-forming properties can be improved with the addition of bioactive compounds. This review summarizes the studies on the changes in certain quality parameters of plant protein-based films, including mechanical, physicochemical, or morphological properties with the use of different forms of phenolic additives (pure phenolics, phenolic extracts, essential oils) and their application in foods during storage. Phenolics affect protein film matrix formation by acting as plasticizers or cross-linking agents and confer additional health benefits by providing bioactive properties to protein films. On the other hand, the effects were more pronounced with the use of their oxidized forms or higher concentrations. Consequently, phenolic additives have great potential to improve protein films, but further studies are still required to investigate the effects and mechanisms of phenolic addition to the protein-based films.

Chemical Composition, Nutritional, and Biological Properties of Extracts Obtained with Different Techniques from Aronia melanocarpa Berries.

This study investigates the chemical composition, nutritional, and biological properties of extracts obtained from A. melanocarpa berries using different extraction methods and solvents. Hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 allowed us to isolate fruit essential oil (HDEX) and fixed oil (SFEEX), respectively. A phenol-enriched extract was obtained using a mild ultrasound-assisted maceration with methanol (UAMM). The HDEX most abundant component, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was italicene epoxide (17.2%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (12.4%), khusinol (10.5%), limonene (9.7%), dodecanoic acid (9.7%), and (E)-anethole (6.1%). Linoleic (348.9 mg/g of extract, 70.5%), oleic (88.9 mg/g, 17.9%), and palmitic (40.8 mg/g, 8.2%) acids, followed by α-linolenic and stearic acids, were the main fatty acids in SFEEX determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD). HPLC-DAD analyses of SFEEX identified ß-carotene as the main carotenoid (1.7 mg/g), while HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLU) evidenced α-tocopherol (1.2 mg/g) as the most abundant tocopherol isoform in SFEEX. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of UAMM showed the presence of quercetin-sulfate (15.6%, major component), malvidin 3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside-4-vinylphenol adduct (pigment B) (9.3%), di-caffeoyl coumaroyl spermidine (7.6%), methyl-epigallocatechin (5.68%), and phloretin (4.1%), while flavonoids (70.5%) and phenolic acids (23.9%) emerged as the most abundant polyphenol classes. UAMM exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative degradation at 140 °C from 75 µg of extract, showing 50% protection at 30.6 µg (IA50). Furthermore, UAMM significantly reduced viability (31-48%) in A375 melanoma cells in the range of 500-2000 µg/mL after 96 h of incubation (MTT assay), with a low toxic effect in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this research extend the knowledge of the nutritional and biological properties of A. melanocarpa berries, providing useful information on specific extracts for potential food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.

Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts Prepared from Pinot Noir Grape Marc, Free and Incorporated in Porous Silica-Based Supports.

This study presents properties of hydroethanolic extracts prepared from Pinot Noir (PN) grape pomace through conventional, ultrasound-assisted or solvothermal extraction. The components of the extracts were identified by HPLC. The total content of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and condensed tannins, as well as antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of extracts were evaluated using UV-vis spectroscopy. All extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, proving a good radical scavenging activity. The extract obtained by conventional extraction at 80 °C showed the best α-glucosidase inhibitory activity close to that of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. To improve the chemical stability of polyphenols, the chosen extract was incorporated in porous silica-based supports: amine functionalized silica (MCM-NH2), fucoidan-coated amine functionalized silica (MCM-NH2-Fuc), MCM-41, and diatomite. The PN extract exhibited moderate activity against Gram-positive S. aureus (MIC = 156.25 µg/mL) better than against Gram-negative E. coli (MIC = 312.5 µg/mL). The biocompatibility of PN extract, free and incorporated in MCM-NH2 and MCM-NH2-Fuc, was assessed on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells, and the samples showcased a good cytocompatibility at 10 µg/mL concentration. At this concentration, PN and PN@MCM-NH2-Fuc reduced the inflammation by inhibiting NO production. The anti-inflammatory potential against COX and LOX enzymes of selected samples was evaluated and compared with that of Indomethacin and Zileuton, respectively. The best anti-inflammatory activity was observed when PN extract was loaded on MCM-NH2-Fuc support.

