Strategies for describing myxozoan pathogens, dreadful fish diseases in aquaculture.

Myxozoans are obligate endoparasites, cosmopolitan in distribution with both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Their myxospores consist of shell valves, polar capsules with coiled polar tubules that are extrudible, and infective amoeboid germs. Myxozoan parasites are most abundant, and due to their increasing number in recent years, they can pose an emerging threat to the fish industry worldwide. Hence, the immediate need is to devise a strategy to understand and detect parasites and parasitism. They may proliferate to different organs with the advancement of infection. This all warrants the development/devising of strategies and results of integrative studies in order to identify these dreadful parasites and resolve taxonomic issues. Different methods whether classical methods including gross morphology or advanced methods such as electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, STEM), Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), histopathological studies, site preference, host and tissue specificity, a molecular approach using new markers can be clubbed for identification because these parasites are hidden and are difficult to recognize. This group was earlier classified only on the basis of myxospores morphology, but due to the high structural variability of this group advanced methods and approaches have to be implied which can minimize the problems in assigning new species.

Digital pathology for reporting histopathology samples, including cancer screening samples - definitive evidence from a multisite study.

AIMS: To conduct a definitive multicentre comparison of digital pathology (DP) with light microscopy (LM) for reporting histopathology slides including breast and bowel cancer screening samples. METHODS: A total of 2024 cases (608 breast, 607 GI, 609 skin, 200 renal) were studied, including 207 breast and 250 bowel cancer screening samples. Cases were examined by four pathologists (16 study pathologists across the four speciality groups), using both LM and DP, with the order randomly assigned and 6 weeks between viewings. Reports were compared for clinical management concordance (CMC), meaning identical diagnoses plus differences which do not affect patient management. Percentage CMCs were computed using logistic regression models with crossed random-effects terms for case and pathologist. The obtained percentage CMCs were referenced to 98.3% calculated from previous studies. RESULTS: For all cases LM versus DP comparisons showed the CMC rates were 99.95% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 99.90-99.97] and 98.96 (95% CI = 98.42-99.32) for cancer screening samples. In speciality groups CMC for LM versus DP showed: breast 99.40% (99.06-99.62) overall and 96.27% (94.63-97.43) for cancer screening samples; [gastrointestinal (GI) = 99.96% (99.89-99.99)] overall and 99.93% (99.68-99.98) for bowel cancer screening samples; skin 99.99% (99.92-100.0); renal 99.99% (99.57-100.0). Analysis of clinically significant differences revealed discrepancies in areas where interobserver variability is known to be high, in reads performed with both modalities and without apparent trends to either. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing LM and DP CMC, overall rates exceed the reference 98.3%, providing compelling evidence that pathologists provide equivalent results for both routine and cancer screening samples irrespective of the modality used.

Cu-Metal Organic Framework Derived Multilevel Hierarchy (Cu/CuxO@NC) as a Bifunctional Electrode for High-Performance Supercapacitors and Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

The development of a MOFs-derived multilevel hierarchy in a single step still remains a challenging task. Herein, we have synthesized novel Cu-MOF via a slow diffusion method at ambient temperature and further utilized it as a precursor source for MOF-derived multilevel hierarchy (Cu/CuxO@NC, x = 1 and 2). This studies suggest that the organic ligands served as a source of an N-doped carbon matrix encapsulated with metal oxide nanoparticles which were confirmed by various characterization techniques; further BET analysis reveals a surface area of 178.46 m2/g. The synthesized multilevel hierarchy was utilized as an electro-active material in a supercapacitor that achieved a specific capacitance of 546.6 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1 with a higher cyclic retention of 91.81% after 10 000 GCD cycles. Furthermore, the ASC device was fabricated using Cu/CuxO@NC as the positive electrode and carbon black as the negative electrode and utilized to enlighten the commercially available LED bulb. The fabricated ASC device was further employed for a two-electrode study which achieved a specific capacitance of 68 F g-1 along with a comparable energy density of 13.6 Wh kg-1. Furthermore, the electrode material was also explored for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium with a low overpotential of 170 mV along with a Tafel slope of 95 mV dec-1 having long-term stability. The MOF-derived material has high durability, chemical stability, and efficient electrochemical performance. This work provides some new thoughts for the design and preparation of a multilevel hierarchy (Cu/CuxO@NC) via a single precursor source in a single step and explored multifunctional applications in energy storage and an energy conversion system.

