Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web.

Use of the internet as a trade platform has resulted in a shift in the illegal wildlife trade. Increased scrutiny of illegal wildlife trade has led to concerns that online trade of wildlife will move onto the dark web. To provide a baseline of illegal wildlife trade on the dark web, we downloaded and archived 9852 items (individual posts) from the dark web, then searched these based on a list of 121 keywords associated with illegal online wildlife trade, including 30 keywords associated with illegally traded elephant ivory on the surface web. Results were compared with items known to be illegally traded on the dark web, specifically cannabis, cocaine, and heroin, to compare the extent of the trade. Of these 121 keywords, 4 resulted in hits, of which only one was potentially linked to illegal wildlife trade. This sole case was the sale and discussion of Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro cactus), which has hallucinogenic properties. This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web.

Development of a stepped care intervention model of evidence-based interventions for the management of posttraumatic stress in the Belgian Police.

Background: Police officers are frequently exposed to a wide variety of potentially traumatic events (PTE) and are therefore at a considerable risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous research estimated the point prevalence of PTSD in Belgian police officers at 7.4%, significantly higher than in the general population. An effective organisational strategy to manage posttraumatic stress is essential.Objective: We aimed to develop a novel organisational approach regarding traumatic stress for Belgian police, combining evidence-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress in a stepped care intervention model.Method: In a broad development process, we combined scientific literature, case studies of best practices from other police organisations with insights gathered from a number of expert panels, thematic working groups and feedback groups.Results: A comprehensive stepped care intervention model was developed, consisting of evidence-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress.Conclusions: The intervention model is a promising organisational strategy for the management of posttraumatic stress in police organisations based on evidence-based interventions. Its effectiveness will be studied in the coming years.

Police officers are at considerable risk of developing PTSD as they are consistently exposed to a wide array of PTE.An adequate organisational response to manage the consequences of this exposure as much as possible is essential.We developed a comprehensive stepped care intervention model consisting of evidence-based interventions, based on scientific literature, best practices in other police organisations, and thorough expert review.

Moral injury appraisals and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed police officers: a latent class analysis.

Background: Police officers encounter various potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and may be compelled to engage in actions that contradict their moral codes. Consequently, they are at risk to develop symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but also moral stress or moral injury (MI). To date, MI in police officers has received limited attention.Objective: The present study sought to identify classes of MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms among police officers exposed to PTEs, while also investigating potential clinical differences between these classes.Method: For this study, 421 trauma-exposed police officers were assessed on demographics and several clinical measurements including MI appraisals (self-directed and other-directed), PTSD severity, and general psychopathology. Latent class and regression analyses were conducted to examine the presence of different classes among trauma-exposed police officers and class differentiation in terms of demographics, general psychopathology, PTSD severity, mistrust, guilt, self-punishment, and feelings of worthlessness.Results: The following five classes were identified: (1) a 'Low MI, high PTSD class' (28%), (2) a 'High MI, low PTSD class' (11%), (3) a 'High MI, high PTSD class' (17%), (4) a 'Low MI, low PTSD class' (16%), and (5) a 'High MI-other, high PTSD class' (27%). There were significant differences between the classes in terms of age, general psychopathology, PTSD severity, mistrust, guilt, and self-punishment but no differences for gender and feelings of worthlessness.Conclusion: In conclusion, we identified five classes, each exhibiting unique patterns of cognitive MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms. This underscores the criticality of measuring and identifying MI in this particular group, as it allows for tailored treatment interventions.

This study identified classes differing in terms of endorsement of MI appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among police officers exposed to potentially traumatic events.Five classes were identified, each exhibiting unique patterns of MI appraisals and PTSD symptoms.It is important to measure the presence of MI appraisals in addition to PTSD symptoms in traumatized police officers as it can inform treatment interventions.

Posttraumatic stress disorder in Belgian police officers: prevalence and the effects of exposure to traumatic events.

Background: Police officers are at considerable risk of developing posttraumatic symptoms because they frequently encounter violent or emotionally disturbing incidents. We investigate experiences with potentially traumatic events (PTE), traumatic exposure, and the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD and subclinical PTSD in a sample of Belgian police officers.Methods: In total, 1,465 police officers from 15 Belgian Local Police zones participated in a web-based survey, consisting of three segments: evaluating experiences with a list of 29 PTE, assessing if any of these PTE accounted for traumatic exposure, and evaluating 1-month probable PTSD, complex PTSD and subclinical PTSD prevalence using the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ).Results: Police officers frequently experience a wide range of PTE. A large majority of 93.0% reports traumatic exposure. Assessment with ITQ shows a 1-month prevalence of 5.87% for probable PTSD and 1.50% for probable complex PTSD, while an additional 7.58% report subclinical PTSD. No demographic variables influenced PTSD prevalence. Cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did entail a higher prevalence of probable PTSD and subclinical PTSD.Discussion: This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers. Police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure. The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers. In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did. Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police.

This study is the first to evaluate experiences with PTE, traumatic exposure and 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD, complex PTSD, and subclinical PTSD in Belgian police officers.Results show that police officers are frequently confronted with a broad variety of PTE, and a large majority reports traumatic exposure.The 1-month prevalence of probable PTSD is significantly higher compared to previous international research in the general population, but lower than in similar international research involving police officers.In this study, cumulative PTE experiences in itself did not reliably predict PTSD, while the characteristics of certain PTE did.Posttraumatic symptoms are an important mental health challenge in Belgian police.

Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after the 2018 Strasbourg Christmas Market terrorist attack: a comparison of exposed and non-exposed police personnel.

Background: Police personnel are among the first responders exposed to terrorist attacks, raising in number in the late decades. Due to their profession, they are also exposed to repetitive violence, increasing their vulnerability to PTSD and depression.Objective: Our study aims at comparing the prevalence of PTSD and depression, and the risk factors associated with these conditions among directly and indirectly exposed versus non-exposed police personnel during the Strasbourg Christmas Market terrorist attack.Method: Three months after the attack, participants completed a survey assessing their sociodemographic characteristics, occupational data, degree of exposure, sleep debt around the event, event centrality (CES), and three mental health conditions: PTSD (PCL-5), depression (PHQ-9), and suicide risk (yes/no questions).Results: A total of 475 police personnel responded to the questionnaire: 263 were exposed to the attack (182 of them directly) and 212 were non-exposed. Among directly exposed participants, the prevalences of partial and complete PTSD were 12.6 and 6.6%, and the prevalence of moderate-to-severe depression was 11.5%. Multivariate analysis revealed that direct exposure was associated with a higher risk of PTSD (OR = 2.98 [1.10-8.12], p = .03). Direct exposure was not associated with a higher risk of depression (OR = 0.40 [0.10-1.10], p = .08). A significant sleep debt after the event was not associated with a higher risk of later PTSD (OR = 2.18 [0.81-5.91], p = .13) but was associated with depression (OR = 7.92 [2.40-26.5], p < .001). A higher event centrality was associated with both PTSD and depression (p < .001).Conclusions: Police personnel directly exposed to the Strasbourg Christmas Market terrorist attack were at higher risk of PTSD but not depression. Efforts to prevent and treat PTSD should focus on directly exposed police personnel. However, general mental health should be monitored for every personnel member.