Antioxidant effects of phenolic extract from sugarcane straw and mannan extract from brewer's spent yeast on fresh-cut apples.

BACKGROUND: Fresh-cut fruit are convenient ready-to-eat products increasingly demanded by consumers, but highly susceptible to oxidation. To increase the shelf life of these products, this industry is currently facing the challenge of finding sustainable natural preservatives capable of maintaining fresh-cut fruit quality while meeting consumers' expectations regarding health and environmental concerns. RESULTS: In this work, fresh-cut apple slices were treated with two antioxidant extracts derived from industrial by-products: a phenolic-rich extract produced from sugarcane straw (PE-SCS) and applied at 15 g L-1 , and a mannan-rich extract obtained from brewer's spent yeast (MN-BSY) applied at two concentrations: 1 and 5 g L-1 . PE-SCS, having a brown color, imparted a brownish hue to the fruit and increased the browning rate during storage, and not even the initial robust antioxidant response (high superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activities), prevented oxidation. Fruit treated with MN-BSY extract at 5 g L-1 showed lower color loss rate and higher polyphenol oxidase inhibition, while at 1 g L-1 it showed lower firmness loss rate and lower lipid peroxidation after 6 days of storage. CONCLUSION: The results showed that PE-SCS triggers a potent antioxidant response in fresh-cut fruit and, despite it imparting a brown color to the fruit at 15 g L-1 , it may have potential for application at lower concentrations. Regarding MN-BSY, it generally decreased oxidative stress, but its effect on quality maintenance was dependent on the concentration and, thus, to confirm its potential as a fruit preservative more concentrations must be tested. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Encapsulation of wild oregano, Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng, phenolic extract in baker's yeast for the postharvest control of anthracnose in papaya.

BACKGROUND: Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is considered as a major postharvest disease affecting many fruits. This plant disease is traditionally managed with synthetic fungicides, which are generally toxic and are linked to pathogen resistance. Recently, microencapsulated bioactives have been developed as potential alternative strategies to these methods, while utilizing natural fungicides and other phytochemicals. Wild oregano, Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng, contains potent antimicrobial phenolics, but these compounds are volatile and relatively unstable, which limits their efficacy during application. Herein, a baker's yeast microencapsulation system was applied to improve the stability of wild oregano phenolic extract (WOPE) and enhance its antifungal activity against anthracnose. RESULTS: Encapsulation of WOPE in plasmolyzed yeast cells afforded a high encapsulation efficiency (93%) and yielded WOPE-loaded yeast microcapsules (WLYMs) with an average diameter of 2.65 µm. Storage stability studies showed WLYMs are stable for at least 4 months. A 24 -h in vitro release experiment showed that WLYMs had an initial burst release upon redispersion in water, followed by a controlled release to about 80% of the loaded WOPE. Upon application as a spray-type postharvest treatment for papaya, WLYMs exhibited a significantly improved mycelial inhibitory action against C. gloeosporioides and greatly reduced the anthracnose symptoms in papaya fruits. CONCLUSION: This study presented a yeast microencapsulation system that can effectively stabilize WOPE and enhance its antifungal activity, making this microparticle formulation a promising environmentally safe postharvest treatment option to combat anthracnose symptoms in papaya fruits. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Green-sustainable extraction techniques for the recovery of antioxidant compounds from "citrus Limon" by-products.

