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Many trees exhibit masting - where reproduction is temporally variable and synchronous over large areas. Several dominant masting species occur in tropical cyclone (TC)-prone regions, but it is unknown whether TCs correlate with mast seeding. We analyzed long-term data (1958-2022) to test the hypothesis that TCs influence cone production in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris). We integrate field observations, weather data, satellite imagery, and hurricane models to test whether TCs influence cone production via: increased precipitation; canopy density reduction; and/or mechanical stress from wind. Cone production was 31% higher 1 yr after hurricanes and 71% higher after 2 yr, before returning to baseline levels. Cyclone-associated precipitation was correlated with increased cone production in wet years and cone production increased after low-intensity winds (≤ 25 m s-1 ) but not with high-intensity winds (> 25 m s-1 ). Tropical cyclones may stimulate cone production via precipitation addition, but high-intensity winds may offset any gains. Our study is the first to support the direct influence of TCs on reproduction, suggesting a previously unknown environmental correlate of masting, which may occur in hurricane-prone forests world-wide.
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Tormentas Ciclónicas , Pinus , Viento , Bosques , ÁrbolesRESUMEN
Several emerging contaminants are currently used in an unregulated manner worldwide, resulting in their increasing stringent limits in water by regulatory bodies. Thus, more viable and cheap treatment technologies are required. Recently, synergistic combinations of low-cost adsorbents have shown huge potential for aqueous toxic metals adsorption in water treatment processes. However, there is dearth of data on their potential for emerging contaminant removal. Here, low-cost kaolinite (KAC) clay was synergistically combined with blended Carica papaya or pine cone seeds, and calcined to obtain composites of KAC-Carica papaya seeds (KPA) and KAC-pine cone seeds (KPC). These adsorbents were characterized and evaluated for ivermectin adsorption at varying operating times (15-1440 min), pH (3-11), concentration (100-600 µg/L), and temperature (19.5-39.5 °C), as well as testing adsorbents' reusability. The composites exhibited marked property differences including over 250% cation exchange capacity increases and ≥50% surface area decreases, but unchanged KAC clay primary lattice structure. Ivermectin adsorption data were explained using kinetics and adsorption isotherm models. The rate of adsorption on KAC decreased over time, while rates for KPA and KPC increased until equilibrium at 180 min; the presence of biomaterials in the composites conferred better ivermectin adsorption and retention under continuous agitation. The adsorbents exhibited dual adsorption peaks one each at the acidic and alkaline pH regions as solution pH changed from 3 to 11. The rate data fitted (≥0.9232) the homogeneous fractal Pseudo-Second Order (FPSO) better than any other kinetics model, as well as the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model (≥0.9887); these indicate complex interactions between ivermectin and the adsorption sites of both composites. Ambient temperature increase up to ≈30 °C caused higher ivermectin adsorption but beyond this temperature there was drastic drop in adsorption. The KPA and KPC adsorption capacities are 105.3 and 115.8 µg/g, respectively. The KPC was better at reducing ivermecitn in low-concentration solution (≈75 µg/L) to less than 5.0 µg/L compared with KPA with ≈20.0 µg/L. Though KPC showed better efficiency in adsorption capacity and lowering concentration in low-concentration solutions, KPA exhibited better reusability with 83.5 and 67.5% initial adsorption strengths remaining in the second and third adsorption cycles, respectively, compared to the 73.8 and 58.8% for the KPC. These results indicate that KPA and KPC composites have the economic potential for application in water treatment processes.
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Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Adsorción , Carbón Orgánico , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ivermectina , Caolín , Cinética , Temperatura , AguaRESUMEN
We have developed autonomously moving pine-cone robots, which are made of multiple joined pine-cone scales for outdoor natural environments. We achieved these natural robots by using pine cones as both natural hygromorphic actuators and components of the mechanisms. When they are put in outdoor places where moist periods (e.g., rain) and dry periods repeatedly occur, they can move up and down on the spot or move forward. This article describes the motivation behind our research, the design and implementation of three different hygromorphic actuators, and applications for autonomously moving robots in nature.
