COVID- 19 and human right to food: lived experiences of the urban poor in Kenya with the impacts of government's response measures, a participatory qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, governments put in place measures to curb the spread of COVID-19. Information on the effects of these measures on the urban poor is limited. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of the urban poor in Kenya in the context of government's COVID-19 response measures and its impact on the human right to food. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted in two informal settlements in Nairobi between January and March 2021. Analysis draws on eight focus group discussions, eight in-depth interviews, 12 key informant interviews, two photovoice sessions and three digital storytelling sessions. Phenomenology was applied to understand an individual's lived experiences with the human right to food during COVID - 19. Thematic analysis was performed using NVIVO software. RESULTS: The human right to food was affected in various ways. Many people lost their livelihoods, affecting affordability of food, due to response measures such as social distancing, curfew, and lockdown. The food supply chain was disrupted causing limited availability and access to affordable, safe, adequate, and nutritious food. Consequently, hunger and an increased consumption of low-quality food was reported. Social protection measures were instituted. However, these were inadequate and marred by irregularities. Some households resorted to scavenging food from dumpsites, skipping meals, sex-work, urban-rural migration and depending on food donations to survive. On the positive side, some households resorted to progressive measures such as urban farming and food sharing in the community. Generally, the response measures could have been more sensitive to the human rights of the urban poor. CONCLUSIONS: The government's COVID-19 restrictive measures exacerbated the already existing vulnerability of the urban poor to food insecurity and violated their human right to food. Future response measures should be executed in ways that respect the human right to food and protect marginalized people from resultant vulnerabilities.

Human rights and nutritional care in nurse education: lessons learned.

Background: Food is an important part of nursing care and recognized as a basic need and a human right. Nutritional care for older adults in institutions represents a particularly important area to address in nursing education and practice, as the right to food can be at risk and health personnel experience ethical challenges related to food and nutrition. Objective: The present study investigates the development of coursework on nutritional care with a human rights perspective in a nursing programme for first-year nursing students and draws upon reflections and lessons learned. Research design: The study utilized educational design research. The coursework, developed through two rounds, combined on-campus learning and clinical placement in nursing homes. Nursing students' perspectives and experiences gathered through focus groups and a written assignment informed the development and evaluation of the coursework. Participants and research context: In the first round, multistage focus group interviews were conducted with 18 nursing students before, during and after placement. In the second round, four focus group interviews with 26 nursing students were conducted shortly after placement. Ethical consideration: The study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data. Findings: Three main 'lessons learned' emerged regarding introducing a human rights perspective in nursing education: 1) the contribution of the human rights perspective in changing the narrative of 'vulnerable and malnourished patients', 2) the importance of relationships and experiences for learning about human rights and 3) the benefit of combining development of ethical competence with a human rights perspective. Conclusion: A human rights perspective enabled the students to give meaning to nutritional care beyond understanding of food as a basic physical need. Incorporating human rights in nursing education can support nursing students and nurses in recognizing and addressing ethical and structural challenges and being able to fulfil the right to food for patients.

FOOD SECURITY AS A GUARANTEE OF THE REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO HUMAN HEALTH.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To investigate the theoretical and legal framework governing the relevant areas of food security, ensuring healthy, adequate and safe nutrition. To consider human rights to food security as a basis for health care, a basis for the realization of the right to health and life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study analyzes and uses the normative legal acts of national legislation, international acts, data from international organizations and the results of scientific work of scientists. With the help of scientific methods, medical and legal point of view, the problems of ensuring food security are identified as a guarantee of the realization of the right to human health. CONCLUSION: Сonclusions: Food security and nutrition are central to the individual and fundamental factor to the whole of society in respect of human right to health. An adequate level of food security must be ensured by individual governments and the international community through the development, approval or implementation of an appropriate regulatory framework, as well as through the establishment of a political and institutional framework.

Student nurses' views of right to food of older adults in care homes.