Direct exposure to the terrorist attack and gender (female) were significantly associated with a higher risk of PTSD among police personnel.Sleep debt after the attack was significantly associated with depression but not with PTSD.No occupational factor was associated with either PTSD or depression.Both PTSD and depression were significantly associated with a higher suicide risk.A higher event centrality was significantly associated with direct exposure and a higher risk of both PTSD and depression.

Probable post-traumatic stress disorder and harmful alcohol use among male members of the British Police Forces and the British Armed Forces: a comparative study.

Background: British Armed Forces' and Police Forces' personnel are trained to operate in potentially traumatic conditions. Consequently, they may experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is often comorbid with harmful alcohol use. Objective: We aimed to assess the proportions, and associations, of probable PTSD and harmful alcohol use among a covariate-balanced sample of male military personnel and police employees. Methods: Proportions of probable PTSD, harmful alcohol use, and daily binge drinking, were explored using data from the police Airwave Health Monitoring Study (2007-2015) (N = 23,826) and the military Health and Wellbeing Cohort Study (phase 2: 2007-2009, phase 3: 2014-2016) (N = 7,399). Entropy balancing weights were applied to the larger police sample to make them comparable to the military sample on a range of pre-specified variables (i.e. year of data collection, age and education attainment). Multinomial and logistic regression analyses determined sample differences in outcome variables, and associated factors (stratified by sample). Results: Proportions of probable PTSD were similar in military personnel and police employees (3.67% vs 3.95%), although the large sample size made these borderline significant (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 0.84; 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.72 to 0.99). Clear differences were found in harmful alcohol use among military personnel, compared to police employees (9.59% vs 2.87%; AOR: 2.79; 95% CI: 2.42 to 3.21). Current smoking, which was more prevalent in military personnel, was associated with harmful drinking and binge drinking in both samples but was associated with PTSD in military personnel only. Conclusions: It is generally assumed that both groups have high rates of PTSD from traumatic exposures, however, low proportions of PTSD were observed in both samples, possibly reflecting protective effects of unit cohesion or resilience. The higher level of harmful drinking in military personnel may relate to more prominent drinking cultures or unique operational experiences.

Antecedentes: El personal de las fuerzas armadas británicas y de la policía británica está entrenado para operar en condiciones potencialmente traumáticas. Consecuentemente, pueden experimentar trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), el cual es frecuentemente comórbido con uso nocivo de alcohol.Objetivo: Buscamos evaluar las proporciones, y asociaciones, del probable TEPT y del uso nocivo de alcohol en una muestra balanceada por covariables de personal masculino, militares y empleados de policía.Métodos: Las proporciones de probable TEPT, uso nocivo de alcohol y atracones diarios de alcohol, fueron exploradas utilizando datos del estudio Airwave Health Monitoring Study de la policía (2007-2015) (N=23,826) y del estudio militar Health and Wellbeing Cohort Study (fase 2: 2007-2009, fase 3: 2014-2016) (N=7,399). Se aplicaron pesos de balance de entropía a la muestra más grande, de policía, para hacerla comparable a la muestra militar en un rango de variables pre-especificadas (ej. año de recolección de datos, edad y logros educacionales). Los análisis multinomiales y de regresión logística determinaron diferencias muestrales en las variables de resultado, y en los factores asociados (estratificados por muestra).Resultados: Las proporciones de TEPT probable fueron similares en el personal militar y los empleados de policía (3,67% vs 3,95%), aunque el gran tamaño muestral hizo fuera significativo al límite (Razón de probabilidades ajustada (AOR): 0.84; Intervalo de Confianza (IC) de 95%: 0.72 a 0.99). Se encontraron claras diferencias en el uso nocivo de alcohol entre el personal militar, comparado a los empleados de policía (9,59% vs 2.87%; AOR: 2.79; IC 95%: 2.42 a 3.21). El consumo actual de tabaco, que fue más prevalente en el personal militar, se asoció a consumo nocivo de alcohol y a atracones de alcohol en ambas muestras, pero se asoció a TEPT sólo en el personal militar.Conclusiones: Generalmente se asume que ambos grupos tienen altas tasas de TEPT desde la exposición traumática, sin embargo, se observó una baja proporción de TEPT en ambas muestras, lo que probablemente refleja el efecto protector de la cohesión de unidad o la resiliencia. El mayor nivel de consumo nocivo de alcohol en el personal militar puede estar relacionado una cultura de consumo de alcohol más prominente o a experiencias operacionales únicas.

The invisibility of the cognitive cost of military police work / La invisibilidad del costo cognitivo del trabajo de la policía militar / A invisibilidade do custo cognitivo no trabalho de policiais militares

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the cognitive cost of work for military police officers in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Method: This is a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, carried out with 446 military police officers, of both sexes, distributed between non-commissioned officers and officers, in the 7th, 15th, 20th, 24th and 41st Military Police Battalions. An instrument was used to depict sociodemographic, work, lifestyle and health conditions and a scale for assessing the human cost of work, which analyses the demands of the job through physical, cognitive and affective costs. The data was organized, processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 13.1. Results: The cognitive cost had the highest means, with severe results (μ = 3.86; SD = 0.86), representing greater demands in relation to the human cost of work among military police officers in the state of Rio de Janeiro and significant associations in relation to obesity, cognitive alterations in attention and memory, age and hours of sleep. Conclusion: In assessing the human cost of work, the cognitive cost was the most demanding in the work context of the military police officers surveyed, presenting a serious risk of illness.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los costos cognitivos producidos por el trabajo de los policías militares del estado de Rio de Janeiro. Método: Se trata de un estudio transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado con 446 policías militares, de ambos sexos, distribuidos entre cuadros y oficiales, de los Batallones 7°, 15°, 20°, 24° y 41° de la Policía Militar. Se utilizó un instrumento para caracterizar las condiciones sociodemográficas, laborales, de estilo de vida y de salud, y una escala para evaluar el costo humano del trabajo, que analiza las exigencias del trabajo a través de los costos físicos, cognitivos y afectivos. Los datos fueron organizados, procesados y analizados utilizando el software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versión 13.1. Resultados: El costo cognitivo presentó las medias más altas, con resultados graves (μ = 3,86; SD = 0,86), representando mayores exigencias en relación al costo humano del trabajo entre los policías militares del estado de Río de Janeiro y asociaciones significativas en relación a la obesidad, alteraciones cognitivas de atención y memoria, edad y horas de sueño. Conclusión: Al evaluar el coste humano del trabajo, el coste cognitivo fue el más exigente en el contexto laboral de los policías militares encuestados, presentando un grave riesgo de enfermedad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o custo cognitivo no trabalho dos policiais militares do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal com abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 446 policiais militares, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos entre praças e oficiais, nos 7°, 15°, 20°, 24° e 41° batalhões de Polícia Militar. Utilizou-se um instrumento para a caracterização sociodemográfica, laboral, hábitos de vida e condições de saúde e uma escala de avaliação do custo humano no trabalho, que analisa as exigências relativas ao trabalho por meio dos custos físico, cognitivo e afetivo. Os dados foram organizados, processados e analisados com o auxílio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 13.1. Resultados: O custo cognitivo apresentou as maiores médias, com resultados graves (μ = 3,86; DP = 0,86), representando maior exigência em relação ao custo humano no trabalho entre os policiais militares do estado do Rio de Janeiro e associações significativas em relação à obesidade, alterações cognitivas de atenção e memória, idade e horas de sono. Conclusão: Na avaliação do custo humano no trabalho, o custo cognitivo foi o mais exigido no contexto de trabalho dos policiais militares pesquisados apresentando um risco grave para o adoecimento.