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Sequías , Pinus , Componentes Aéreos de las Plantas , Lluvia , RobóticaRESUMEN
The real-time detection of pine cones in Korean pine forests is not only the data basis for the mechanized picking of pine cones, but also one of the important methods for evaluating the yield of Korean pine forests. In recent years, there has been a certain number of detection accuracy for image processing of fruits in trees using deep-learning methods, but the overall performance of these methods has not been satisfactory, and they have never been used in the detection of pine cones. In this paper, a pine cone detection method based on Boundary Equilibrium Generative Adversarial Networks (BEGAN) and You Only Look Once (YOLO) v3 mode is proposed to solve the problems of insufficient data set, inaccurate detection result and slow detection speed. First, we use traditional image augmentation technology and generative adversarial network BEGAN to implement data augmentation. Second, we introduced a densely connected network (DenseNet) structure in the backbone network of YOLOv3. Third, we expanded the detection scale of YOLOv3, and optimized the loss function of YOLOv3 using the Distance-IoU (DIoU) algorithm. Finally, we conducted a comparative experiment. The experimental results show that the performance of the model can be effectively improved by using BEGAN for data augmentation. Under same conditions, the improved YOLOv3 model is better than the Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD), the faster-regions with convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) and the original YOLOv3 model. The detection accuracy reaches 95.3%, and the detection efficiency is 37.8% higher than that of the original YOLOv3.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente/instrumentación , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Pinus , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
Synergistically combined low-cost composites may be effective for the potential treatment of effluents containing organic pollutants. Hence, preparation of Carica-papaya-modified-kaolinite (CPK) and pine-cone-modified-kaolinite (PCK) composites via calcination of pure kaolinite (KAC), Carica-papaya and pine-cone seeds is demonstrated. The composites' specific surface areas were reduced by more than 57% but no structural modification in KAC lattice d-spacing, indicating impregnation of calcined biomass on clay surfaces and pores. However, composites' cation exchange capacities were enhanced over 4-fold, indicating higher potential for adsorption. Adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on composites and KAC showed that CPK and PCK attained equilibrium relatively faster (30 min) compared to KAC (60 min). Modeling studies showed that 2,4,6-trichlorophenol removal mechanisms involved electrostatic interactions on sites of similar energy. Modification enhanced adsorption by 52 and 250% in PCK and CPK, respectively, and adsorption increased with temperature.
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Carica , Clorofenoles/química , Caolín/química , Pinus , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Adsorción , Biomasa , Cinética , Semillas , Temperatura , Purificación del Agua/métodosRESUMEN
The carcass traits and meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) whose diets were supplemented with direct-fed microbial (DFM) and pine cone extract (PCE) were evaluated. Twenty head of Hanwoo steers were divided equally into four groups and for a period of 6 months were given different diets: One group was fed a basal diet as control (CON), the other three groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with DFM-1%, DFM+PCE-1% and DFM+PEC-3%, respectively. DFM+PCE3% diet resulted the lowest carcass quality grade. The loins of DFM-1% contained higher moisture and lower fat than did the loins from the CON group. The crude protein content of DFM+PCE-3% group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The water holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force of the DFM+PCE-1% and 3% groups were lower than those of the CON and DFM-1% groups. The DFM-1% and 3% groups contained lower saturated fatty acid, higher unsaturated fatty acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid than did CON and DFM+PCE 1% group. Moreover, the n6:n3 ratios of DFM-1% and DFM+PCE-1% and 3% groups were slightly lower than that of the CON group. Thus we concluded that DFM and PCE supplementation resulted healthier Hanwoo beef with lower fat content and n6:n3 ratio.