BACKGROUND: Human rights are an important part of nursing practice. Although there is increasing recognition regarding the importance of including human rights education in nursing education, few studies have focused on nursing students' perspectives and experiences in relation to human rights in nursing, especially regarding older nursing home residents' right to food. OBJECTIVE: To explore nursing students' perspectives and experiences in relation to the right to food. RESEARCH DESIGN: The study followed a qualitative interpretative research design. Data were collected from multistage focus groups before, during and after clinical placement in a nursing home and analysed through thematic analysis. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Participants were 18 first-year nursing students; the study was conducted in 2017. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study was approved by the Norwegian Centre for Research Data. FINDINGS: Students' understanding of older nursing home residents' right to food was a dynamic process. Their perceptions evolved from a polarized perspective to a reality orientation and finally to retrospective reflection. DISCUSSION: The article discusses how nursing students learn about and understand human rights within and throughout their placements. CONCLUSION: The study bridges human rights theory and practice. Findings suggest that the human right to food must be enacted in daily practice for students to learn in context. Human rights education, specifically pertaining to nutritional care, thus benefits from a practice-oriented approach preparing students to face 'real life' challenges and ethical dilemmas. Findings will help nurse educators tailor education in this field.

The potential of a human rights approach for accelerating the implementation of comprehensive restrictions on the marketing of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children.

Overweight and obesity in children is rising at the global level, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Among the causes for this increase is the marketing of unhealthy food and beverage products, which affects children's food preferences, purchasing requests and consumption patterns. The need to address harmful marketing to children has been recognized at the World Health Organization, with Member States having agreed in 2010 to implement a set of recommendations to restrict such practices. Concurrently, there is an increasing understanding of unhealthy food and malnutrition as human rights concerns. This paper explores the potential of existing legally and non-legally binding human rights instruments for accelerating the implementation of comprehensive restrictions to reduce harmful marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages to children. Four relevant themes were identified in existing human rights instruments: (i) the best interest of the child should be considered above all other interests; (ii) the rights to health and adequate food cannot be realized without supportive healthy environments; (iii) children should be protected from economic exploitation; and (iv) the persuasive marketing of unhealthy food and beverage products is explicitly recognized as a threat to the rights to food and health. In conclusion, existing human rights instruments could be harnessed to advance public health measures to restrict the marketing of unhealthy food and beverage products to children. Policy-makers and advocates should draw from these instruments and refer to State's obligations within international and domestic human rights law to strengthen their efforts to restrict harmful marketing practices to children.

Human rights dimensions of food, health and care in children's homes in Kampala, Uganda - a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: More than 14 % of Ugandan children are orphaned and many live in children's homes. Ugandan authorities have targeted adolescent girls as a priority group for nutrition interventions as safeguarding nutritional health before pregnancy can reduce the chance of passing on malnutrition to the offspring and thus future generations. Ugandan authorities have obligations under international human rights law to progressively realise the rights to adequate food, health and care for all Ugandan children. Two objectives guided this study in children's homes: (a) To examine female adolescent residents' experiences, attitudes and views regarding: (i) eating patterns and food, (ii) health conditions, and (iii) care practices; and (b) to consider if the conditions in the homes comply with human rights standards and principles for the promotion of the rights to adequate food, health and care. METHODS: A human rights-based approach guided the planning and conduct of this study. Five children's homes in Kampala were included where focus group discussions were held with girls aged 12-14 and 15-17 years. These discussions were analysed through a phenomenological approach. The conditions of food, health and care as experienced by the girls, were compared with international standards for the realisation of the human rights to adequate food, health and care. RESULTS: Food, health and care conditions varied greatly across the five homes. In some of these the girls consumed only one meal per day and had no access to clean drinking water, soap, toilet paper and sanitary napkins. The realisation of the right to adequate food for the girls was not met in three homes, the realisation of the right to health was not met in two homes, and the realisation of the right to care was not met in one home. CONCLUSIONS: In three of the selected children's homes human rights standards for food, health or care were not met. Care in the children's homes was an important contributing factor for whether standards for the rights to adequate food and health were met.

Food system policy, public health, and human rights in the United States.

The US food system functions within a complex nexus of social, political, economic, cultural, and ecological factors. Among them are many dynamic pressures such as population growth, urbanization, socioeconomic inequities, climate disruption, and the increasing demand for resource-intensive foods that place immense strains on public health and the environment. This review focuses on the role that policy plays in defining the food system, particularly with regard to agriculture. It further examines the challenges of making the food supply safe, nutritious, and sustainable, while respecting the rights of all people to have access to adequate food and to attain the highest standard of health. We conclude that the present US food system is largely unhealthy, inequitable, environmentally damaging, and insufficiently resilient to endure the impacts of climate change, resource depletion, and population increases, and is therefore unsustainable. Thus, it is imperative that the US embraces policy reforms to transform the food system into one that supports public health and reflects the principles of human rights and agroecology for the benefit of current and future generations.