Sensitive response mechanism of ARGs and MGEs to initial designed temperature during swine manure and food waste co-composting.

The rapid aerobic composting process has been used to reduce organic wastes, but the associated risks of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) need to evaluate in an efficient way. The primary objective of this work was to explore the underlying mechanism of initial adjustment in composting temperature on the variation of ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and microbial composition during co-composting. The co-composting was initially externally heated (T2) for 5 days. The results showed that ARGs abundance in conventional composting (T1) was reduced by 49.36%, while multidrug was enriched by 86.16% after a period of 30 days. While in T2 ARGs were removed by 79.46% particularly the fraction of sulfonamide, multidrug, and vancomycin resistance genes were >90% without rebounding of any ARGs. Whereas, MGEs were reduced by 68.12% and 93.62% in T1 and T2, while the half-lives of ARGs and MGEs were lower in T2 compared to T1 (86.3%,86.7%). T2 also affected the metabolism function by regulating carbohydrate metabolism (9.62-10.39%) and amino acid metabolism (9.92-10.93%). Apart from this, the potential human pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas was reduced by 90.6% in T2 and only 32.9% in T1 respectively. Network analysis showed that Ureibacillus, Weissella, Corynebacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, Acinetobacter were the main host of multiple genes. Structural equation models exhibited that bacterial communities were mainly responsible for the enrichment of ARGs in T1, whereas, it was directly affected by MGEs in T2. Similarly, ARGs variation was directly related to composting temperature. With this simple strategy, ARGs associated risk can be significantly reduced in composting.

A CNN-LSTM Architecture for Marine Vessel Track Association Using Automatic Identification System (AIS) Data.

In marine surveillance, distinguishing between normal and anomalous vessel movement patterns is critical for identifying potential threats in a timely manner. Once detected, it is important to monitor and track these vessels until a necessary intervention occurs. To achieve this, track association algorithms are used, which take sequential observations comprising the geological and motion parameters of the vessels and associate them with respective vessels. The spatial and temporal variations inherent in these sequential observations make the association task challenging for traditional multi-object tracking algorithms. Additionally, the presence of overlapping tracks and missing data can further complicate the trajectory tracking process. To address these challenges, in this study, we approach this tracking task as a multivariate time series problem and introduce a 1D CNN-LSTM architecture-based framework for track association. This special neural network architecture can capture the spatial patterns as well as the long-term temporal relations that exist among the sequential observations. During the training process, it learns and builds the trajectory for each of these underlying vessels. Once trained, the proposed framework takes the marine vessel's location and motion data collected through the automatic identification system (AIS) as input and returns the most likely vessel track as output in real-time. To evaluate the performance of our approach, we utilize an AIS dataset containing observations from 327 vessels traveling in a specific geographic region. We measure the performance of our proposed framework using standard performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. When compared with other competitive neural network architectures, our approach demonstrates a superior tracking performance.

Co-occurrence pattern of ARGs and N-functional genes in the aerobic composting system with initial elevated temperature.

Animal manure is known to harbor antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Aerobic composting is a prevalent cost-effective and sustainable method to treat animal waste. However, the effect of initially elevated temperature on antibiotic resistome during the composting process is unclear. In this study composting was subjected to initial external heating (EHC) for a period of 5 days compared to conventional composting (CC). After composting ARGs abundance was significantly reduced by 2.43 log in EHC and 1.95 log in CC. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) also exhibited a reduction of 1.95 log in EHC and 1.49 log in CC. However, during the cooling phase, the genes resisting macrolide lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) rebounded by 0.04 log in CC. The potential human pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas (41.5-61.5%) and Actinobacteria (98.4-98.8%) were significantly reduced in both treatments and the bulk of targeted antibiotics were eliminated by 80.74% in EHC and 68.98% in CC. ARGs and N-functional genes (NFGs), mainly denitrification genes, were carried by the same microbial species, such as Corynebacterium sp. and Bacillus sp., of the dominant phylum. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that CC microbial communities played a key role in the enrichment of ARGs while in EHC the variation of ARGs was attributed to the composting temperature. The number of high-risk ARGs was also lower in EHC (4) compared with CC (6) on day 30. These results provide insight into the effects of an initially enhanced temperature on ARGs removal and the relationship between ARGs and NFGs during the composting process.