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This research focus endeavour to compare the remediation of tetracycline (TC) through activated carbon (AC), crafted utilizing two distinct chemical activators: zinc chloride (ACZ), and potassium hydroxide (ACK), using pine cone biowaste as an effective carbon precursor, followed by microwave-assisted activation. The impact of TC removal by ACZ and ACK adsorbents was thoroughly examined. The influence of pH, adsorbent mass, adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and inclusive thermodynamics were studied. Our results revealed that the interaction between TC and ACZ or ACK adsorbents aligned well with the model of pseudo-second-order kinetics, whilst the Langmuir model fitted the adsorption isotherm data of ACZ and ACK. The ACZ have a maximum adsorption capacity of 327.87 mg/g compared to that of the ACK (283.29 mg/g). Adsorption of TC was facilitated by the suitable pore volume, abundant microporous, and mesoporous structure of these adsorbents. The ACZ adsorbent is abundant in oxygen-containing functional groups, compared to ACK with minimized reactive sites, in bonding with the TC molecules through hydrogen bonding, for faster removal of TC. Our finding from this work further highlights that the synthesized ACZ from pine cones evidenced significant environmental potentials in the elimination of antibiotics from aqueous solution, to promote clean application perspectives.
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Corn starch (CS) is a good alternative to synthetic polymers due to its sustainability; nevertheless, because of its weak tensile strength, the matrix requires another polymer. Therefore, 0.5 % (w/v) moringa gum (MG) was added. The purpose of this study was to assess how pine cone extract (PCE) affected the physiochemical and mechanical properties of corn starch and moringa gum (CS/MG) films and their use as UV-blocking composites. The findings suggest that the PCE improved the elongation at break from 3.27 % to 35.2 % while greatly reducing the tensile strength. The hydrogen bonding between CS/MG and PCE was visible in the FTIR spectra. The XRD graph indicated that the films were amorphous. In comparison to CS/MG films, PCE-incorporated edible films demonstrated significant UV-blocking ability indicating their potential as sustainable packaging material for light-sensitive food products.
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Películas Comestibles , Embalaje de Alimentos , Pinus , Extractos Vegetales , Almidón , Rayos Ultravioleta , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Almidón/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Pinus/química , Moringa/química , Resistencia a la Tracción , Zea mays/química , Gomas de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
The present study introduces a novel nature-inspired optimizer called the Pine Cone Optimization algorithm (PCOA) for solving science and engineering problems. PCOA is designed based on the different mechanisms of pine tree reproduction, including pollination and pine cone dispersal by gravity and animals. It employs new and powerful operators to simulate the mentioned mechanisms. The performance of PCOA is analyzed using classic benchmark functions, CEC017 and CEC2019 as mathematical problems and CEC2006 and CEC2011 as engineering design problems. In terms of accuracy, the results show the superiority of PCOA to well-known algorithms (PSO, DE, and WOA) and new algorithms (AVOA, RW_GWO, HHO, and GBO). The results of PCOA are competitive with state-of-the-art algorithms (LSHADE and EBOwithCMAR). In terms of convergence speed and time complexity, the results of PCOA are reasonable. According to the Friedman test, PCOA's rank is 1.68 and 9.42 percent better than EBOwithCMAR (second-best algorithm) and LSHADE (third-best algorithm), respectively. The authors recommend PCOA for science, engineering, and industrial societies for solving complex optimization problems.
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Hygroscopic seed-scale movement is responsible for the weather-adaptive opening and closing of pine cones and for facilitating seed dispersal under favorable environmental conditions. Although this phenomenon has long been investigated, many involved processes are still not fully understood. To gain a deeper mechanical and structural understanding of the cone and its functional units, namely the individual seed scales, we have investigated their desiccation- and wetting-induced movement processes in a series of analyses and manipulative experiments. We found, for example, that the abaxial scale surface is responsible for the evaporation of water from the closed cone and subsequent cone opening. Furthermore, we tested the capability of dry and deformed scales to restore their original shape and biomechanical properties by wetting. These results shed new light on the orchestration of scale movement in cones and the involved forces and provide information about the functional robustness and resilience of cones, leading to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind hygroscopic pine cone opening, the respective ecological framework, and, possibly, to the development of smart biomimetic actuators.