"Me prende, DeleGata!" - performatividades de gênero na construção da beleza como uma arma estética e discursiva de poder entre delegadas da Polícia Civil / "Arrest me, DeleGata!" - gender performativities in the construction of beauty as an aesthetic and discursive weapon of power among female Civil Police chiefs

Resumo O presente artigo aborda as construções performáticas de gênero de delegadas de polícia atuantes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A partir da utilização da Cartografia como método de pesquisa, acompanhamos percursos, conexões e processos de construção de feminilidades, acionadas e performadas por nossas entrevistadas para constituírem um local de respeito e destaque dentro e fora da Instituição, usando a beleza como ferramenta estética e discursiva de poder, a partir da classe performática DeleGata. Foram realizadas entrevistas de manejo cartográfico com nove delegadas lotadas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, com idades entre 30 e 59 anos. Embora a polícia valorize historicamente ideários reconhecidos como masculinos, como força e virilidade, as performatividades de gênero operadas pelas delegadas permitem uma feminilização da polícia. A figura/enunciação da DeleGata, que constrói uma imagem da mulher delegada, fazendo supor uma unidade, significa a produção de sujeitos políticos, assim como ideias e valores que atingem um padrão comunicativo e performático, visibilizando certa mulher que ornamenta - com sua beleza - e que surpreende - com sua inteligência - ao mesmo tempo. Assim, a DeleGata coloca em ação extremos aparentemente antagônicos: beleza-inteligência, sensualidade-poder, feminilidade-força e produzem um regime social e simbólico de produção de corpos e feminilidades.

Abstract This article discusses the performative gender constructions of female police chiefs working in Rio de Janeiro state. Using cartography as a research method, we follow the paths, connections, and construction of femininities, activated and performed by our respondents to establish a place of respect and prominence within and outside the Institution, using beauty as an aesthetic and discursive power tool based on the DeleGata performative class. Cartographic interviews were conducted with nine female police chiefs in Rio de Janeiro state aged 30 to 59. Although the police have historically valued recognized masculine ideals, such as strength and virility, the gender performativities operated by female police chiefs allow for police feminization. The figure/enunciation of DeleGata, who builds an image of the female police chief, implying a unity, signifies producing political subjects, ideas, and values that reach a communicative and performative standard, making visible some woman who adorns - with her beauty - and simultaneously surprises - with her intelligence. The DeleGata thus brings into play apparently antagonistic extremes: beauty-intelligence, sensuality-power, femininity-strength, producing a social and symbolic regimen for the production of bodies and femininities.

Influencia da Qualidade do Sono na Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho de Policais Militares / Influencia de la Calidad del Sueño en la Calidad de Vida en el Trabajo de la Policía Militar / Influence of Sleep Quality on the Quality of Life and Work of Military Police Officers

Resumo Introdução: A profissão policial é considerada de alto risco e exige um vigor físico e mental do trabalhador diante do serviço realizado. De tal modo que uma boa qualidade do sono é importante, pois impacta diretamente em diversos aspectos na saúde desses trabalhadores. Ademais, a falta de uma boa qualidade do sono devido ao trabalho pode influenciar negativamente a qualidade de vida no trabalho. Objetivo: Analisar a influência da qualidade do sono na qualidade de vida no trabalho de policiais militares. Metodologia: Estudo quantitativo, correlacionalde corte transversal, realizado no primeiro semestre de 2019, com policiais de três municípios da Bahia, Brasil. Foram utilizados três instrumentos: sociodemográfico e características laborais; qualidade de vida de vida no trabalho; e qualidade do sono. Foi aplicado o teste do qui quadrado para as variáveis sociodemograficas e ocupacionais. Posteriormente, foi aplicado o teste de correlação de Spearman entre a qualidade do sono com as dimensões da qualidade de vida no trabalho. Resultados: Evidenciou-se entre os 298 policiais que a mediana da idade foi de 40 anos e tempo de serviço ≤ 7 anos, observou-se também que os policiais com pior qualidade do sono apresentaram qualidade de vida no trabalho insatisfatória em todas as dimensões (biológica/fisiológica; psicológica/comportamental; sociológica/relacional; econômica/política, ambiental/organizacional). Conclusão: Os policiais sofrem com a qualidade do sono e consequentemente influencia negativamente a qualidade de vida no trabalho. Assim, há uma necessidade de desenvolver ações no ambiente de trabalho que possam diminuir os afastamentos decorrentes dos problemas de saúde ocasionados pela qualidade do sono.

Resumen Introdución: La formación policial se considera de alto riesgo y requiere vigor físico y mental por parte de la persona trabajadora antes de realizar el servicio. Para esto, la buena calidad de sueño es importante, ya que impacta directamente en la salud de la población trabajadora en varios aspectos. Además, la falta de una buena calidad de sueño debido al trabajo puede influir negativamente en la calidad de vida fuera del trabajo. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de la calidad del sueño en la calidad de vida en el trabajo de policías militares. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional transversal, realizado en el primer semestre de 2019, con policías de tres municipios de Bahía, Brasil. Se utilizaron tres instrumentos: características sociodemográficas y laborales, calidad de vida en el trabajo y calidad de sueño. Se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado para las variables sociodemográficas y ocupacionales. Posteriormente, se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Spearman entre la calidad del sueño y las dimensiones de calidad de vida en el trabajo. Resultados: La muestra fue de 298 policías, la mediana de edad fue de 40 años y la antigüedad en el servicio fue ≤ 7 años. También, se observó quienes tuvieron peor calidad de sueño, también tuvieron una calidad de vida en el trabajo insatisfactoria en todos sus dimensiones (biológica/fisiológica; psicológica/conductual; sociológica/relacional; económica/política, ambiental/organizacional). Conclusión: Quienes son agentes de policía sufren de mala calidad de sueño y, en consecuencia, se influye negativamente su calidad de vida en el trabajo. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de desarrollar acciones en el lugar de trabajo que pueda reducir los riesgos de problemas de salud causados por la calidad del sueño.