Street food on the move: a socio-philosophical approach.

In the last decade social and hard scientists have increasingly analysed the issue of street food, which is now become a question of common concern in international public discourse. However, considering present literature and investigations, a socio-philosophical approach to the issue under examination has been until now not properly developed. For this reason, this paper is not aimed at improving an empirical research on street food. Rather, it is interested in developing an innovative methodological approach, which assumes transcultural, intersectional, diachronic and interdisciplinary viewpoints in the analysis of the phenomenon. Taking as a background the very rich theoretical and empirical literature on food (which is difficult to be summarised in a few pages), the paper intends to strengthen a conceptual analysis of street food as a social construction and historical symbol, opening up new theoretical, comparative, sociological and pragmatic perspectives. The normative and critical content of street food refers thus ex negativo to the right to the quality of food and to have a decent and peaceful existence in both post-colonial and post-industrial societies in an interconnected global age.

Containing Hunger, Contesting Injustice? Exploring the Transnational Growth of Foodbanking- and Counter-responses- Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19 caused levels of household food insecurity to spike, but the precarity of so many people in wealthy countries is an outgrowth of decades of eroding public provisions and labour protections that once protected people from hunger, setting the stage for the virus' unevenly-distributed harms. The prominence of corporate-sponsored foodbanking as a containment response to pandemic-aggravated food insecurity follows decades of replacing rights with charity. We review structural drivers of charity's growth to prominence as a hunger solution in North America, and of its spread to countries including the UK. By highlighting pre-pandemic pressures shaping foodbanking, including charities' efforts to retool themselves as health providers, we ask whether anti-hunger efforts during the pandemic serve to contain ongoing socioeconomic crises and the unjust living conditions they cause, or contest them through transformative pathways to a just food system. We suggest that pandemic-driven philanthropic and state funding flows have bolstered foodbanking and the food system logics that support it. By contextualising the complex and variegated politics of foodbanking in broader movements, from community food security to food sovereignty, we reframe simplistic narratives of charity and highlight the need for justice-oriented structural changes in wealth redistribution and food system organisation if we are to prevent the kinds of emergency-within-emergency that we witnessed as COVID-19 revealed the proximity of many to hunger.

["We are made of flour": Food practices and meanings in Villa 21-24, City of Buenos Aires, in the context of COVID-19]. / "Nosotros somos de harina": Prácticas y significados alimentarios en la Villa 21-24 de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, en contextos de COVID-19.

This article analyzes factors affecting food access and consumption on the part of domestic groups during COVID-19 lockdown in Villa 21-24 of the City of Buenos Aires during April and June 2020. In a context marked by high rates of poverty and malnutrition due to excess, it was possible to observe the influence of food environments with abundant ultra-processed and industrialized products, especially flour, through different access channels. The relationship between the role of women and intra-household food management shows that those who bear the burden of hunger are women. Food availability is assured without questioning its quality, but access to food depends on individual management, rendering them invisible as rights-bearing subjects, with a particular impact on children and adolescents.

Se analizan los aspectos que inciden en el acceso y consumo de alimentos, con especial énfasis en aquellos obesogénicos, por parte de grupos domésticos, durante el aislamiento social a causa del COVID-19, en la Villa 21-24 de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, en los meses de abril y junio de 2020. En un contexto atravesado por graves índices de malnutrición por exceso y por pobreza emerge el peso que poseen los entornos en los que abundan los productos industrializados, sobre todo harinas, y ultraprocesados a través de los distintos canales de acceso. La relación entre el rol de la mujer y la gestión alimentaria intrahogar muestra que quien asume la carga del hambre son las mujeres. La disponibilidad alimentaria está asegurada sin cuestionar su calidad, pero el acceso a los alimentos depende de la gestión individual, invisibilizándose como sujetos de derechos, con especial impacto en niñas, niños y adolescentes.

Student nurses' experience of learning about the right to food: Situated professional development within clinical placement.