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To alleviate the increasing energy crisis and achieve energy saving and consumption reduction in building materials, preparing shape-stabilized phase-change materials using bio-porous carbon materials from renewable organic waste to building envelope materials is an effective strategy. In this work, pine cone porous biomass carbon (PCC) was prepared via a chemical activation method using renewable biomaterial pine cone as a precursor and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activator. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and octadecane (OD) were loaded into PCC using the vacuum impregnation method to prepare polyethylene glycol/pine cone porous biomass carbon (PEG/PCC) and octadecane/pine cone porous biomass carbon (OD/PCC) shape-stabilized phase-change materials. PCCs with a high specific surface area and pore volume were obtained by adjusting the calcination temperature and amount of KOH, which was shown as a caterpillar-like and block morphology. The shape-stabilized PEG/PCC and OD/PCC composites showed high phase-change enthalpies of 144.3 J/g and 162.3 J/g, and the solar-thermal energy conversion efficiencies of the PEG/PCC and OD/PCC reached 79.9% and 84.8%, respectively. The effects of the contents of PEG/PCC and OD/PCC on the temperature-controlling capability of rigid polyurethane foam composites were further investigated. The results showed that the temperature-regulating and temperature-controlling capabilities of the energy-storing rigid polyurethane foam composites were gradually enhanced with an increase in the phase-change material content, and there was a significant thermostatic plateau in energy absorption at 25 °C and energy release at 10 °C, which decreased the energy consumption.
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Pine cones show functionally highly resilient, hygroscopically actuated opening and closing movements, which are repeatable and function even in millions of years old, coalified cones. Although the functional morphology and biomechanics behind the individual seed scale motions are well understood, the initial opening of the cone, which is often accompanied by an audible cracking noise, is not. We therefore investigated the initial opening events of mature fresh cones of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and their subsequent motion patterns. Using high-speed and time lapse videography, 3D digital image correlation techniques, force measurements, thermographic and chemical-rheological resin analyses, we are able to draw a holistic picture of the initial opening process involving the rupture of resin seals and very fast seed scale motion in the millisecond regime. The rapid cone opening was not accompanied by immediate seed release in our experiments and, therefore, cannot be assigned to ballistochory. As the involved passive hydraulic-elastic processes in cracking are very fine-tuned, we hypothesize that they are under tight mechanical-structural control to ensure an ecologically optimized seed release upon environmental conditions suitable for wind dispersal. In this context, we propose an interplay of humidity and temperature to be the external "drivers" for the initial cone opening, in which resin works as a crucial chemical-mechanical latch system.
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A bio-based ceramic/organic xerogel (BCO-xerogel) was obtained from the combination of sugarcane bagasse ash, polyvinyl alcohol, and pine cone-derived tannin extract, which are abundant, non-toxic, and renewable sources. The as-prepared BCO-xerogel was used as a low-cost green adsorbent for the eliminate of four types of the most widely used antibiotics, including amoxicillin (AMX), tetracycline (TC), cefalexin (CLX), and penicillin G (PEN G) residuals from contaminated water. The simultaneous effects conventional variables including adsorbent dosage, antibiotic concentrations, solution pH, and contact time were studied and optimized by central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed as a statistical formula to determine the significance of operating environmental conditions and their interactions with 95% confidence limits. Under optimized conditions, the experimental removal efficiencies for AMX, TC, CLX, and PEN G were 98.78 ± 3.25, 99.12 ± 2.52, 98.02 ± 1.98, and 98.42 ± 2.19, respectively. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were better fitted with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was endothermic, spontaneous, and occurred by combination of physical and chemical mechanisms. Also, evaluating the ability of BCO-xerogel to adsorptive removal of AMX, TC, CLX, and PEN G antibiotics in real wastewaters showed about 97.4-98.6% adsorption efficiency in river water and about 67.1-71.3% in three hospital effluents. After the adsorption process, the antibiotic-loaded adsorbent was regenerated by NaOH (0.01 mol L-1), and the reusability tests showed that the removal efficiencies of the antibiotics in the four recovery steps were still above 90%. This work explored the development of green, efficient, and economical bio-adsorbent that can be utilized for the removal of antibiotics from contaminated wastewaters.