Abstract Background: Police training is considered high risk and demands physical and mental vigor from the worker before preforming the service. Therefore, sleep quality is important as it directly impacts the health of these workers in several aspects. Furthermore, the lack of sleep quality due to work can negatively influence the quality of life outside of work. Aim: To analyze the influence of sleep quality on the quality of life and work of military police officers. Methods: A quantitative, cross-sectional correlational study, conducted in the first half of 2019 with police officers from three municipalities in Bahia, Brazil. Three instruments were used: sociodemographic and work characteristics; quality of life at work; and sleep quality. The chi-square test was applied for sociodemographic and occupational variations. Subsequently, the Spearman correlation test was applied between sleep quality and the quality of life and work dimensions. Results: Among the 298 police officers the median age was 40 years and the length of service was ≤ 7 years. It was also observed that police officers with poorer sleep quality had an unsatisfactory quality of life at work in all its dimensions (biological/physiological; psychological/behavioral; sociological/relational; economic/political, environmental/organizational). Conclusion: Police officers suffer from poor sleep quality and this negatively influence their quality of life and work. Therefore, there is a need to develop actions in the workplace that may reduce the risks of health problems caused by poor sleep quality.

Experiencia cotidiana de personas con trauma ocular y maxilo facial producto de violencia por agentes del Estado en el contexto del estallido social chileno: aproximaciones desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos / Experiência cotidiana de pessoas com trauma ocular e maxilofacial resultante de violência por agentes do Estado no contexto da crise social chilena: aproximações a partir de uma perspectiva de direitos humanos / Daily experience of people with ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of violence by State agents in the context of the Chilean social outbreak: approaches from a human rights perspective

Resumen Introducción La violenta represión ocurrida en Chile durante el estallido social (2019-2020) dejó un número sin precedentes de personas lesionadas con resultado de trauma ocular y maxilofacial producto de la acción de agentes del Estado, desatando una crisis socio-sanitaria que requirió del abordaje las problemáticas de salud con énfasis en el daño estructural y funcional. Objetivo Analizar la experiencia cotidiana de personas afectadas por trauma ocular y/o maxilofacial desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, con énfasis en aportar antecedentes que contribuyan a los procesos de apoyo funcional y psicosocial. Método Estudio de enfoque cualitativo, considerando el análisis de 3 entrevistas en profundidad centradas en la experiencia cotidiana producida a raíz de la violencia policial. Éstas se analizaron en base a la técnica de análisis de contenido, con una posterior triangulación. Resultados Se apreciaron una serie de interferencias y repercusiones cotidianas producto del trauma, generando el fenómeno de una cotidianidad interferida, además del extrañamiento de sí misma/o. Se discutió sobre el contraste entre las experiencias y expectativas de la atención en salud y procesos de reparación, que resultan aún insuficientes y tienden hacia la revictimización. Conclusión El acceso a rehabilitación funcional y psicosocial es parte fundamental de los procesos de reparación integral de las personas que vivieron estas experiencias traumáticas durante el estallido social. Es fundamental que los dispositivos sanitarios y judiciales profundicen abordajes desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos incorporando el enfoque de género para cumplir los principios de verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición.

Resumo Introdução A violenta repressão ocorrida no Chile durante a crise social (2019-2020) deixou um número sem precedentes de pessoas feridas por traumas oculares e maxilofaciais, produto da ação de agentes do Estado, desencadeando uma crise sociossanitária que exigiu a abordagem dos problemas de saúde com ênfase nos danos estruturais e funcionais. Objetivo Analisar a experiência cotidiana de pessoas acometidas por traumas oculares e/ou maxilofaciais sob a ótica dos direitos humanos, com ênfase no fornecimento de informações básicas que contribuam para os processos de apoio funcional e psicossocial. Método Estudo com abordagem qualitativa, considerando a análise de três entrevistas em profundidade, focadas na experiência cotidiana produzida em decorrência da violência policial. Estas foram analisadas ​​com base na técnica de análise de conteúdo, com posterior triangulação de dados. Resultados Observou-se uma série de interferências e repercussões cotidianas em decorrência do trauma, gerando o fenômeno de uma cotidianidade interferida, além do estranhamento de si mesma/o. Discutiu-se o contraste entre as experiências e expectativas da atenção em saúde e processos de reparação, que ainda são insuficientes e tendem à revitimização. Conclusão O acesso à reabilitação funcional e psicossocial é parte fundamental dos processos de reparação integral e psicossocial das pessoas que vivenciaram essas experiências traumáticas durante a crise social. É fundamental que os dispositivos sanitários e judiciais aprofundem as abordagens desde uma perspectiva dos direitos humanos, incorporando o enfoque de gênero para cumprir os princípios de verdade, justiça, reparação e garantias de não repetição.

Abstract Introduction The violent repression that occurred in Chile during the social outbreak (2019-2020) left an unprecedented number of people injured as a result of ocular and maxillofacial trauma as a result of the action by state agents, unleashing a socio-sanitary crisis that required the approach of health problems with an emphasis on structural and functional damage. Objective To analyze the daily experience of people affected by ocular and/or maxillofacial trauma from a human rights perspective, with emphasis on providing background information that contributes to functional and psychosocial support processes. Method Study with a qualitative approach, considering the analysis of three in-depth interviews focused on the daily experience produced as a result of police violence. These were analyzed based on the content analysis technique, with subsequent triangulation. Results A series of interferences and daily repercussions as a result of the trauma were observed, generating the phenomenon of an interfered daily life in addition to self-estrangement. The contrast between the experiences and expectations of health care and reparation processes was discussed, which are still insufficient and tend towards re-victimization. Conclusion Access to functional and psychosocial rehabilitation is a fundamental part of the processes of integral and psychosocial repair for the people who lived through these traumatic experiences during the social outbreak. It is essential that health and judicial mechanisms deepen approaches from a human rights perspective, incorporating the gender approach to comply with the principles of truth, justice, reparation, and guarantees of non-repetition.

Mortalidade por homicídio de policiais civis do estado da Bahia, Brasil / Mortality by murder of civil police officials in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Mortalidad por asesinato de policías civiles en el estado de Bahía, Brasil

Os homicídios de policiais estão associados a fatores individuais, sociais e do trabalho. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar a mortalidade por homicídio de policiais civis da Bahia entre 2012 e 2019. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de vigilância da mortalidade de homicídios de policiais civis da ativa. As variáveis estudadas foram sociodemográficas, da atividade policial e da ocorrência. Na análise foram realizados cálculos de taxas de mortalidade e da estatística descritiva, por meio da linguagem computacional R versão 4.2.2. Foram registrados 27 homicídios de policiais civis da ativa, o que equivale a uma taxa média de 0,58/1000. Na caracterização, todos eram homens, com idade média de 52,5 anos (42 a 63 anos) e 95% negros. Em relação à atividade policial, 76% eram investigadores, com média de 17,9 anos (3 a 33 anos) de serviço e 81% das mortes ocorreram em horário de folga. Em 90% dos homicídios a arma de fogo foi o instrumento causador da morte, e em 62% dos casos a autoria não foi identificada. Conclui-se que o perfil sociodemográfico, do trabalho e das ocorrências de homicídios de policiais civis é semelhante ao perfil encontrado entre policiais militares e sobretudo aos homicídios da população geral.