Detection of pathogenic viruses in the urban wastewater in Kuwait-implications for monitoring viral disease outbreaks.

Effective surveillance for epidemic-prone viral diseases is essential for emergency preparedness to respond to threats and occurrences of pandemics. While it is difficult and expensive to conduct health facility-based surveillance, there is a growing interest in conducting sewage-based epidemiological studies to monitor the health of the urban population because of the relative ease of sample collection and the availability of advanced molecular techniques for the detection of pathogens in the sewage. Sewage samples offer unique means to study the aggregate health of the population as opposed to the monitoring of the health of any individual by traditional methods. We worked together with the Ministry of Public Works in Kuwait and developed a platform for the collection and testing of sewage samples from different regions of Kuwait for studying population health. In this report, we describe the results of a cross-sectional study conducted between 16 and 23 September 2019 in an attempt to detect influenza, Noro, Rota, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E viruses in urban sewage samples collected in Kuwait. All five targeted viruses were detected in the samples collected from urban wastewater in Kuwait using reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). We recently checked for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the stored cDNA samples and confirmed the absence of SARS-CoV-2 in them. This is the first report that demonstrates the preparedness in Kuwait for using sewage samples for the detection and monitoring of many pathogenic viruses which may greatly increase the capacity of the country to deal with a viral disease outbreak in the future.

Comparison of upper and lower lip position, length and thickness in sagittal and vertical malocclusion.

This study aimed to compare the upper and lower lips position, length, and thickness in different malocclusions, in randomly selected 180 patients' pre-treatment lateral cephalograms. The subjects were grouped sagittally by using Steiner's analysis and Wits appraisal and vertically based on Frankfort horizontal and mandibular plane (FHMP) angle and lower facial height. One-way ANOVA was applied to compare the upper and lower lip positions, thickness, and length in sagittal and vertical malocclusion and independent sample T test was applied for comparison between genders among soft tissue variables. Post-hoc Dunnett T3 was performed for comparison of lip variables in adjacent malocclusion groups. The level of significance was not less than or equal to 0.05. The anteroposterior position of the upper and lower lips with respect to E and S planes and upper and lower lip thickness varied significantly (p < 0.05) in all classes of sagittal malocclusion, whereas the anteroposterior (AP) position of the LL with respect to both planes and UL length between vertical malocclusion groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). AP position and fullness of both lips have a significant association with sagittal malocclusion, whereas the AP position of the lower lip's and the length of upper lip is significantly associated with vertical malocclusion.

Phytochemical Profiling, In Vitro Biological Activities, and In Silico Molecular Docking Studies of Dracaena reflexa.

Dracaena reflexa, a traditionally significant medicinal plant, has not been extensively explored before for its phytochemical and biological potential. The present study was conducted to evaluate the bioactive phytochemicals and in vitro biological activities of D. reflexa, and perform in silico molecular docking validation of D. reflexa. The bioactive phytochemicals were assessed by preliminary phytochemical testing, total bioactive contents, and GC-MS analysis. For biological evaluation, the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and ABTS), antibacterial, thrombolytic, and enzyme inhibition (tyrosinase and cholinesterase enzymes) potential were determined. The highest level of total phenolic contents (92.72 ± 0.79 mg GAE/g extract) was found in the n-butanol fraction while the maximum total flavonoid content (110 ± 0.83 mg QE/g extract) was observed in methanolic extract. The results showed that n-butanol fraction exhibited very significant tyrosinase inhibition activity (73.46 ± 0.80) and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (64.06 ± 2.65%) as compared to other fractions and comparable to the standard compounds (kojic acid and galantamine). The methanolic extract was considered to have moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity (50.97 ± 063) as compared to the standard compound galantamine (53.671 ± 0.97%). The GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction resulted in the tentative identification of 120 bioactive phytochemicals. Furthermore, the major compounds as identified by GC-MS were analyzed using in silico molecular docking studies to determine the binding affinity between the ligands and the enzymes (tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes). The results of this study suggest that Dracaena reflexa has unquestionable pharmaceutical importance and it should be further explored for the isolation of secondary metabolites that can be employed for the treatment of different diseases.