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Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Saccharum , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Adsorción , Antibacterianos , Celulosa , Cerámica , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Aguas Residuales/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) have received widespread attention as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost and abundance of potassium. However, the poor kinetic performance and severe volume changes during charging/discharging due to the large radius of potassium leading to low capacity and rapid decay. Therefore, development of anode materials with sufficient space and active sites for potassium ion deintercalation and desorption is necessary to ensure structural stability and good electrochemical activity. This study prepared boron-doped pine-cone carbon (BZPC) with 3D interconnected hierarchical porous in ZnCl2 molten-salt by calcination under high temperature. The hierarchical porous structure promoted the penetration of the electrolyte, improved charge-carrier diffusion, alleviated volume changes during cycling, and increased the number of micropores available for adsorbing potassium ions. In addition, due to B doping, the BZPC material possessed abundant defects and active centers, and a wide interlayer distance, which enhanced the adsorption of K ions and promoted their intercalation and diffusion. When used as the anode of a KIB, BZPC provided a high reversible capacity (223.8 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1), excellent rate performance, and cycling stability (115.9 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles at 1 A g-1).
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The opening and closing of pine cones is based on the hygroscopic behavior of the individual seed scales around the cone axis, which bend passively in response to changes in environmental humidity. Although prior studies suggest a bilayer architecture consisting of lower actuating (swellable) sclereid and upper restrictive (non- or lesser swellable) sclerenchymatous fiber tissue layers to be the structural basis of this behavior, the exact mechanism of how humidity changes are translated into global movement are still unclear. Here, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of each structural component of the scale are investigated to get a holistic picture of their functional interplay. Measurements of the wetting behavior, water uptake, and mechanical measurements are used to analyze the influence of hydration on the different tissues of the cone scales. Furthermore, their dimensional changes during actuation are measured by comparative micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) investigations of dry and wet scales, which are corroborated and extended by 3D-digital image correlation-based displacement and strain analyses, biomechanical testing of actuation force, and finite element simulations. Altogether, a model allowing a detailed mechanistic understanding of pine cone actuation is developed, which is a prime concept generator for the development of biomimetic hygromorphic systems.
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Fenómenos Mecánicos , Cono de Planta , Semillas/fisiología , Humectabilidad , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
The scales of pine cones undergo reversible deformation due to hydration changes in order to optimize seed dispersal. This improves the survivability of the pine. The reversible flexing of the scales is caused by two tissue layers arranged in a sandwich configuration: a layer composed of sclereid cells and a sclerenchyma layer. They expand differentially upon hydration (and contract upon dehydration) due to differences in the structure that are analyzed here for Torrey pine (Pinustorreyana) cones. In addition to this well-known mechanism by which the cellulose microfibrils in the scales vary their angle with the wood cell axis, we confirm the presence of a porosity gradient in the sclereid cells and calculate, using a model consisting of three layers, the stresses generated upon dehydration taking into account the effect of hydration on the elastic modulus. Our quantitative analysis reveals that this gradient structure can significantly decrease the stress concentrations due to the mismatch between the two layers, and show that this is an ingenious design to increase the interfacial toughness to improve the robustness of pine cone scales. We also show that each individual layer of sclereid cells and sclerenchyma fibers undergoes bending when hydrated separately, and suggest that the two layers operate synergistically to effect the required deformation for seed release. A synthetic bioinspired analog consisting of hydrogels with different porosities is used to confirm this principal actuation mechanism. These findings may inspire the materials science and mechanical engineering communities to develop more robust, biocompatible and energy-efficient actuation systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Some biological structures can exhibit reversible deformation enabled by water inflow and outflow of their structure. We analyse the reversible motion of pine cone scales. The dehydration produces their flexure and opening, resulting in the release of seeds and their dispersal, when conditions are right. This process is reversible, and rehydration of the pine cone recloses the scales. The processes of flexing and straightening are governed by shrinking and swelling which are directed by differences in the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in a bilayer construct. We demonstrate that the scales are more complex than a simple bilayer structure and that they actually have gradients, which significantly reduce the internal stresses and ensure their integrity. We analyse the process of opening and closing of the scales for a gradient structure in the Torrey pine cone using a simple idealized trilayer model. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in internal stresses produced by the gradient structure. Using the lessons learned from the pine cone, we produce a bilayer junction using hydrogels with different porosities which exhibit the same reversible bending response.