In this work, optimized techniques of conventional, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction were applied for the recovery of antioxidant compounds from lemon by-products (Citrus limon L). Specifically, the effect of solvent, temperature, microwave power, time and their interaction on the extraction was investigated. Among the tested solvents, the hydroalcoholic mixture (ethanol:water, 50:50) was the optimal one for all extraction techniques: in particular assisted by ultrasounds at 70 °C for 30 minutes (total phenolic content: 6.93 mg GAE g-1, total flavonoids: 2.07 mg CE g-1, ABTS assay: 18.36 µM TE g-1). Also, the other techniques allowed to obtain valuable extracts, although with relative lower amounts. The analyses of individual phenols revealed hesperidin and eriocitrin as the main compounds (respectively about 1650 and 1150 mg kg-1) after ultrasound assisted and conventional extraction. Results of this work can be useful to valorize an industrial by-product by sustainable techniques for the high-added value substances recovery.

Effect of microencapsulation on antioxidant and antifungal properties of aqueous extract of pomegranate peel.

The aqueous extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel compounds was freeze-dried (FDPOPx) and encapsulated using two wall forming components at two concentrations (maltodextrin: MDX and ß-cyclodextrin: ßCDX; 5 and 10%) with a mass ratio of 1:5 (extract/wall material). Different properties of the encapsulated powders (bioactive components, physicochemical and morphological properties) and storage stability of prepared microcapsules were evaluated during 42 days of storage at a different relative humidity (52 and 75%) and temperatures (4 and 25 °C). Encapsulated powder with ßCDX-10% had the highest total phenolic compounds (TPC: 58.78 mg GA/g) and antioxidant capacity [FRAP: 1414.76 µmol Fe2+/g and DPPH assay (RSA): 77.83%] among other wall materials. The amounts of TPC and their antioxidant capacity decreased during the 42 days of storage. However, the highest TPC was observed in the freeze-dried MDX-10%  % encapsulated powder at 4 °C storage temperature and 52% relative humidity with a half-life (t1/2) of 81 days, the reaction rate constant (k) of 0.85 × 10-2 min-1 and the glass transition temperature of 69.73 °C. In addition, the polyphenolic extracts (both free and encapsulated) were able to control the growth of yeasts and molds, and maintaining the sensory properties of cupcakes as the model food system. The lowest growth after 9 days of storage of cupcake was observed in samples prepared with 1.5% of microencapsulated powder (MDX-10%) which was equivalent to the effect of the chemical preservative potassium sorbate.

The Pros and Cons of Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Patient Use of Herbal Supplements Containing Pulmonaria officinalis L. Extract: the Evidence from an In Vitro Study on Staphylococcus aureus CF Clinical Isolates.

The justification for the use of herbal supplements with Pulmonaria officinalis L. extract (POE) in the case of staphylococcal lung colonization/infections characteristic for cystic fibrosis (CF), was examined in vitro. The impact of POE phenolic-rich fraction on the virulence attributes of CF-associated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) clinical strains has been assessed, including pathogen adhesion, biofilm formation on native and protein-conditioned surfaces (mucin, elastin), mature biofilm eradication, staphylococcal protein A expression, α-toxin release, and S. a. adhesion to A549 cells. Cytotoxicity of the extract to lung epithelial cells was also investigated. It was found that POE has bacteriostatic effects at MIC 1⁻2 mg/mL, recognized as of limited efficacy, but at MIC/subMICs it targeted virulence not viability. It usually decreased S. aureus adhesion and less frequently inhibited biofilm formation on native and protein-conditioned surfaces. Observed effect seems to be related to significant reduction by POE of sortase A activity. However, in some cases POE favored the creation of biofilm by staphylococci and S. aureus adhesion to the lung epithelium was not limited. On the other side POE caused significant decrease of S. a. α-toxin synthesis and slightly weakened the expression of SpA. When used at supraMICs POE eradicated mature biofilm, but in some cases with unsatisfying outcomes. Promisingly, POE has been recognized as a safe product, with no cytotoxicity up to 4 mg/mL. These results reflect the positive, negative or neutral anti-staphylococcal properties of POE. It seems that POE may be beneficial as a prophylactic, but not as a therapeutic or supportive agent in the area of CF-integrative medicine. However, introduction the official recommendations needs further in vivo studies.