Police homicides are associated with individual, social, and work-related factors. To characterize mortality due to homicide cases of civil police officers in the State of Bahia from 2012 to 2019.This is a descriptive study of mortality surveillance regarding the homicides of active civil police officers. The variables studied included sociodemographic, police activity, and event occurrence rates. In the analysis, mortality rates and descriptive statistics were calculated using the computational language R, version 4.2.2. Overall, 27 cases of homicide of civil police officers were registered, with an average rate of 0.58/1000 civil police officers. In the characterization, all victims were men with an average age of 52.5 years (42 to 63 years) and a 95% percent Black ethnicity. Regarding police activity, 76% were investigators, with an average of 17.9 years (3 to 33 years) of service, and 81% of deaths occurred during off-duty hours. In 90% of homicide cases, firearms were the instrument that caused death, and in 62% of cases the perpetrator was unidentified. The sociodemographic, work, and homicide profile of civil police officers resembles the profile among military police officers and especially that of homicides in the general population.

Los homicidios de policías están asociados a factores individuales, sociales y laborales. El objetivo de este artículo fue caracterizar la mortalidad por homicidio de policías civiles en el estado de Bahía (Brasil), en el período entre 2012 y 2019. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo de la vigilancia de la mortalidad por homicidios de policías civiles en activo. Las variables estudiadas fueron sociodemográficas, actividad policial y ocurrencia. En el análisis se realizaron cálculos de tasas de mortalidad y estadísticas descriptivas utilizando el lenguaje computacional R, versión 4.2.2.Se registraron 27 homicidios de policías civiles en activo, con una media de 0,58/1000 policías civiles. En la caracterización, todos eran hombres, con media de edad de 52,5 años (42 a 63 años), y el 95%, negros. Con relación a la actividad policial, el 76% se desempeñaban como investigadores, con un promedio de 17,9 años (3 a 33 años) de servicio y el 81% de las muertes ocurrieron fuera de servicio. En el 90% de los homicidios, el arma de fuego fue el instrumento que provocó la muerte y en el 62% de los casos no se identificó al autor. Se concluye que el perfil sociodemográfico, laboral y de homicidios de los policías civiles es similar al perfil encontrado entre los policías militares y, especialmente, a los homicidios en la población general.

Perceived Reportability of Intimate Partner Violence against Women to the Police and Help-seeking: A National Survey / [La percepción de la capacidad de denunciar la violencia de pareja contra la mujer ante la policía y búsqueda de ayuda: una encuesta nacional]

The literature has consistently found that victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are reluctant to make their situation visible and report it to the police. Whether victims perceive and define IPV behaviors as reportable is key to understanding in which cases the police are seen as potential providers of help or whether other potential sources of help (family, friends, professionals, etc.) are preferred. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of perceived reportability of IPV on women’s selection of the police as a source of help compared to not seeking help or selecting other sources of help. Structural equation modeling was applied to data from 479 female participants drawn from a nationally representative sample of 1,112 male and female Chilean adolescents and young adults conducted by the National Youth Institute of Chile. The results showed that perceived reportability was a significant predictor of choosing the police as a source of help compared to other informal sources of help, such as family and friends. However, perceived reportability did not affect help-seeking choices between the police and other formal help sources (psychologists, public services). Participants’ IPV victimization and attitudes toward IPV also played a specific role in selecting the police as a source of help. These findings highlight the complexity of the visibility of women’s IPV victimization to the police and the need to examine its explanatory mechanisms.(AU)

Las publicaciones científicas señalan sistemáticamente la reticencia de las víctimas de violencia de pareja contra las mujeres a hacer visible su situación y denunciarla ante la policía. El hecho de que las víctimas perciban y definan las conductas de violencia de pareja como denunciables es clave para comprender en qué casos se considera a la policía como posible proveedora de ayuda o si se prefieren otros potenciales proveedores de ayuda (familiares, amigos, especialistas, etc.). El objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido analizar la influencia de la percepción de la capacidad de denunciar la violencia de pareja en la selección de la policía como proveedora de ayuda por parte de las mujeres, en comparación con la falta de búsqueda de ayuda o la selección de otros proveedores de la misma. Se han analizado los datos de 479 mujeres participantes en el estudio de una muestra representativa nacional de 1,112 adolescentes y jóvenes chilenos de ambos sexos realizado por el Instituto Nacional de la Juventud de Chile. Los resultados mostraron que la capacidad de denuncia percibida predice la selección de la policía como proveedor de ayuda en comparación con otras fuentes informales de ayuda, como la familia o los amigos. Sin embargo, no pareció tener efecto en la selección de la búsqueda de ayuda comparar a la policía con otras fuentes formales de ayuda (psicólogos, servicios públicos). La victimización y las actitudes hacia la violencia de pareja también desempeñan un papel específico en la selección de la policía como proveedora de ayuda. Los resultados demuestran la complejidad de la visibilidad para la policía de la violencia en la pareja contra las mujeres y la necesidad de examinar sus mecanismos explicativos.(AU)

Comportamento e desempenho de burocratas de nível de rua: um estudo na Polícia Rodoviária Federal / Comportamiento y desempeño de los burócratas al nivel de calle: un estudio en la Policía Federal de Carreteras / Behavior and performance of street-level bureaucrats: a study at the Federal Highway Police

Resumo A literatura sobre Burocratas de Nível de Rua (BNR) indica diversos motivadores do comportamento que influenciam o desempenho desses profissionais, como discricionariedade, autointeresse, normas e interesse público. Apesar de esses aspectos ocorrerem de maneira simultânea, não se verificam estudos sobre quais agentes do comportamento são determinantes para o desempenho dos BNR. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar a influência da interação de diferentes motivadores do comportamento do BNR em seu desempenho para implementar políticas públicas. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário estruturado a 10.014 policiais rodoviários federais ativos no período da pesquisa, sendo 426 o número de respondentes. Os dados foram analisados com modelagem de equações estruturais. Os resultados evidenciaram que discricionariedade, normas e interesse público se associaram positivamente ao desempenho operacional. Para o desempenho institucional, somente as dimensões "normas" e "interesse público" se mostraram positivamente associadas. Os resultados indicam que a relevância dos diferentes motivadores do comportamento dos BNR varia de acordo com o desempenho observado e reiteram a assimetria de percepções entre os diferentes níveis organizacionais.