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Pinus , Pared Celular , Módulo de Elasticidad , SemillasRESUMEN
In this investigation, biodegradable composites were fabricated with polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix reinforced with pine cone powder (15%, 30%, and 45% by weight) and compatibilized with graphite powder (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight) in polycaprolactone matrix by compression molding technique. The samples were prepared as per ASTM standard and tested for dimensional stability, biodegradability, and fracture energy with scanning electron micrographs. Water-absorption and thickness-swelling were performed to examine the dimensional stability and tests were performed at 23 °C and 50% humidity. Results revealed that the composites with 15 wt % of pine cone powder (PCP) have shown higher dimensional stability as compared to other composites. Bio-composites containing 15-45 wt % of PCP with low graphite content have shown higher disintegration rate than neat PCL. Fracture energy for crack initiation in bio-composites was increased by 68% with 30% PCP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the composites have shown evenly-distributed PCP particles throughout PCL-matrix at significantly high-degrees or quantities of reinforcing.
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Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is usually dormant and becomes apparent when body conditions decline. We investigated the anti-HSV activity of various natural and synthetic compounds for future clinical application. Methods: Mock- and HSV-infected Vero cells were treated for three days with various concentrations of samples. For short exposure, 100-fold concentrated virus were preincubated for 3 min with samples, diluted to normal multiplicity of infection (MOI), before the addition to the cells. Anti-HSV activity was evaluated by the chemotherapy index. Results: Alkaline extracts of the leaves of Sasa sp. (SE) and pine cone (PCE) showed higher anti-HSV activity than 20 Japanese traditional herb medicines (Kampo formulas), four popular polyphenols, and 119 chromone-related compounds. Exposure of HSV to SE or PCE for 3 min almost completely eliminated the infectivity of HSV, whereas much longer exposure time was required for Kakkonto, the most active Kampo formulae. Anti-HSV activity of PCE and Kakkonto could be detected only when they were dissolved by alkaline solution (pH 8.0), but not by neutral buffer (pH 7.4). Anti-HSV activity of SE and povidone iodine was stable if they were diluted with neutral buffer. Conclusions: The present study suggests the applicability of SE and PCE for treatment of oral HSV and possibly other viruses.
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In this study, a novel inexpensive biosorbent of pine cone powder was used for the treatment of wastewater contaminated with phenol and chlorophenols (CPhs). The biosorbent was thoroughly characterized by using CHN and BET measurements, as well as FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses. Kinetic and equilibrium biosorption experiments showed that the uptake was more than 80% within the first 30 min of contact time at pH 5.0. The biosorption of 4-CPh onto pine cone powder was higher than those of phenol and 2-CPh. The kinetic data were consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the Langmuir isotherm model best represented the equilibrium data. The maximum biosorption capacities of phenol, 2-CPh, and 4-CPh were 164.51, 189.44, and 220.12 mg/g, respectively, at 30 ± 1 °C. Therefore, the pine cone powder is an effective low-cost adsorbent for the removal of phenol and CPhs from the contaminated water.
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Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificación , Adsorción , Biomasa , Clorofenoles/química , Clorofenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Cinética , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Fenoles/química , Pinus/química , Polvos , Soluciones , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/instrumentación , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
This study examined the biological functions of the butanol extracts of green pine cones (GPCs) that had not ripened completely. The butanol extracts of GPC showed 78.22% DPPH-scavenging activity, 53.55% TEAC and 71.50% hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibition activity. They also exhibited inhibition activity against food poisoning microorganisms. The contents of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids were 296.75 and 26.07 mg/g, respectively. Biologically active compounds were analyzed and separated using HPLC related to the DPPH-scavenging and HAase inhibition activities. Gallotannin was the primary biologically active compound with DPPH-scavenging and HAase inhibition activities in the GPC butanol extracts.