BACKGROUND: Human rights are an important part of nursing practice. Despite its importance for professional development and practice, few studies have focused on how to include a human rights perspective in nursing education. One area proven to be particularly challenging is the right to food for older people in nursing homes. OBJECTIVE: The study's aim was to explore how nursing students experience learning about the right to food combining on-campus teaching with placement experience. DESIGN: The study had an interpretative qualitative design with a constructivist epistemology. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six first-year nursing students participated in four focus groups shortly after their clinical placement at a nursing home. Twenty-five students provided their written assignment done during their placement to the study. Data collection took place in 2018. METHOD: A design-based research approach was used in the development of the course. A thematic approach was used to analyse these two data sources. RESULTS: Findings regarding students' learning about the right to food centred on four themes: development of language about the right to food; coherence between campus and placement; experiencing situations where rights are at risk; and relations with others. Analyses of the assignments revealed that students seemed to be positioned along a continuum, between "student approach" and "activist approach". CONCLUSION: Learning about food as a human right can promote students' awareness and accountability concerning their nutritional care for the residents. Combining human rights education with other learning theories focusing on practice and social relation can enhance students' professional development and commitment to social justice.

Nutritional Assessment Methodologies: Challenges and Opportunities for the Full Realization of the Right to Food and Nutrition.

The structural isolation of nutrition from the human right to food has resulted in the technicalization and medicalization of the meaning and practice of nutrition, including in the field of nutritional assessments, which has led to the construction of public policies that lack a holistic perspective with a rights-based approach. Two main categories of nutritional assessments have been anthropometric measurements and nutritional profiles evident in the WHO and PAHO proposals related to the nutrition of children. In this paper, we present a critical discussion on the production and uses of both instruments in the evaluation of the growth and development of children and in the generation of global recommendations in public health with the objective of proposing alternatives for the measurement of malnutrition in communities affected by violations of the human right to food and nutrition. Our approach focuses on the construction not only based on the calorie-energy needs of the human body but also on food as a social, cultural and political process. It thus becomes an invitation to rethink nutrition from the notion of right to food to the implementation of research from participatory action.

Assessment of the realisation of the right to adequate food in the Blue Crane Route (Eastern Cape, South Africa)

Objectives: To assess whether the right to adequate food (RtF) is realised by children and primary caregivers and what actions are required to fully realise this right. Design: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken using a mixed-methods approach. Setting and subjects: Rural and urban primary caregivers of children (one to five years old) were recruited if they had resided in the Blue Crane Route (Eastern Cape) for at least six months. Purposefully selected key informants (KIs) involved in nutrition and food security, health or governance participated in in-depth interviews.Outcome measures: Primary caregivers responded to interviewer-administered questionnaires (IAQ) (N = 161), which investigated various indicators supporting the realisation of the RtF. Statistical analysis of quantitative data examined relationships between urban and rural participants. Significance was considered at p < 0.05. In-depth interviews with key informants (KIs) examined the perceptions of 11 prominent community leaders. Qualitative data were coded deductively and common themes identified. Results: Based on the IAQ, half (51%) of the caregivers had experienced risk of, or food insecurity in the past month. Common themes indicative of suboptimal realisation of the RtF included insufficient employment opportunities, inadequate policies and programme implementation, and inadequate agrarian practices, while the child support grant partially supported the realisation of the RtF. Caregivers felt disempowered by a sense of inability to realise the right themselves without government assistance but KIs suggested that caregivers needed to take responsibility. Conclusion: The RtF of children and their caregivers is not fully realised in the Blue Crane Route. Concerted, multidisciplinary approaches using a rights-based approach to implement policies and programmes are needed, together with the empowerment of the community with necessary skills and resources to further the realisation of the RtF.

A human rights approach to the health implications of food and nutrition insecurity.

Food and nutrition insecurity continues to pose a serious global challenge, reflecting government shortcomings in meeting international obligations to ensure the availability, accessibility, and quality of food and to ensure the highest attainable standard of health of their peoples. With global drivers like climate change, urbanization, greater armed conflict, and the globalization of unhealthy diet, particularly in under-resourced countries, food insecurity is rapidly becoming an even greater challenge for those living in poverty. International human rights law can serve a critical role in guiding governments that are struggling to protect the health of their populations, particularly among the most susceptible groups, in responding to food and nutrition insecurity. This article explores and advocates for a human rights approach to food and nutrition security, specifically identifying legal mechanisms to "domesticate" relevant international human rights standards through national policy. Recognizing nutrition security as a determinant of public health, this article recognizes the important links between the four main elements of food security (i.e., availability, stability, utilization, and access) and the normative attributes of the right to health and the right to food (i.e., availability, accessibility, affordability, and quality). In drawing from the evolution of international human rights instruments, official documents issued by international human rights treaty bodies, as well as past scholarship at the intersection of the right to health and right to food, this article interprets and articulates the intersectional rights-based obligations of national governments in the face of food and nutrition insecurity.