Effect of Supplementation of Vitamin A on Growth, Haemato-Biochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Ability in Cyprinus carpio var. communis.

Vitamin A requirement in fingerling common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. communis (1.64 ± 0.02 g; ABW ± SD), was evaluated by conducting a 10 week growth experiment. Casein-gelatin-based test diets representing six graded levels of vitamin A (0, 0.03, 0.07, 0.11, 0.15, and 0.19 g/kg, dry diet) were designed and fed to the triplicate group of fish at 08:00 and 16:00 hrs at the rate of 4% body weight per day. Growth parameters like live weight gain (LWG %), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), specific growth rate (SGR), and body protein deposition (BPD) improved significantly (P < 0.05) with each elevated dietary vitamin A level and found maximum growth rate along with the best- FCR at 0.11 g/kg diet. Dietary vitamin A levels also significantly (P < 0.05) affected haematological parameters of the fish. Highest haemoglobin (Hb), erythrocyte count (RBC), haematocrit content (Hct %), and lowest leucocyte count (WBC) were observed at 0.11 g/kg vitamin A fed diet compared to all the diets. Highest protein and lowest fat content were observed in the group of fingerlings fed with 0.11 g/kg vitamin A containing diet. Blood and serum profile also showed some significant (P < 0.05) differences with elevating concentration of dietary vitamin A levels. Serum parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cholesterol values decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 0.11 g/kg vitamin A fed diet compared to control diet. However, except albumin the other electrolytes improved significantly (P < 0.05) and maximal values of these parameters were also evident at 0.11 g/kg of vitamin A fed diet. Better value of TBARS was found in the group that fed 0.11 g/kg vitamin A diet. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor improved significantly (P < 0.05) with fish fed at optimal dose 0.11 g/kg of vitamin A diet. Based on quadratic regression analysis of LWG%, FCR, BPD, Hb, and calcium values of C. carpio var. communis against the varying levels of dietary vitamin A, an optimum growth, best FCR, higher BPD, Hb, and Ca values lie in the range of 0.10 to 0.12 g/kg diet, respectively. The data generated during this study would be important in developing vitamin A balanced feed for successful intensive culture of C. carpio var. communis.

Muscle proximate composition of various food fish species and their nutritional significance: A review.

Today, there is a growing awareness about the importance of eating nutritious foods and fish is gaining momentum as a result of its unique nutritional benefits. Fish are considered as nutritionally valuable part of the human diet because of the presence of both macronutrients (proteins, lipids and ash) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). These nutrients are indispensable in human nutrition and have proven to be involved in several metabolic functions. The nutritional content can be used to rank different fish species based on their nutritional and functional benefits, allowing consumers to make better decisions according to their requirements. Proximate composition of fish includes determination of moisture, protein, fat and ash contents, which constitutes about 96%-98% of the total constituents of the fish body. The study of these components gives us a clear understanding in assessing the energy value of the fishes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to provide a concise review about the proximate composition of various fish species from different parts of the world in order to evaluate the high-protein, low-fat food with excellent nutritional values and to enlighten the different exogenous and endogenous factors that are actually responsible for their variation. The review also provides an insight into the characteristics of the chemical composition of various fish species, which are gaining importance for the sector involving fish and fishery products for domestic and foreign trade and for appreciating as animal feed all over the world.

The role of sex, season and reproduction status on blood parameters in snow trout (Schizothorax labiatus) from River Jhelum, Kashmir, India.

The current investigation was carried out with an aim to evaluate disparity in haematological and serum biochemical parameters of healthy male and female Schizothorax labiatus with respect to its four reproductive phases, i.e. preparatory (autumn), pre-spawning (winter), spawning (spring) and spent (summer). The study indicated that significant (p < 0.05) alterations were seen in gonadosomatic index (GSI) of S. labiatus with maximum value for both sexes noted in spring while minimum value in autumn. Contrary to this, the highest value of hepatosomatic index (HSI) for both sexes was noted in the autumn season and the lowest value in spring. The haemoglobin (Hb) content, red blood corpuscle (RBC) and white blood corpuscle (WBC) counts and haematocrit amount of S. labiatus also revealed significant (p < 0.05) variations with peak values noted in summer while least values were recorded during winter. It was also observed that male fishes comprised significantly (p < 0.05) maximum level of all these parameters amongst all seasons of the year, except WBC count. Erythrocyte indices specifically mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) exhibited insignificant (p > 0.05) alterations between the sexes. The lowest levels (p < 0.05) of serum glucose, cholesterol and urea were recorded in the pre-spawning period, i.e. winter, while as the highest values (p < 0.05) were seen in the summer because of the cessation of reproductive activities and greater availability of food. Similar trend was also noted in the amount of total protein, albumin and globulin of the fish, although insignificant (p > 0.05) variation was observed between sexes.