The Protective Effect of Whole Honey and Phenolic Extract on Oxidative DNA Damage in Mice Lymphocytes Using Comet Assay.

In this study, the antioxidant activity and the protective effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage were assessed for five honeys of different botanical origin. Seven phenolic acids were detected in the honey samples. Ferulic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid detected in longan honey, jujube honey and buckwheat honey. Ellagic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and protocatechuic acid were the main phenolic acids detected in vitex honey. Of all honey samples tested, the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in buckwheat honey, whereas the lowest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were found in locust honey. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide induced a 62% increase in tail DNA in mice lymphocytes, and all studied honeys significantly inhibited this effect (P < 0.05). The buckwheat honey with higher antioxidant capability also exhibited super protective effect than others. Phenolic extracts of honey displayed greater protective effects than whole honey in comet assay. The hydrogen peroxide-generated increase in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was effectively inhibited by the honeys studied (P < 0.05). Moreover, a dose-effect relationship between honey concentration and its protective effect was clearly observed in this study. It can be deduced that phenolic acids of honey can penetrate into lymphocytes and protect DNA from oxidative damage by scavenging hydrogen peroxide and/or chelating ferrous ions.

Differential Response of Two Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines to the Phenolic Extract from Flaxseed Oil.

Many studies have evidenced that the phenolic components from flaxseed (FS) oil have potential health benefits. The effect of the phenolic extract from FS oil has been evaluated on two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF7 and MDA-MB231, and on the human non-cancerous breast cell line, MCF10A, by SRB assay, cellular death, cell cycle, cell signaling, lipid peroxidation and expression of some key genes. We have evidenced that the extract shows anti-proliferative activity on MCF7 cells by inducing cellular apoptosis, increase of the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase and of lipid peroxidation, activation of the H2AX signaling pathway, and upregulation of a six gene signature. On the other hand, on the MDA-MB2131 cells we verified only an anti-proliferative activity, a weak lipid peroxidation, the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway and an up-regulation of four genes. Overall these data suggest that the extract has both cytotoxic and pro-oxidant effects only on MCF7 cells, and can act as a metabolic probe, inducing differences in the gene expression. For this purpose, we have performed an interactomic analysis, highlighting the existing associations. From this approach, we show that the phenotypic difference between the two cell lines can be explained through their differential response to the phenolic extract.

Effect of natural compounds on Fusarium graminearum complex.

BACKGROUND: A search is underway for new solutions to counter farm loss caused by fungal contamination of grains, since the active agents of fungicides can remain in the environment and contribute to the development of resistant and toxigenic species. In this study, the antifungal activity of natural compounds (γ-oryzanol, phenolic extract of neem seeds and of rice bran) was assessed on three toxigenic strains of Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat, rice and barley. Their efficacy was compared to that of synthetic fungicides. The halo diameters were measured and the susceptible pathways were determined by the levels of structural compounds and activities of enzymes involved in the primary metabolism of the microorganisms. Moreover, mycotoxin production and gene expression were examined. RESULTS: Phenolic extracts were more effective at inhibiting F. graminearum than was γ-oryzanol, as evidenced by the minimum inhibitory concentration. This work contributed to the elucidation of the mechanism of action of natural antifungal agents. CONCLUSION: Natural antifungals effectively inhibited fungal growth, especially via the inactivation of the enzymatic systems of F. graminearum. Natural antifungals inhibited mycotoxin production by the fungi. A correlation between the levels of deoxynivalenol and the expression of Tri5 gene was observed, indicating that the natural compounds could be considered alternatives to synthetic antifungals. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

A study of the ability of bioactive extracts from brewers' spent grain to enhance the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of food formulations following in vitro digestion.