Surveys of food deserts and adherence to a Mediterranean dietamong university students / Encuestas de Desiertos Alimentarios y Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea en estudiantes eniversitarios

Objective: The objective of this study was to determineand describe the presence of institutional food deserts basedon access to healthy food via a level of adherence to aMediterranean diet in higher education Metropolitan Area institutions in Valle de Aburrá, Colombia.Materials and methods: The Food Deserts Survey -EDA and the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Test -KIDMED was administered to 419 university students.Results and Discussion: Results evidenced that participants had an average adherence (58.5%) to a Mediterranean diet, indicating that university students need to improve theirdietary pattern to adapt it to a Mediterranean model.Regarding the EDA, most reported that the food they consumed was nutritious (69.0%), fresh (77.3%) and healthy(61.3%). They stated they usually ate breakfast (74.7%),lunch (44.2%) and dinner (85.0%) at home during the week,and usually bought and consumed food in supermarkets andtraditional stores (73.3%).Conclusion: The study concluded that regardless of gender, participants need to improve their dietary pattern to adapt it to a Mediterranean model, which could indicate a hidden presence of food deserts.(AU)

O uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos na agricultura, seus impactos na saúde do trabalhador rural e a consequente responsabilidade civil no Brasil / The indiscriminate use of pesticides in agriculture, its impacts on rural worker's health and the consequent

Esta pesquisa buscou compreender os impactos gerados na saúde do trabalhador rural pelo uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos e os desafios para a responsabilização no Brasil. Contrapôs-se o discurso produtivista, utilizado para ampliar cada vez mais a quantidade e variedade de agrotóxicos utilizados, e o discurso em torno da segurança e soberania alimentar e nutricional, que busca alternativas ao modelo produtivo hegemônico. Para tanto, com uma abordagem qualitativa guiada pela dialética, utilizaram-se pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, além de análises indiretas de dados acerca do uso e da contaminação por agrotóxicos e análises jurisprudenciais acerca da responsabilidade civil decorrente de sua má utilização. Inferiu-se que há casos de responsabilização na jurisprudência brasileira, mas que, pela natureza do dano e pela dificuldade de estabelecer o nexo causal, ela ocorre em caráter excepcional. Como consequência, revelou-se a necessidade de avançar no estudo da responsabilidade e do risco da atividade, de maneira a proteger a saúde humana, em especial a do trabalhador rural, afetado diariamente pelos impactos dos insumos químicos que é obrigado ou, no mínimo, instado a manipular.

This research sought to understand the impacts generated in the health of rural workers due to the indiscriminate use of pesticides and the challenges related to accountability in Brazil. The discourse of productivism, used to progressively increase the amount and the varieties of approved pesticides, is opposed to the discourse on food and nutritional security and sovereignty, which seeks alternatives to the hegemonic productive model. To this end, with a qualitative approach oriented by dialectics, a bibliographic and documentary research were used, as well as indirect analysis of data on the use and contamination by pesticides and jurisprudential analysis of civil liability arising from their misuse. It was inferred that there are cases of liability in Brazilian jurisprudence, but that, due to the nature of the damage and the difficulty of establishing the causal link, it occurs on an exceptional basis. As a consequence, the need to advance in the study of liability and activity risk was revealed, in order to protect human health, especially that of the rural worker, affected daily by the impacts of the chemical inputs that he is forced or, at least, urged to handle.

Inter-relação entre direito e alimentação: percepções de consumidores sobre seus direitos / Interrelations between law and food: consumer perceptions of their rights

A concretização do direito à alimentação saudável implica a necessidade de pesquisas acerca de mecanismos que favoreçam a construção de uma cultura apta a reforçar a adoção de atitudes positivas em prol dessa conquista. A presente pesquisa analisou o conhecimento acerca de direitos fundamentais/consumeristas, identificando aspectos relacionados às práticas alimentares cotidianas do consumidor de alimentos em restaurantes de um mercado público. Tratou-se de pesquisa qualitativa, com notas de observação em diário de campo e roteiro de entrevista. Na análise das narrativas, foi produzido o mapa analítico que entrelaçou as falas dos participantes com as categorias mais relevantes: direitos e alimentação; disponibilidade de informações; exigência de informações pelo consumidor; desistência do consumo devido às condições do local. Observou-se que os entrevistados apresentaram desconhecimento sobre os direitos relacionados à alimentação. Tempo, preço, sabor, praticidade e higiene foram valores destacados nas narrativas, porém, não se mostrou compromisso em publicizar dados importantes sobre produtos e serviços oferecidos nos restaurantes. A compreensão dos resultados aponta a necessidade de uma educação em direito à segurança alimentar e nutricional na cadeia de produção e comercialização de alimentos, uma vez que a alimentação precisa ser pensada de modo multidimensional.