Resumen La literatura sobre los burócratas a nivel de calle (BNC) indica varios motivadores de comportamiento que influyen en su desempeño, como la discreción, el interés propio, las normas y el interés público. A pesar de la concurrencia de estos aspectos, no hay estudios sobre qué motivadores son determinantes para el desempeño de los BNC. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la interacción de diferentes motivadores de comportamiento del BNC en su desempeño para implementar políticas públicas. Para ello, se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado a 10.014 agentes de la Policía Federal de Caminos activos durante el período de investigación, siendo 426 encuestados. Los datos se analizaron usando análisis de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados mostraron que discreción, normas e interés público se asociaron positivamente con el desempeño operativo. Para desempeño institucional, solo las dimensiones normas e interés público se asociaron positivamente. Los resultados indican que la relevancia de los diferentes motivadores del comportamiento de los BNC varía según la variable de desempeño observada y reiteran la asimetría de percepciones entre los diferentes niveles organizacionales.

Abstract The literature on Street-Level Bureaucracy (SLB) points to several behavioral motivators that influence their performance, such as Discretion, Self-interest, Norms, and Public Interest. Although these aspects occur simultaneously, there are no studies on which behavioral motivators are decisive for the performance of SLB. This research aims to analyze the influence of the interaction of different behavioral motivators of the SLB in their performance in implementing public policies. To achieve the proposed objective, a structured questionnaire was applied to 10,014 Federal Highway Police officers active during the research period, with 426 respondents. Data were analyzed using structural equation analysis. The results showed that Discretion, Norms, and Public Interest were positively associated with Operating Performance. For Institutional Performance, only the Norms and Public Interest dimensions were positively associated. The results indicate that the relevance of the different behavioral motivators of the SLB varies according to the performance variable observed and reiterate the asymmetry of perceptions between the different organizational levels.

Perfil da mortalidade de policiais militares por causas violentas, segundo cor da pele, na Bahia, Brasil / Profile of military police officers' mortality from violent causes, according to skin color, in Bahia, Brazil / Perfil de mortalidad por causas violentas de policías militares según el color de piel en Bahía, Brasil

O Brasil é um país com altas taxas de violência, o que afeta, além da sociedade civil, os agentes das forças da segurança pública, cujas taxas de mortalidade por causas violentas são superiores às da população geral. Portanto, objetivou-se caracterizar o perfil da mortalidade de policiais militares por causas violentas, segundo a cor da pele, no estado da Bahia. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as mortes violentas de policiais militares da ativa ocorridas entre 2012 e 2019, considerando variáveis tanto sociodemográficas quanto relacionadas à corporação policial e às circunstâncias da ocorrência. A análise dos resultados foi realizada por meio da linguagem computacional R versão 4.2.2. Foram registradas 110 mortes de policiais militares, em sua maioria negros (83,64%). Em relação à faixa etária, os policiais militares negros morreram mais jovens, entre 30 e 39 anos (41,30%), enquanto os brancos, entre 40 e 49 anos (61,11%). Em 50% dos casos envolvendo policiais militares negros, a motivação do crime permaneceu desconhecida, enquanto 33,33% das mortes envolvendo policiais brancos foram por confronto com criminosos. Conclui-se que o perfil das mortes de policiais militares no estado da Bahia é semelhante ao da população em geral, com predomínio de homens, negros, jovens e solteiros.

Brazil is a country with high rates of violence, which affects, in addition to civil society, public security agents, whose mortality rates from violent causes are higher than those of the general population. Therefore, the objective was to characterize the profile of mortality of military police officers due to violent causes, according to skin color, in the state of Bahia. This study analyzed violent deaths of active military police officers that occurred between 2012 and 2019, considering both sociodemographic variables and those related to the police force and the circumstances of the occurrence. The analysis of the results was carried out using the computational language R version 4.2.2. A total of 110 military police deaths were recorded, most were black (83.64%). Regarding age group, black military police officers died younger, between 30 and 39 years old (41.30%), whereas white military police officers, between 40 and 49 years old (61.11%). In 50% of cases involving black military police officers, the motivation for the crime remained unknown, whereas 33.33% of deaths involving white police officers were due to confrontation with criminals. In conclusion, the profile of military police deaths in the state of Bahia is similar to that of the general population, with a predominance of male, black, young, and single people.

Brasil tiene altos índices de violencia que no solo afectan a la sociedad civil, sino también a los agentes de seguridad pública, cuyas tasas de mortalidad por causas violentas superan a las de la población general. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el perfil de mortalidad por causas violentas de los policías militares según el color de la piel, en el estado de Bahía (Brasil). En este estudio se analizaron muertes violentas de policías militares en activo, ocurridas entre 2012 y 2019, considerando variables sociodemográficas relacionadas con el cuerpo policial y las circunstancias de la ocurrencia. El análisis de los resultados se realizó utilizando el lenguaje computacional R, versión 4.2.2. Se registraron 110 muertes de policías militares, la mayoría negros (83,64%). Con relación al grupo de edad, los policías militares negros murieron más jóvenes, de entre 30 y 39 años (41,30%), que los policías militares blancos, de entre 40 y 49 años (61,11%). En el 50% de los casos que involucraron a policías militares negros, la motivación del crimen seguía siendo desconocida, mientras que en el 33,33% de las muertes que involucraron a policías blancos se debieron a enfrentamientos con delincuentes. Se concluye que el perfil de las muertes de policías militares en Bahía es similar al de la población general, con predominio de hombres, negros, jóvenes y solteros.

Psychosocial risks and their consequences on health and job satisfaction among Spanish police officers / Riesgos psicosociales y sus consecuencias sobre la salud y la satisfacción laboral en policías españoles

Fundamento. La vida laboral del policía es estresante dada la exposición al riesgo y a la violencia en el trabajo. Según el Modelo de Demandas y Recursos laborales (DRL), las condiciones de trabajo de los policías pueden influir en la salud y la satisfacción laboral. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron evaluar los factores psicosociales en el trabajo en una muestra de policías municipales de la Comunidad Valenciana (España), identificar la prevalencia de riesgos psicosociales y sus consecuencias, y analizar la influencia de los factores psicosociales (recursos y demandas) en el trabajo sobre la satisfacción laboral y la salud. Material y método. Se utilizó la Batería UNIPSICO para evaluar la prevalencia y la distribución de policías (n=103) en los diferentes niveles de riesgo y consecuencias. La influencia de los factores psicosociales (recursos y demandas) en el trabajo sobre los trastornos psicosomáticos y la satisfacción laboral se examinó mediante un análisis de regresión por pasos. Resultados. Se obtuvieron valores moderados de riesgo psicosocial en todas las variables para toda la muestra. Para las consecuencias de los riesgos psicosociales también se obtuvieron niveles moderados de trastornos psicosomáticos y satisfacción laboral. Los niveles de estrés percibidos y los estresores organizacionales tienen un efecto negativo sobre la salud y la satisfacción laboral. Conclusión. Para facilitar condiciones positivas para la salud y el bienestar de los policías, se requiere un compromiso real para la evaluación de riesgos psicosociales en las organizaciones policiales locales y para la adopción de medidas de prevención e intervención, donde se detecten factores de riesgo psicosocial. (AU)