Interfacial Engineering of CuCo2S4/g-C3N4 Hybrid Nanorods for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Altering the morphology of electrochemically active nanostructured materials could fundamentally influence their subsequent catalytic as well as oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Enhanced OER activity for mixed-metal spinel-type sulfide (CuCo2S4) nanorods is generally done by blending the material that has high conductive supports together with those having a high surface volume ratio, for example, graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4). Here, we report a noble-metal-free CuCo2S4 nanorod-based electrocatalyst appropriate for basic OER and neutral media, through a simple one-step thermal decomposition approach from its molecular precursors pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-copper(II), Cu[PDTC]2, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-cobalt(II), Co[PDTC]2 complexes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns suggest that as-synthesized CuCo2S4 nanorods are highly crystalline in nature and are connected on the g-C3N4 support. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy studies affirm the successful formation of bonds that bridge (Co-N/S-C) at the interface of CuCo2S4 nanorods and g-C3N4. The kinetics of the reaction are expedited, as these bridging bonds function as an electron transport chain, empowering OER electrocatalytically under a low overpotential (242 mV) of a current density at 10 mA cm-2 under basic conditions, resulting in very high durability. Moreover, CuCo2S4/g-C3N4 composite nanorods exhibit a high catalytic activity of OER under a neutral medium at an overpotential of 406 mV and a current density of 10 mA cm-2.

Effect of different shapes of Nano-Cu2O and humic acid on two-generations of Daphnia Magna.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have significant technological advantages due to their unique properties but their release into the environment also carry potential eco-toxicological risks. Cu2O NMs have numerous industrial and commercial applications, however less is known about the risks to human health and ecosystems. This study investigated different shapes of nano-Cu2O (cubic and octahedron) with humic acid (HA: 2 mg/L and 10 mg/L) on the reproduction, growth, survival rate and Cu accumulation in the two-generations of Daphnia Magna species. Nano-Cu2O cubic and octahedron shapes were analyzed by SEM, demonstrating {111} and {100} facets. The results indicated that octahedron has the more evident toxic effect than cubic shape for both generations. Continuous exposure to nano-Cu2O exhibited negative effects on body length, cumulative neonates and Cu accumulation in filial generation F (1). Survival rate of Cu2O octahedron was the least 66%, while Cu2O cubic was 73% for parental generation F (0). In addition, HA showed a significant reduction in the toxicity of nano-Cu2O for both generations, leading to an enhanced survival rate, body length and reproduction. This study provides insights of the long-term effect of different shapes of nano-Cu2O in the existence of humic acid to the multi-generations ecosystem.

Haematological and serum biochemical reference values of snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus habiting in river Sindh of Indian Himalayan region.

Haematological and serum biochemical parameters are a valuable tool in determining the wellbeing status of different fish species and response in close association to various biological and environmental factors, therefore the aim of the present study was to establish sex-wise reference values of haemato-biochemical parameters of S. labiatus. The haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, total erythrocyte count (RBC), total leucocyte count (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum biochemical parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, urea, total protein, albumin and globulin were analysed. The results revealed that the haematological parameters, i.e., Hb, RBC, WBC and PCV showed significant (P < 0.05) differences with respect to sex. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher values of Hb content (11.18 g dl-1 ), RBC count (1.88 × 106 mm-3 ) and PCV (36.15%) were noted in male fish than females throughout the study period, while significantly (P < 0.05) higher WBC count was noted in females (20.38 × 103 mm-3 ) compared to males. However, no significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed in erythrocyte indices like MCH, MCHC and MCV between sexes. The serum biochemical parameters, i.e., glucose, cholesterol and urea, also showed significant (P < 0.05) difference between the sexes, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference was noticed in total protein, albumin and globulin. Significantly (P < 0.05) highest values of glucose (116.76 mg dl-1 ) and urea (9.01 mg dl-1 ) were recorded in male S. labiatus, while highest value of cholesterol (223.53 mg dl-1 ) was noted in females. The information generated in the present study gives the basic reference values of haematological and serum biochemical parameters of S. labiatus which will be useful in monitoring the wellbeing status of fish populations. Moreover, the data will also be helpful to ascertain the occurrence of different clinical and subclinical diseases, which may in turn help to boost the overall production of this species.