The realization of the right to healthy eating implies the need for research on mechanisms that favor the construction of a culture capable of reinforcing the adoption of positive attitudes in favor of this achievement. This research analyzed the knowledge about fundamental rights/consumers, identifying aspects related to the daily eating practices of the food consumer in restaurants in a public market. It is a qualitative research, with observation notes in a field diary and an interview script. In the analysis of the narratives, an analytical map was produced that intertwined the speeches of the participants (3 men and 2 women) with the most relevant categories: rights and food; availability of information; consumer demand for information; consumer demand for information; withdrawal from consumption due to local conditions. It was observed that with regard to knowledge of law related to food, the interviewees showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the narratives, but there is no commitment to publicize important data about products and showed ignorance. Time, price, flavor, practicality and hygiene were values highlighted in the narratives, but there is no commitment to publicize important data about products and services offered in restaurants. Understanding the results shows the need for education in the right to food and nutrition security in the food production and marketing chain, since food needs to be thought of in a multidimensional way.

Derecho a la alimentación: ¿Qué dicen las constituciones de América y el Caribe?

RESUMEN Introducción: Numerosos países de América y el Caribe cuentan con el derecho constitucional a la Alimentación. Chile no cuenta con este derecho constitucionalizado. Objetivo: Describir comparativamente cómo se encuentra explícito el derecho a la alimentación (DA) en la Constitución de los países de América y el Caribe, generando insumos para aquellos países que no cuentan con este derecho explícito, como en Chile. Fuentes de datos: Esta búsqueda se realizó en las plataformas: Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SAN-CELAC), Derecho a la Alimentación en el Mundo (FAO) y Constitute Project que presenta las constituciones del mundo. Método de revisión: Se realizó una revisión todas las constituciones disponibles de los países independientes de América y el Caribe y de países con territorios dependientes y departamentos de ultramar en la Región. Posteriormente, en aquellos países que presentan el DA de forma explícita en su texto constitucional, se realizó una revisión sobre las características generales del texto constitucional y de los conceptos asociados a la definición del DA, sugeridos por la FAO. La revisión se llevó a cabo entre los meses de junio y septiembre de 2020. Resultados: Del total de los países revisados (n= 42), solo el 40,5% presentó el DA explícito en su texto constitucional. La seguridad alimentaria es el concepto que aparece con mayor frecuencia. Conclusión: La mayor parte de las constituciones acompañan el DA con características de seguridad alimentaria, disponibilidad y accesibilidad, e incluyen alguna forma de judicialización, conceptos que deberían ser incorporadas la nueva Carta Magna de Chile.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Many American and Caribbean countries consider the right to food as constitutional right. Chile does not have this explicit right in the Constitution. Objective: To describe comparatively how the right to food is explicit in the constitutions of American and Caribbean countries, generating inputs for those countries that do not have this constitutional right, such as the case of Chile. Data sources: This research was carried out on platforms: Food and Nutritional Security (SAN-CELAC), Right to Food in the World (FAO) and Constitute Project which presents constitutions of the world. Revision method: A revision was made of all available constitutions of American and independent Caribbean countries, dependent territories and overseas departments in the Region. Subsequently, in those countries which explicitly consider the right to food in constitutional texts, a review of general characteristics and right to food-associated concepts, suggested by FAO, was carried out. The review was carried out between June and September 2020. Results: Of the total of countries reviewed (n= 42), 40.5% presented the right to food in constitutional text. The most frequently associated concept was food security. Conclusion: Most of the revised constitutions accompany the right to food with food safety, availability and accessibility characteristics, and include kinds of judicialization, concepts that should be incorporated into the new Magna Carta of Chile.