Background. Police officers are exposed to risk and violence, which makes their work highly stressful. According to the Job Demand-Resource model, the working conditions of police officers may affect their health and job satisfaction. The aims of this research were to evaluate the psychosocial factors at work in a sample of municipal police officers from the Valencian Community (Spain) to identify the prevalence of psychosocial risks and their consequences and analyse the influence of psychosocial factors (resource and demands) at work on job satisfaction and health. Methods. The Unidad de Investigación Psicosocial de la Conducta Organizacional (UNIPSICO) battery was used to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of different levels of risk and their consequences in police officers (n=103). The influence of psychosocial factors (resource and demands) at work on psychosomatic disorders and job satisfaction was examined using stepwise regression analysis. Results. All considered variables showed moderate levels of psychosocial risk for the whole sample. As for the consequences of psychosocial risks, moderate levels of psychosomatic disorders and job satisfaction were also observed. Perceived stress levels and organizational stressors have a negative effect on health and job satisfaction. Conclusions. To create positive conditions for the health and well-being of police officers, real commitment is required when evaluating psychosocial risks in local police organizations and the establishment of prevention and intervention measures where psychosocial risk factors are detected. (AU)

Construcciones identitarias en gendarmes: un enfoque de género / Identity constructions in gendarmes: a gender perspective / Construções de identidade em gendarmes: uma abordagem de gênero

Objetivo: Se presenta un análisis sobre la identidad organizacional y el rol ocupacional de los y las gendarmes pertenecientes al Centro de Detención Preventiva Santiago Sur desde el concepto de "trabajo sucio" y una perspectiva de género. Metodología: Se realizaron diez entrevistas semiestructuradas a gendarmes ­cinco gendarmes hombres y cinco gendarmes mujeres­ en cuanto a su rol e identidad organizacional, ocupacional, profesional y personal. Resultados: Se verificaron diferencias de género en cuanto a la configuración de sus identidades personales y ocupacionales, situación que no es replicada en el plano de sus identidades organizacionales y profesionales, que tienden a compartir. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias significativas en la forma en la que los y las gendarmes desarrollan su identidad personal, y que radican principalmente en la relevancia que atribuyen a los roles e identidades asociadas con la vida familiar. En cuanto a las restantes dimensiones identitarias, se identificaron importantes similitudes en cuanto a valores y creencias que los sujetos expresan y vivencian; estas parecen vincularse a prácticas y a una cultura tradicional y conservadora institucional en materia de género. Alcance: La investigación es de carácter exploratorio y busca aportar antecedentes empíricos sobre los cuales basar futuras investigaciones en este campo.

Objective: An analysis is presented on the organisational identity and occupational role of the gendarmes belonging to the Santiago Sur Preventive Detention Centre from the concept of "dirty work" and a gender perspective. Methodology: Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with gendarmes -five male gendarmes and five female gendarmes- regarding their organisational, occupational, professional and personal roles and identities. Results: Gender differences were found in the configuration of their personal and occupational identities, a situation that is not replicated in their organisational and professional identities, which tend to be shared by both gendarmes and gendarmes. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the way in which gendarmes develop their personal identities, which lie mainly in the relevance they attribute to the roles and identities associated with family life. As for the remaining identity dimensions, important similarities were identified in terms of the values and beliefs that the subjects express and experience; these seem to be linked to traditional and conservative institutional gender practices and culture. Scope: The research is exploratory in nature and seeks to provide empirical background on which to base future research in this field.

Objetivo: Apresenta-se uma análise da identidade organizacional e do papel ocupacional dos gendarmes pertencentes ao Centro de Detenção Preventiva Santiago Sur a partir do conceito de "trabalho sujo" e de uma perspectiva de gênero. Metodologia: Foram realizadas dez entrevistas semiestruturadas com policiais - cinco homens e cinco mulheres - sobre seus papéis e identidades organizacionais, ocupacionais, profissionais e pessoais. Resultados: Foram verificadas diferenças de gênero em termos da configuração de suas identidades pessoais e ocupacionais, uma situação que não se repete no nível de suas identidades organizacionais e profissionais, que elas tendem a compartilhar. Conclusões: Existem diferenças significativas na forma como os gendarmes desenvolvem suas identidades pessoais, que residem principalmente na relevância que atribuem aos papéis e identidades associados à vida familiar. Quanto às demais dimensões da identidade, foram identificadas semelhanças importantes em termos dos valores e crenças que os sujeitos expressam e vivenciam, que parecem estar ligados às práticas e à cultura de gênero institucionais tradicionais e conservadoras. Escopo: A pesquisa é de natureza exploratória e busca fornecer antecedentes empíricos que sirvam de base para futuras pesquisas nesse campo

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with time spent sitting in military police / Factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados al tiempo de permanencia en la policía militar / Fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados ao tempo gasto sentado em policiais militares

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between clinical and sociodemographic factors and time spent sitting in military police. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, with 432 military police officers from Eastern Regional Policing Command units of the Military Police of Bahia de Feira de Santana. Data collection took place from August to December 2022 through Google Forms using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: Men predominated (82.35%), race/color was black (87.04%), the head of the family had completed higher education (47.69%) and police officers with a partner (81.94%). The risk of time spent sitting ≥ 180 minutes per day was lower in males (IRR < 1). Increasing age was associated with a lower risk of time spent sitting ≥ 180 minutes per day (IRR < 1). Conclusion: Male police officers with more years of experience were less exposed to sedentary behavior. Specific interventions and health policies aimed at combating sedentary behavior become relevant, aiming to promote health and prevent diseases.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre factores clínicos y sociodemográficos y el tiempo de permanencia en la policía militar. Método: Estudio transversal, con 432 policías militares de unidades del Comando de Policía Regional Este de la Policía Militar de Bahía de Feira de Santana. La recolección de datos se realizó de agosto a diciembre de 2022 a través de Google Forms utilizando el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres (82,35%), la raza/color fue negra (87,04%), el jefe de familia tenía estudios superiores (47,69%) y los policías con pareja (81,94%). El riesgo de pasar tiempo sentado ≥ 180 minutos por día fue menor en los hombres (IRR < 1). El aumento de la edad se asoció con un menor riesgo de pasar tiempo sentado ≥ 180 minutos por día (IRR < 1). Conclusión: Los policías varones con más años de experiencia estuvieron menos expuestos al comportamiento sedentario. Cobran relevancia intervenciones y políticas de salud específicas dirigidas a combatir el sedentarismo, con el objetivo de promover la salud y prevenir enfermedades.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos e o tempo gasto sentado em policiais militares. Método: Estudo transversal, com 432 policiais militares das unidades do Comando de Policiamento Regional Leste da Polícia Militar da Bahia de Feira de Santana. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a dezembro de 2022 através do Google Forms constando o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física. Resultados: Predominaram homens (82,35%), raça/cor negra (87,04%), nível de escolaridade do chefe da família superior completo (47,69%) e policiais com companheiro(a) (81,94%). O risco do tempo gasto sentado ≥ 180 minutos por dia foi menor no sexo masculino (IRR < 1). O aumento da idade foi associado a menor risco de tempo gasto sentado ≥ 180 minutos por dia (IRR < 1). Conclusão: Policiais do sexo masculino e com mais anos de vida estavam menos expostos ao comportamento sedentário. Intervenções específicas e políticas de saúde voltadas ao combate do comportamento sedentário se tornam relevantes, visando à promoção da saúde e prevenção de agravos.