Bioactivity of a snack-bar, chocolate-drink and yogurt fortified with brewers' spent grain (BSG) phenolic extracts (P2 or B2) or protein hydrolysates (barley protein hydrolysate (BPH), BPH < 3 kDa, BPH < 5 kDa, BPH > 5 kDa) was measured following gastrointestinal in vitro digestion. Concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1% (v/v) digestates were chosen for addition to Caco-2 and Jurkat T cells, respectively. Yogurt and B2 digestate protected against H2O2-induced DNA damage in Caco-2 cells (p < 0.05), by the comet assay. Snack-bar digestates possessed significant (p < 0.05) immunomodulatory effects, measured by ELISA in concanavalin-A stimulated Jurkat T cells. Addition of BPH enhanced (p < 0.05) the IFN-γ reducing capacity of the snack-bar while addition of BPH < 3 and < 5 kDa reduced IL-2 production to a greater extent than unfortified yogurt (p < 0.05). Selected BSG components can enhance the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of foods.

Valorisation of raw mango pickle industry waste into antimicrobial agent against postharvest fungal pathogens.

In mango pickle industry, a significant quantity of mango seed kernels is discarded as solid wastes. These seed kernels can be an ideal source for obtaining extracts rich in bioactive polyphenolic compounds with good antioxidant properties. The potential of mango kernel phenolic extract (MKPE) was investigated as a natural and effective antimicrobial agent for controlling major postharvest fungal pathogen infections, a significant threat to global food supply chains. Fungal pathogens contribute to the deterioration of fruits, vegetables, and grains during storage and transportation, leading to economic losses and compromised food safety. MKPE was obtained from pickling variety 'Ramkela' raw mango kernels, and its phenolic composition was characterized using LC-MS. The in vitro antifungal activity of MKPE against Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, and Rhizopus stolonifer was evaluated in vitro. A concentration-dependent inhibition of fungal radial growth against all three pathogens was observed, exhibiting the potential of MKPE as a valuable natural resource for addressing postharvest losses caused by fungal pathogens. The extraction process yielded a total phenolic content of 2128 mg GAE/100 g. Major polyphenolic bioactive compounds present were mangiferin, quercetin, and rhamnetin. The in-vitro antimicrobial assay showed reduction in the radial growth and inhibition percent of the pathogens. EC50 values of MKPE for B. cineria, C. gloeosporoides, and R. stolonifer was found to 364.17, 963.8 and 926 ppm, respectively. Our results demonstrate an economical, sustainable, and eco-friendly approach to manage post-harvest diseases rendered by fungi using mango MKPE from pickling industry waste.

Feeding pigs with hazelnut skin and addition of a concentrated phenolic extract from olive-milling wastewaters during pork processing: Effects on salami quality traits and acceptance by the consumers.

Two groups of ten barrows received a conventional- (CTRL) or an experimental- (HZL) finishing diet containing 11% of hazelnut skin. From each barrow, two types of salami (namely, NITR, and PHEN) were obtained. NITR salami was added with E250 and E252. The latter were replaced by a phenolic concentrated extract from olive-milling wastewaters in PHEN salami. Salami fatty acids (FA), antioxidant capacity, lipid and color stability during refrigerated storage were assessed. A consumer test was also performed. Feeding strategy minimally affected the investigated parameters. PHEN salami had lower TBARS than NITR salami (P-value <0.001) during refrigerated storage despite comparable antioxidant capacity and similar PUFA content. Moreover, within CTRL group, lipid oxidation was lower in PHEN than NITR salami (P-value = 0.040). At the blind taste, dietary treatment did not affect salami sensorial properties nor consumer acceptance, whereas NITR salami showed better color (P-value = 0.036). Interestingly, HZL and PHEN salami showed improved sensorial properties and consumer acceptance after that consumers received information on salami origin.

Effects of Phenols from Olive Vegetation Water on Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity of Stored-Cooked Beef Patties.