Medición de la seguridad alimentaria en estudiantes de la licenciatura en nutrición de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza en el año 2018 / Measurement of food security in nutrition students of the National University of La Matanza in 2018

RESUMEN Introducción: la seguridad alimentaria existe cuando todas las personas tienen en todo momento acceso físico y económico a suficientes alimentos inocuos y nutritivos para satisfacer sus necesidades alimenticias y sus preferencias en cuanto a los alimentos para llevar una vida activa y sana. Garantizar la seguridad alimentaria hace referencia específicamente a satisfacer un derecho básico: el derecho humano a la alimentación. Objetivo: correlacionar el grado de seguridad alimentaria con la capacidad económica de los hogares de los alumnos de la carrera de nutrición de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (UNLAM), La Matanza 2018 Materiales y método: diseño descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta que incluyó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de la Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA) propuesta por FAO. También se midió la capacidad económica de los hogares de los estudiantes con el índice CAPECO utilizado por el INDEC. Resultados: solo el 36% de los hogares de la muestra presenta seguridad alimentaria. El 63,7% de los estudiantes evaluados (n=369) padece alguna situación de inseguridad alimentaria en su hogar. Se observa relación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y la capacidad económica en los hogares (p=0.0013). El lugar de residencia se relaciona con la seguridad alimentaria (p=0.04). Los estudiantes que viven en La Matanza presentan los mayores porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (67,7%) seguido de quienes viven en otras zonas del Gran Buenos Aires (62,2%). Entre quienes viven en CABA no hay hogares con capacidad económica baja ni muy baja y la inseguridad alimentaria tiende a ser más leve además de inferior (45,5%). Conclusiones: Resulta alarmante el elevado porcentaje de estudiantes de Nutrición que presentan dificultades en sus hogares para asegurar una alimentación adecuada a través de esta medición. Se debería monitorear en el tiempo este indicador dentro de la carrera comparar también con otras carreras de la Universidad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: food security exists when all people have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food at all times to meet their nutritional needs and food preferences in order to lead an active and healthy life. Ensuring food security refers specifically to satisfying a basic right: the human right to food. Objective: to relate the degree of food safety with the economic capacity among students attending the nutrition career at National University of La Matanza, (UNLaM), La Matanza, 2018. Materials and Method: transversal descriptive design. A survey was applied that included the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) proposed by FAO. The economic capacity of the students' homes was also measured with the CAPECO index used by INDEC. Results: only 36% of households in the sample have food security. 63.7% of the students evaluated (n = 369) suffer from food insecurity in their homes. There is a relationship between food insecurity and economic capacity in households (p=0.0013). The place of residence is related to food security (p=0.04). Students living in La Matanza have the highest percentages of food insecurity (67.7%) followed by those living in other areas of Greater Buenos Aires (62.2%). Among those living in CABA there are no households with low or very low economic capacity and food insecurity tends to be milder as well as lower (45.5%). Conclusions: the high percentage of Nutrition students who have difficulties in their homes to ensure adequate food through this measurement is alarming. This indicator should be monitored over time within the career and it should also be compared with other careers of the University.

Efetividade do direito à alimentação: o que a produção científica nas áreas do direito e da saúde coletiva possibilitam compreender? / Effectiveness of the right to food: what does scientific production in the areas of law and public health make it possible to understand?

A alimentação é um direito humano fundamental, de cunho social e político, cabendo ao Estado garantir sua efetividade e executar medidas de combate à omissão a quaisquer violações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender como a efetividade do direito à alimentação é abordada pela literatura científica, tanto na área do direito quanto na da saúde coletiva. Tratou-se de um estudo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado por meio de análise de conteúdo lexical da produção científica nas áreas escolhidas, utilizando-se o software Iramuteq. Concluiu-se que existe uma diferença significativa na abordagem da efetividade do direito à alimentação por pesquisadores do direito e da saúde coletiva. Ainda há muito a se avançar na pesquisa e análise sobre a efetividade desse direito em termos concretos e no alcançar na vida de todos os brasileiros.

The right to food is a fundamental human right, of a social and political nature, and it is up to the State to guarantee its effectiveness and implement measures to combat the omission of any violations. The objective of the present study was to understand how the effectiveness of the right to food is addressed in the scientific literature both in the area of law and of public health. This was a study with qualitative approach conducted through a lexical content analysis of scientific production in the chosen areas, using the Iramuteq software. It was concluded that there is a significant difference in the approach regarding the effectiveness of the right to food by researchers of both areas. There is still much to advance in the research and analysis on the effectiveness of this right in concrete terms and in reaching the life of all Brazilians.