Frequency and association of maxillary ectopic canine with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of maxillary ectopic canine both buccally and palatally displaced with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from April 8 to June 29, 2019, at the Department of Orthodontics, Dr. Ishrat Ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, and Dow Dental College, Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, and comprised orthodontic patients diagnosed with maxillary ectopic canine eruption. Root resorption and agenesis were diagnosed on panoramic films. Root resorption was further confirmed by periapical radiographs. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. RESULTS: Of the 98 subjects, 86(87.8%) had buccally displaced canines of which 38(44.2%) were associated with root resorption, while 12(12.2%) patients had palatally displaced canines of which 10(83.3%) had root resorption (p=0.011). Overall, 30(30.6%) lateral incisors were resorbed, 7(7.1%) both central and lateral incisors, 5(5.1%) premolars, and 6(6.1%) both lateral incisors and premolars were resorbed. Agenesis was detected in 10 (10.2%) subjects (p=0.62). CONCLUSIONS: There was found to be no association of maxillary ectopic canines with incisor root resorption and dental agenesis.

"Clinical comparison of bond failure rate between two types of mandibular canine-canine bonded orthodontic retainers- a randomized clinical trial".

BACKGROUND: Bonded retainers are widely used as they are esthetically pleasing, easily acceptable, provide greater stability, compliance free and causes no soft tissue irritation and speech problems. Though, fracture and bond failure are their shortcomings. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the number of bond failures and type of failure pattern between two types of mandibular canine-canine bonded retainers. METHODS: Total 60 subjects were recruited initially and were assessed for eligibility, out of which 6 were excluded and 2 were lost to follow up. They were randomly divided into two groups. Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) retainers were inserted in group 1 subjects while group 2 subjects received multistranded stainless steel (MSW) retainers. The subjects were recalled after every 3 months over a period of 1 year. Bond failure rate and failure pattern based on adhesive remnant index were evaluated at each visit. The bond failure rate and failure pattern were compared between the two retainers by using Chi-square test. RESULTS: The bond failure rates were 42.94% for FRC retainer and 31.41% for MSW retainer. Hence, total number of bond failures in both retainers were 37.17%. The difference of bond failure between two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.012). Type "0" failure pattern was detected commonly with both types of retainers (p <  0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that multistranded stainless steel wire retainer is a superior option to be used for fixed lingual retention in mandibular arch as it exhibited lower bond failure as compared to fiber reinforced composite retainer. Adhesive failure is the most common type of bond failure observed with both types of fixed retainers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ID NCT03881813 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ); March 19, 2019, retrospective registration.

A physically based compact I-V model for monolayer TMDC channel MOSFET and DMFET biosensor.

In this work, a compact transport model has been developed for monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) channel MOSFET. The analytical model solves the Poisson's equation for the inversion charge density to get the electrostatic potential in the channel. Current is then calculated by solving the drift-diffusion equation. The model makes gradual channel approximation to simplify the solution procedure. The appropriate density of states obtained from the first principle density functional theory simulation has been considered to keep the model physically accurate for monolayer TMDC channel FET. The outcome of the model has been benchmarked against both experimental and numerical quantum simulation results with the help of a few fitting parameters. Using the compact model, detailed output and transfer characteristics of monolayer WSe2 FET have been studied, and various performance parameters have been determined. The study confirms excellent ON and OFF state performances of monolayer WSe2 FET which could be viable for the next generation high-speed, low power applications. Also, the proposed model has been extended to study the operation of a biosensor. A monolayer MoS2 channel based dielectric modulated FET is investigated using the compact model for detection of a biomolecule in a dry environment.