This explorative study aimed to assess the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of stored-cooked beef patties formulated with and without phenols (7.00 mg of phenols/80-g patty) extracted from olive vegetation water (OVW), as related to the formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and heterocyclic amines (HCAs). The patties were packaged in a modified atmosphere, sampled during cold storage (4 °C) for 9 days, and grilled at 200 °C. The genotoxicity was evaluated by the Comet assay. The patty extract was found to be genotoxic on primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), while no mutagenicity was detected. The addition of OVW phenols significantly decreased the genotoxicity of the patty extract and reduced the total COPs content in stored-cooked patties (4.59 times lower than control); however, it did not affect the content of total HCAs (31.51-36.31 ng/patty) and the revertants' number. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the OVW phenols were able to counteract the formation of genotoxic compounds in stored-cooked beef patties.

Lignin and green solvent extracted phenolic compounds from date palm leaves as functional ingredients for the formulation of soy protein isolate biocomposite packaging materials: A circular packaging concept.

The current study investigated valorization of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and phenolic compounds loaded in chitosan (DLECNPs) extracted from date palm leaves into the soy protein isolate (SPI) biocomposite films. The mechanical, structural, barrier, physiochemical, thermal, optical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of the formulated composite films were investigated. The findings showed that the incorporation of DLECNPs into the SPI films significantly improved the film's antioxidant properties by more than 3 times and showed antibacterial inhibition zone in the range of 10-15 mm against six pathogenic bacteria. Further, incorporating LNPs into SPI-DLECNPs films notably improved the mechanical properties from 4.32 MPa and 29.27 % tensile strength and elongation at break, respectively to 10.13 MPa and 54.94 %, the water vapor permeability from 7.38 g/Pa s m to 5.59 g/Pa s m, and the antibacterial inhibition zone from a range of 10.2 mm to 15.0-21.5 mm as well as making the films more heterogeneous and stronger than control SPI film. Moreover, LNPs changed the initial films' color from light yellow to dark red and reduced the films' transparency. The results indicated that LNPs reinforced SPI composite films showed significant improvements in several properties and thus can be used as a potential ingredient for formulation of biodegradable packaging films.

Development of a Halochromic, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Starch-Based Film Containing Phenolic Extract from Jaboticaba Peel.

In this study, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, mechanical, optical, and barrier attributes of Solanum lycocarpum starch bio-based edible films incorporated with a phenolic extract from jaboticaba peel were investigated. Aiming to determine the effect of the polymers and the phenolic extract on the properties of the films, a three-factor simplex-lattice design was employed, and the formulation optimization was based on the produced films' antioxidant potential. The optimized formulation of the starch-PEJP film showed a reddish-pink color with no cracks or bubbles and 91% antioxidant activity against DPPH radical. The optimized starch-PEJP film showed good transparency properties and a potent UV-blocking action, presenting color variation as a function of the pH values. The optimized film was also considerably resistant and highly flexible, showing a water vapor permeability of 3.28 × 10-6 g m-1 h-1 Pa-1. The microbial permeation test and antimicrobial evaluation demonstrated that the optimized starch-PEJP film avoided microbial contamination and was potent in reducing the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. In summary, the active starch-PEJP film showed great potential as an environmentally friendly and halochromic material, presenting antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and high UV-protecting activity.

Evaluation of Effects of Spray Drying Conditions on Physicochemical Properties of Pomegranate Juice Powder Enriched with Pomegranate Peel Phenolic Compounds: Modeling and Optimization by RSM.

