Outcome of tracheotomized patients following reintubation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of tracheotomized patients after reintubation. METHOD: Secondary analysis from a prospective, multicenter and observational study including 36 Intensive Care Units (ICUs) from 8 countries. PATIENTS: A total of 180 patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, extubated and reintubated within 48 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. OUTCOMES: ICU mortality, length of ICU stay, organ failure. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients (29%) underwent tracheotomy after reintubation. The median time from reintubation to tracheotomy was 2.5 days (interquartile range (IQR) 1-8 days). The length of ICU stay was significantly longer in the tracheotomy group compared with the group without tracheotomy (median time 25 days, IQR 17-43 versus 16.5 days (IQR 11-25); p<0.001). ICU mortality in the tracheotomy group was not significantly different (31% versus 27%; p 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of reintubated patients, tracheotomy is a common procedure in the ICU. Patients with tracheotomy had an outcome similar to those without tracheotomy.

Influence of body mass index on outcome of the mechanically ventilated patients.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on the impact of body mass index on outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: Secondary analysis of a cohort including 4698 patients mechanically ventilated. Patients were screened daily for management of mechanical ventilation, complications (acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, ventilator associated pneumonia, barotrauma), organ failure (cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, hepatic, haematological) and mortality in the intensive care unit. To estimate the impact of body mass index on acute respiratory distress syndrome and mortality, the authors constructed models using generalised estimating equations (GEE). RESULTS: Patients were evaluated based on their body mass index: 184 patients (3.7%) were underweight, 1995 patients (40%) normal weight, 1781 patients (35.8%) overweight, 792 patients (15.9%) obese and 216 patients (4.3%) severely obese. Severely obese patients were more likely to receive low tidal volume based on actual body weight but high volumes based on predicted body weight. In obese patients, the authors observed a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute renal failure. After adjustment, the body mass index was significantly associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome: compared with normal weight; OR 1.69 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.69) for obese and OR 2.38 (95% CI 1.15 to 4.89) for severely obese. There were no differences in outcomes (duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay and mortality in intensive care unit and hospital) based on body mass index categories. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, obese patients were more likely to have significant complications but there were no associations with increased mortality.

[Hydration in diabetic ketoacidosis. What is the effect of the infusion rate?]. / Hidratación en la cetoacidosis diabética. Cómo influye la velocidad de infusión?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) involves severe volume depletion; usually a large volume of saline solution is used, but fluid reposition rate remains controversial. With the aim of properly defining fluid administration in DKA without associated illness, we performed a prospective, randomized study in 27 patients under two therapeutic regimes which differed only with regard to the repletion rate. Group 1 (14 patients) received 0.9% saline solution at a rate of 1000 ml/h, and group 2 (13 patients) at 500 ml/h. At admission to the hospital, at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, arterial acid-base status and plasma sodium, potassium and chloride levels were measured. Both groups had similar biochemical characteristics at admission. All patients corrected the ketoacidotic disorder and there was neither mortality nor complications. We did not find any significant difference in any of the metabolic determinations among the different groups along the evolution. With regard to baseline determinations, in both groups, arterial pH increased after two hours. No changes were observed in anion gap, chloride, sodium or potassium among the therapeutic groups. We conclude that, regarding morbidity and mortality, in DKA patients without severe volume depletion it is equally effective to infuse 500 ml/h as 1000 ml/h as fluid repletion rate. Administration of modest amounts of fluids in these cases would result in reducing costs.

[Acute anemia in high digestive hemorrhage. Margins of security for their handling without transfusion of red globules]. / Anemia aguda en la hemorragia digestiva alta. Márgenes de seguridad para su manejo sin transfusiones de glóbulos rojos.

Red cells transfusion in the patient with acute hemorrhage, must be evaluated in a risk/benefit rate context. The present tendencies appoint that the use of the hematocrit "magic" number is unsafe and uncertain to decide a red cell transfusion. We have conducted a prospective randomized and controlled trial in 60 patients with acute digestive hemorrhage without haemodynamic failure. We realized two groups: 1) control group: the target of transfusion in these patients was the hematocrit value of > or = 28%. 2) treatment group: these patients were supported with normovolemic haemodilution with crystalloid solutions until a hematocrit value of 21%. All patients have endoscopic diagnosis and they went evaluated across the study with clinic and laboratory controls. Both groups were significative differences in the hematocrit value. We did not see differences between the groups in the hospital stay neither the rate of organs failure. We find difference between the groups in the amount of red cell units (0.61 +/- 0.87 vs. 2.14 +/- 1.10; treatment and control respectively, P < 0.001). The APACHE score was greater in the treatment group. This supports that the oldest patients, who probably have least physiologic reserve, could be treated without complications. Acute hemorrhage-normovolemic haemodilution-digestive hemorrhage transfusion.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia due to colistin susceptible-only microorganisms.

Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common pathogens of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). The presentation and outcome of VAP due to Acinetobacter spp. and P. aeruginosa susceptible to carbapenems (Carb-S; imipenem and/or meropenem) and to colistin only (Col-S) were compared in the present retrospective study in three intensive care units. A total of 61 episodes of VAP caused by Acinetobacter spp. or P. aeruginosa were studied, of which 30 isolates were Carb-S and 31 were Col-S. Demographics, worsening of renal function and mortality were not different. The univariate analysis showed that a later onset and a previous episode of VAP, prior antimicrobial therapy for >10 days and previous therapy with carbapenems during the present admission were more frequent in patients with Col-S strains. On multivariate analysis, prior antimicrobial therapy for >10 days and a previous episode of VAP remained significantly associated with Col-S VAP. Approximately 41% of the infections caused by Col-S isolates, but none of those due to Carb-S isolates, had received prior carbapenem therapy. Colistin-susceptible ventilator-associated pneumonia episodes can be effectively treated using colistin without significant renal dysfunction. This susceptibility pattern could be suspected in patients with a previous ventilator-associated pneumonia episode or prior antibiotic therapy for >10 days preceding the present ventilator-associated pneumonia episode.

[Prognosis for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mechanically ventilated patients]. / Pronóstico de los enfermos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica reagudizada que precisan ventilación mecánica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the variables associated with prognosis for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) in mechanically ventilated patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis. LOCATION: 361 Intensive Care Units (ICU) in 20 countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were included in the study 522 patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours due to an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). In order to determine those variables associated with mortality, there was performed a recursive partition analysis in which the following variables were included: demographics, arterial blood gas prior to intubation, complications arising during mechanical ventilation (barotrauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ventilator-associated pneumonia, sepsis), organ dysfunction (cardiovascular, renal, liver, coagulation) and duration of ventilatory support. INTERVENTIONS: None. VARIABLES OF PRIME IMPORTANCE: ICU mortality. RESULTS: ICU and hospital mortality rates were 22% and 30%, respectively. Variables associated with mortality were cardiovascular dysfunction, renal dysfunction and duration of ventilatory support > 18 days. Median durations were as follows: mechanical ventilatory support, 4 days (P25: 2, P75: 6); weaning from ventilatory support, 2 days (P25: 1, P75: 5); stay in intensive care unit, 8 days (P25: 5, P75: 13); stay in hospital, 17 days (P25: 10, P75: 27). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in the studied cohort of patients with AECOPD was associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, renal dysfunction and prolonged mechanical support.

Cost containment: the Americas. Argentina.

For many years, the evolution of Argentina's healthcare system has been influenced by political and economic instability. Inflation and hyperinflation have led to anarchic development of both health administration systems and hospitals. Critical care grew in a similar manner, resulting in a mix of > 500 critical care units with very different levels of technology and trained personnel. Cost-containment policies have been implemented mainly by health administration systems. Public institutions (university and large provincial and county hospitals) have suffered hard budget cuts that have resulted in a decrease in the quality of care and the loss of trained human resources. Union organizations, which cover the healthcare costs of > 60% of the population, implemented a low reimbursement policy that resulted in low standards of care for critically ill patients. The country's private hospital system is extremely heterogenous, ranging from little, simple institutions with a 20- to 30-bed capacity to great private institutions with international standards of care. Cost-containment efforts have been sporadic and isolated, and statistical data to analyze the results are lacking. In order to formulate a strategy of cost-containment in the near future, accreditation and categorization of critical care units and human resources training are being implemented by health authorities and the Argentine Society of Critical Care Medicine.

Assessment of total pulmonary airway resistance under mechanical ventilation.

We propose a procedure for assessing the pulmonary airway resistance of patients under mechanical ventilation with a volume-cycled respirator having a sine-wave flow curve and inspiration/expiration (I/E) ratio of 1/2. This simplified procedure requires only the respirator's manometer and spirometer. The method is based on Ohm's Law, dividing the pressure difference (as shown on the manometer) between the peak value and that obtained by occluding the expiratory outlet by one-tenth of the minute volume (Vm). The relationship between the Vm and flow is obtained by calculating the height of the triangle formed by the sine wave, given that the area approximates total volume and the base is derived from the frequency and I/E ratio. This method was tested in 296 measurements on 106 patients using as a control the determination of resistance with a pneumotachograph and differential manometer placed between the patient and respirator. There was a high correlation (r = 0.96) between both procedures. To further facilitate bedside use, we have prepared a graph relating common values of Vm and pressure to resistance.

How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review.

A 1-d point-prevalence study was performed with the aim of describing the characteristics of conventional mechanical ventilation in intensive care units ICUs from North America, South America, Spain, and Portugal. The study involved 412 medical-surgical ICUs and 1,638 patients receiving mechanical ventilation at the moment of the study. The main outcome measures were characterization of the indications for initiation of mechanical ventilation, the artificial airways used to deliver mechanical ventilation, the ventilator modes and settings, and the methods of weaning. The median age of the study patients was 61 yr, and the median duration of mechanical ventilation at the time of the study was 7 d. Common indications for the initiation of mechanical ventilation included acute respiratory failure (66%), acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (13%), coma (10%), and neuromuscular disorders (10%). Mechanical ventilation was delivered via an endotracheal tube in 75% of patients, a tracheostomy in 24%, and a facial mask in 1%. Ventilator modes consisted of assist/control ventilation in 47% of patients and 46% were ventilated with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, pressure support, or the combination of both. The median tidal volume setting was 9 ml/kg in patients receiving assist/control and the median setting of pressure support was 18 cm H(2)O. Positive end-expiratory pressure was not employed in 31% of patients. Method of weaning varied considerably from country to country, and even within a country several methods were in use. We conclude that the primary indications for mechanical ventilation and the ventilator settings were remarkably similar across countries, but the selection of modes of mechanical ventilation and methods of weaning varied considerably from country to country.

Desenlace de los enfermos traqueotomizados después de la reintubación / Outcome of tracheotomized patients following reintubation

Objetivo Evaluar el desenlace de pacientes que fueron traqueotomizados tras una reintubación. Diseño Análisis secundario de un estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Ámbito Treinta y seis unidades de cuidados intensivos de 8 países.Pacientes180 pacientes con ventilación mecánica durante más de 48 horas extubados y que requirieron reintubación en las primeras 48 horas. Intervenciones Ninguna. Variables de interés principal Mortalidad en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, días de estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, fracaso de órganos. Resultados Cincuenta y dos pacientes (29%) fueron traqueotomizados inicialmente después de reintubación. La mediana de tiempo desde la reintubación a la traqueotomía fue de 2,5 días (rango inter-cuartil: 1, 8). La duración de la estancia en la UCI fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de traqueotomía, en comparación con el grupo inicialmente sin traqueotomía [mediana de 25 días (rango inter-cuartil: 17, 43) versus 16,5 días (rango inter-cuartil: 11, 25); p <0,001]. En el grupo de traqueotomía no se observó una menor mortalidad (31% frente al 27%; p=0,57).Conclusiones En nuestra cohorte, la traqueotomía después de reintubación es un procedimiento común pero no ofrece ninguna ventaja significativa (AU)

Objective To evaluate the outcome of tracheotomized patients after reintubation. Method Secondary analysis from a prospective, multicenter and observational study including 36 Intensive Care Units (ICUs) from 8 countries. Patients A total of 180 patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48hours, extubated and reintubated within 48hours.InterventionsNone.OutcomesICU mortality, length of ICU stay, organ failure. Results Fifty-two patients (29%) underwent tracheotomy after reintubation. The median time from reintubation to tracheotomy was 2.5 days (interquartile range (IQR) 1-8 days). The length of ICU stay was significantly longer in the tracheotomy group compared with the group without tracheotomy (median time 25 days, IQR 17-43 versus 16.5 days (IQR 11-25); p<0.001). ICU mortality in the tracheotomy group was not significantly different (31% versus 27%; p 0.57).Conclusions In our cohort of reintubated patients, tracheotomy is a common procedure in the ICU. Patients with tracheotomy had an outcome similar to those without tracheotomy (AU)

Pronóstico de los enfermos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica reagudizada que precisan ventilación mecánica / Prognosis for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mechanically ventilated patients

Objetivo. Determinar las variables asociadas con el pronóstico de los enfermos con agudización de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que requieren ventilación mecánica. Diseño. Estudio prospectivo de cohortes con análisis retrospectivo. Ámbito. Trescientas sesenta y una Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de 20 países. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron en el estudio a 522 pacientes que precisan ventilación mecánica durante más de 12 horas debido a una agudización de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Para la estimación de las variables asociadas a la mortalidad se realizó un análisis de particiones recursivas, donde se incluyeron las siguientes variables: demográficas, gases arteriales previos a la intubación, complicaciones aparecidas durante la ventilación mecánica (barotrauma, síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica, sepsis), disfunción de órganos (cardiovascular, renal, hepático, coagulación) y duración del soporte ventilatorio. Intervenciones. Ninguna. Variables de interés principales. Mortalidad en la UCI. Resultados. La mortalidad en la UCI fue de un 22% y en el hospital de un 30%. Las variables asociadas a la mortalidad fueron la disfunción cardiovascular, la disfunción renal y una duración del soporte ventilatorio de más de 18 días. La mediana de la duración de la ventilación mecánica fue de 4 días (P25: 2, P75: 6), de desconexión de la ventilación mecánica de 2 días (P25: 1, P75: 5), de estancia en la UCI de 8 días (P25: 5, P75: 13) y de estancia en el hospital de 17 días (P25: 10, P75: 27). Conclusiones. En nuestra cohorte de enfermos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que requieren ventilación mecánica la mortalidad se asoció a disfunción cardiovascular, renal y necesidad de soporte ventilatorio prolongado

Objective. To determine the variables associated with prognosis for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) in mechanically ventilated patients. Design. Prospective cohort study with retrospective analysis. Location. 361 Intensive Care Units (ICU) in 20 countries. Patients and methods. There were included in the study 522 patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 12 hours due to an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). In order to determine those variables associated with mortality, there was performed a recursive partition analysis in which the following variables were included: demographics, arterial blood gas prior to intubation, complications arising during mechanical ventilation (barotrauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, ventilator-associated pneumonia, sepsis), organ dysfunction (cardiovascular, renal, liver, coagulation) and duration of ventilatory support. Interventions. None. Variables of prime importance. ICU mortality. Results. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 22% and 30%, respectively. Variables associated with mortality were cardiovascular dysfunction, renal dysfunction and duration of ventilatory support > 18 days. Median durations were as follows: mechanical ventilatory support, 4 days (P25: 2, P75: 6); weaning from ventilatory support, 2 days (P25: 1, P75: 5); stay in intensive care unit, 8 days (P25: 5, P75: 13); stay in hospital, 17 days (P25: 10, P75: 27). Conclusions. Mortality in the studied cohort of patients with AECOPD was associated with cardiovascular dysfunction, renal dysfunction and prolonged mechanical support

Anemia aguda en la hemorragia digestiva alta. Márgenes de seguridad para su manejo sin transufiones de glóbulos rojo / Acute anemia in high digestive hemorrhage. Margins of securety for their bandling without transfusion of red globules

La transfusión de glóbulos rojos en el paciente con hemorragia aguda, debe siempre ser evaluada en el contexto de una ecuación riesgo beneficio. Las tendencias actuales parecen concluir que resulta inseguro y poco confiable, la utilización de un valor "mágico" de hemotocrito (Hto) para decidir realizar una transfusión de glóbulos rojos. Nosotros hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo, controlado y randomizado, en 60 pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta aguda, sin deterioro hemodinámico y se los dividió en dos grupos: 1) control: En los que la transfusión se realizaba para mantener el Hito en valores > 28 por ciento. 2) tratamiento: en los que se intensificó hemodilución normovolémica, con soluciones cristaloides y se los montuvo sin transfusión hasta un valor de Hto de 21 por ciento. Todos poseían diagnostico endoscópico de ingreso y fueron evaluados durante el estudio con controles clínicos y de laboratorio. Ambos grupos difirieron significativamente en el valor de el Hto. y Hb. No se observaron diferencias entre los grupos en el número de días de internación requeridos, ni en el número de falla de órganos presentado. Sí hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en la cantidad de unidades de glóbulos utilizadas (0.61 + 0.87 vs. 2.14 + 1.10; tratamiento y control respectivamente p < 0.001). El Score APACHE difirió significativamente, siendo mayor en el grupo tratamiento. Ello sugiere que aún los pacientes con mayor edad y probablemente menor reserva fisiológica pueden ser manejados con una conducta transfusional restrictiva, sin complicaciones graves.

Intoxicación barbitúrica grave / Dangerous barbituric intoxication

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con los objetivos de establecer la prevalencia de la intoxicación barbitúrica grave en un servicio de Terapia Intensiva, conocer la incidencia de complicaciones y la mortalidad, y evaluar el tratamiento utilizado. Se analizaron 15 pacientes, la mayoría jóvenes y de sexo femenino. Se registraron 19 episodios de complicaciones. El 86 por ciento de los pacientes se hallaba en coma al ingreso (escala de Glasgow < 8). El deterioro hemodinámico se observó en el 46,7 por ciento de los casos, y el 60 por ciento requirió ventilación mecánica. El protocolo de tratamiento incluyó: 1) Diálisis intestinal (utilización de carbón activado y de purgantes salinos con el objetivo de lograr catarsis en las primeras 48 hs del tratamiento); 2) Diuresis alcalina; 3) Sostén de funciones vitales. La mortalidad fue del 13 por ciento. Conclusión: Evitar el lavado gástrico, iniciar precozmente el protocolo de diálisis intestinal y realizar hemodiálisis sólo si aquélla fracasa, durante las primeras 24 hs

Intoxicación barbitúrica grave / Dangerous barbituric intoxication

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con los objetivos de establecer la prevalencia de la intoxicación barbitúrica grave en un servicio de Terapia Intensiva, conocer la incidencia de complicaciones y la mortalidad, y evaluar el tratamiento utilizado. Se analizaron 15 pacientes, la mayoría jóvenes y de sexo femenino. Se registraron 19 episodios de complicaciones. El 86 por ciento de los pacientes se hallaba en coma al ingreso (escala de Glasgow < 8). El deterioro hemodinámico se observó en el 46,7 por ciento de los casos, y el 60 por ciento requirió ventilación mecánica. El protocolo de tratamiento incluyó: 1) Diálisis intestinal (utilización de carbón activado y de purgantes salinos con el objetivo de lograr catarsis en las primeras 48 hs del tratamiento); 2) Diuresis alcalina; 3) Sostén de funciones vitales. La mortalidad fue del 13 por ciento. Conclusión: Evitar el lavado gástrico, iniciar precozmente el protocolo de diálisis intestinal y realizar hemodiálisis sólo si aquélla fracasa, durante las primeras 24 hs (AU)

Anemia aguda en la hemorragia digestiva alta. Márgenes de seguridad para su manejo sin transufiones de glóbulos rojo / Acute anemia in high digestive hemorrhage. Margins of securety for their bandling without transfusion of red globules

La transfusión de glóbulos rojos en el paciente con hemorragia aguda, debe siempre ser evaluada en el contexto de una ecuación riesgo beneficio. Las tendencias actuales parecen concluir que resulta inseguro y poco confiable, la utilización de un valor "mágico" de hemotocrito (Hto) para decidir realizar una transfusión de glóbulos rojos. Nosotros hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo, controlado y randomizado, en 60 pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta aguda, sin deterioro hemodinámico y se los dividió en dos grupos: 1) control: En los que la transfusión se realizaba para mantener el Hito en valores > 28 por ciento. 2) tratamiento: en los que se intensificó hemodilución normovolémica, con soluciones cristaloides y se los montuvo sin transfusión hasta un valor de Hto de 21 por ciento. Todos poseían diagnostico endoscópico de ingreso y fueron evaluados durante el estudio con controles clínicos y de laboratorio. Ambos grupos difirieron significativamente en el valor de el Hto. y Hb. No se observaron diferencias entre los grupos en el número de días de internación requeridos, ni en el número de falla de órganos presentado. Sí hubo diferencia significativa entre los grupos en la cantidad de unidades de glóbulos utilizadas (0.61 + 0.87 vs. 2.14 + 1.10; tratamiento y control respectivamente p < 0.001). El Score APACHE difirió significativamente, siendo mayor en el grupo tratamiento. Ello sugiere que aún los pacientes con mayor edad y probablemente menor reserva fisiológica pueden ser manejados con una conducta transfusional restrictiva, sin complicaciones graves. (AU)