¿Son fiables las ruedas de reconocimiento como prueba de identificación del autor de un delito? Una revisión de meta-análisis y estudios experimentales / Are police line-ups reliable as evidence of perpetrator identification? A review of meta-analyses and experimental studies / As rodas de reconhecimento são confiáveis como prova de identificação do autor do crime? Uma revisão de metanálises e estudos experimentais

La rueda de reconocimiento es una diligencia de investigación policial orientada a identificar al autor de un crimen. Se trata de una práctica relativamente frecuente que puede tener como resultado consolidar sospechas o también descartar líneas de investigación. La rueda de reconocimiento suele estar precedida de la exposición de un álbum de fotos y también es frecuente solicitar al mismo testigo que haga una descripción o un retrato robot del atacante. Existen fundadas sospechas de que la concatenación de estas diligencias policiales de identificación desvirtúa la eficacia de la declaración del testigo presencial para elegir al verdadero culpable, en caso de que esté presente en la rueda. También existen algunas controversias con respecto a la fiabilidad de la rueda de reconocimiento en función de la edad del testigo, del número de personas que la conforman, del procedimiento para llevarla a cabo, entre otras. Con el objetivo de acotar la evidencia empírica en torno a estas cuestiones, se presenta una revisión de estudios meta-analíticos y diversos estudios experimentales, desde los cuales se han podido identificar los procedimientos más adecuados para optimizar la eficacia en la precisión de la declaración de los testigos presenciales de un delito en el contexto de una rueda de reconocimiento.

The line-up is a police investigative procedure aimed at identifying the perpetrator of a crime. It is a relatively common practice that can result in consolidating suspicions or ruling out lines of investigation. The identification parade is usually preceded by the exhibition of a photo album and it is also common to ask the same witness to make a description or sketch of the perpetrator. There are strong suspicions that the concatenation of these police identification steps undermines the effectiveness of the eyewitness statement in identifying the real culprit, if present at the line-up. There is also some controversy regarding the reliability of the identification parade, depending on the age of the witness, the number of people involved, the procedure for carrying it out, among others. In order to narrow down the empirical evidence on these issues, a review of meta-analytical studies and various experimental studies is presented, based on which it has been possible to identify the most appropriate procedures to optimise the effectiveness in the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in the context of a line-up.

A roda de reconhecimento é um procedimento de investigação policial que visa identificar o autor de um crime. É uma prática relativamente comum que pode resultar na consolidação de suspeitas ou na exclusão de linhas de investigação. A roda de identificação é geralmente precedida pela exibição de um álbum de fotos e é comum pedir à mesma testemunha que faça uma descrição ou um esboço do autor do crime. Há fortes suspeitas de que a concatenação dessas etapas de identificação policial prejudica a eficácia do depoimento da testemunha ocular na identificação do verdadeiro culpado, se presente nessa fase. Há também alguma controvérsia quanto à confiabilidade da roda de reconhecimento, dependendo da idade da testemunha, do número de pessoas envolvidas, do procedimento para realizá-la, entre outros. A fim de restringir as evidências empíricas sobre essas questões, é apresentada uma revisão de estudos metanalíticos e experimentais, a partir dos quais foi possível identificar os procedimentos mais adequados para otimizar a eficácia na precisão do depoimento de testemunhas oculares no contexto de uma roda de reconhecimento.

Efectos de las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness sobre el estrés laboral en agentes de policía: revisión sistemática / Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on occupational stress in police officers: a systematic review

Objetivo: Describir los efectos de las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness sobre el estrés laboral en agentes de policía. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática basada en la literatura publicada desde el 2014 hasta diciembre de 2021. Se evaluó la calidad mediante el cuestionario CONSORT y TREND y el nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación mediante la herramienta SIGN. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 80 referencias que al aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión dieron como resultado 10 estudios. 7 estudios encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de estrés tras las intervenciones del mindfulness. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran la eficacia de las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness sobre la disminución del estrés laboral en agentes de policía. Estas intervenciones confieren además beneficios como la mejoría de la calidad de sueño y la disminución del consumo de alcohol (AU)

Objective: To describe the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on occupational stress in police officers. Material and Methods: A systematic review was carried out based on the literature published from 2014 to december 2021. Quality was assessed using the CONSORT and TREND questionnaires and the level of evidence and degree of recommendation using the SIGN tool. Results: 80 references were identified and 10 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 7 studies reported statistically significant differences in stress levels after the mindfulness intervention. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review demonstrate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing occupational stress in police officers. These interventions also confer protective benefits such as improved sleep quality and decreased alcohol consumption (AU)

Risk and protective factors for the development of stress in the Federal Highway Police / Fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento do estresse na Polícia Rodoviária Federal

Objective The present study aimed to identify the risk and protective factors for the development of stress in a random and stratified sample of Brazilian federal highway police officers in the state of São Paulo (N = 202). Method The instruments used were a General Questionnaire (sociodemographic and occupational variables) and Lipp's Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults. The prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association and the independent variables were organized into 8 models and inserted into a logistic regression model. Results A stress prevalence of 43.1% (95% CI = 36.2-50.0) was found, with most of the sample in the resistance phase (82.7%). The factors related to stress were leisure, educational level, degree of job satisfaction, low remuneration, suicidal ideations, insomnia, lack of training, and work-family conflict. Conclusion The results can influence actions aimed at controlling stress.

Objetivo: O presente estudo objetivou identificar os fatores de risco e proteção para o desenvolvimento de estresse numa amostra aleatória e estratificada de policiais rodoviários federais do estado de São Paulo (N = 202). Método: Utilizou-se os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário Geral (variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais) e Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos de Lipp (ISSL). A razão de prevalência foi utilizada como medida de associação, e as variáveis independentes foram organizadas em 8 modelos e inseridas em um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Foi encontrada a prevalência de estresse de 43,1% (95% IC = 36,2-50,0), com a maioria da amostra na fase de resistência (82,7%). Os fatores relacionados ao estresse foram lazer, formação acadêmica, grau de satisfação com o trabalho, remuneração incompatível, ideação suicida, insônia, falta de treinamento e conflito trabalho-família. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os resultados podem influenciar em ações que visem controlar o estresse.