In this study, the effects of pomegranate peel extract concentration (2.5-10%), drying temperature (160-190 °C), and feed flow rate (0.6-1 mL/s) on the properties of pomegranate juice powder enriched with pomegranate peel phenolic compounds and produced by spray drying were investigated. The moisture content, water activity (aw), solubility, water absorption capacity (WAC), hygroscopicity, dissolution time, total phenolic content (TPC), Carr index (CI), Hausner ratio (HR), and brightness (L*) of the samples were evaluated, and the optimal powder production conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that the optimal conditions were found to be the phenolic extract concentration of 10%, the drying temperature of 189.9 °C, and the feed flow rate of 0.63 mL/s, considering the minimization of the moisture content, aw, hygroscopicity, dissolution time, CI, HR, and L*, as well as the maximization of solubility, WAC, and TPC. The effect of the phenolic extract concentration was very significant (p < 0.01) on the WAC, hygroscopicity, dissolution time, TPC, CI, HR, and L* of the powder. Moreover, the effect of the drying temperature was very significant (p < 0.01) on the aw, hygroscopicity, dissolution time, CI, and HR of the powder and significant (p < 0.05) on its moisture content. The effect of the feed flow rate was very significant (p < 0.01) on the solubility, hygroscopicity, and dissolution time of the powder and significant (p < 0.05) on its moisture content. Therefore, we found that the spray drying conditions, such as high temperature, did not negatively affect the content of phenolic compounds in pomegranate powder, and the physical properties of the resulting powder were acceptable. Thus, pomegranate powder enriched with phenolic compounds can be used as a food additive or as a dietary supplement for medicinal use.

Biorefining of rapeseed meal: A new and sustainable strategy for improving Cr(VI) biosorption on residual wastes from agricultural byproducts after phenolic extraction.

Phenolic recovery from agricultural byproducts has been highlighted due to their health-promoting bioactivities. However, uncontrolled discard of residues after extraction process would induce environmental pollution and bioresource waste. In this study, biorefining of phenolic-rich rapeseed meal (RSM) and its defatted sample (dRSM) was attempted by holistic utilization of phenolic extract and residue separately. Phenolic removal could significantly improve residues' Cr(VI) adsorption capacities by about 21%, which presented extended physical surface and more released functional groups. Moreover, simulating raw material by remixing 3% separated phenolic extracts or main component sinapic acid therein with corresponding residues further improved about 12% adsorption efficiencies. These indicated that the different present forms of phenolics had opposite effects on Cr(VI) removal. While natural conjugational form inhibited hosts' biosorption, free form had enhanced functions for either extract or residue. Four optimal adsorption parameters (pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial Cr(VI) concentration), three kinetic (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particle diffusion) models and two isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) were used to reveal the adsorption process. The maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity on residues could reach about 100 mg/g, which was superior to that of most biosorbents derived from agricultural byproducts, even some biochar. Together with the residues' advantages with everlasting capacity after 3 adsorption-desorption cycles and excellent abilities for adsorbing multiple co-existed metal ions (Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)), phenolic recovery was first proved to be a new and sustainable strategy for modifying biosorbents from agricultural byproducts with zero waste.

Alginate-chitosan-microencapsulated tyrosols/oleuropein-rich olive mill waste extract for lipopolysaccharide-induced skin fibroblast inflammation treatment.

The Ca2+ ion-driven emulsification-ionotropic gelation method produced chitosan-alginate microspheres (CAMSs) with a narrow particle size distribution (PSD). Particle size distribution and zeta potential studies, as well as spectral electron microscopy, were used to assess the microspheres' physicochemical properties and morphology. The tyrosols (hydroxytyrosol (HT), tyrosol (TY), and oleuropein (OE) were loaded into these microspheres using a polyphenol extract (PPE) from Koroneki olive mill waste (KOMW). The microencapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of microspheres for PPE were 98.8% and 3.9%, respectively. Three simulated fluids, including gastric (pH = 1.2), intestinal (pH = 6.8), and colonic (pH = 7.4), were used to examine how the pH of the releasing medium affected the ability of CAMSs to release bioactive phenols. At a severely acidic pH (1.2, SGF), PPE release is nearly halted, while at pH 6.8 (SCF), release is at its maximum. Additionally, the PPE-CAMPs have ameliorated the endogenous antioxidant content SOD, GST, GPx with significant values from 0.05 to 0.01 in the treated LPS/human skin fibroblast cells. The anti-inflammatory response was appeared through their attenuations activity for the released cytokines TNF-α, IL6, IL1ß, and IL 12 with levels significantly from 0.01 to 0.001. Microencapsulation of PPE by CAMPs significantly improved its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities.