ANKRD49 inhibits etoposide-induced intrinsic apoptosis of GC-1 cells by modulating NF-κB signaling.

Spermatogenesis is a complicated process that is tightly regulated by the well-coordinated expression of a series of genes in the testes. Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 49 (ANKRD49), an evolutionarily conserved protein highly expressed in the testes, is mainly found in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and round spermatids. However, the exact function of ANKRD49 in spermatogenesis has remained elusive. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of ANKRD49 in apoptosis and determine the mechanism underlying this process in male germ cell-derived GC-1 cells. Nuclear staining with Hoechst 33258 and annexin V-FITC/PI, as well as analysis of caspase 3 activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptotic protein expression, showed that etoposide-induced apoptosis was attenuated by ANKRD49 overexpression but promoted by RNA interference-induced ANKRD49 knockdown. Furthermore, assessment of the levels of caspase 9, caspase 8, and proteins of the Bcl-2 family revealed ANKRD49 to be involved in an intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Examination of the subcellular distribution of the NF-κB p65 subunit after treatment with an NF-κB signaling inhibitor or p65 small interfering RNA demonstrated that ANKRD49 modulated etoposide-induced GC-1 cell apoptosis via the NF-κB pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that ANKRD49 plays an important role in reducing intrinsic apoptosis of GC-1 cells by modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Label-free LC-MS/MS shotgun proteomics to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of rCC16.

Clara cell protein (CC16) is an anti-inflammatory protein, which is expressed in the airway epithelium. It is involved in the development of airway inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying its anti­inflammatory action remains to be fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to define the protein profiles of the anti­inflammatory effect of CC16 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)­treated rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells using shotgun proteomics. Protein extracts were obtained from control RTE cells, RTE cells treated with LPS and RTE cells treated with LPS and recombinant CC16 (rCC16). Subsequent label­free quantification and bioinformatics analyses identified 12 proteins that were differentially expressed in the three treatment groups as a cluster of five distinct groups according to their molecular functions. Five of the twelve proteins were revealed to be associated with the cytoskeleton: Matrix metalloproteinase­9, myosin heavy chain 10, actin­related protein­3 homolog, elongation factor 1­α­1 (EF­1­α­1), and acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0. Five of the twelve proteins were associated with cellular proliferation: DNA­dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, EF­1­α­1, tyrosine 3­monooxygenase, caspase recruitment domain (CARD) protein 12 and adenosylhomocysteinase (SAHH) 3. Three proteins were associated with gene regulation: EF­1­α­1, SAHH 3 and acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0. Three proteins were associated with inflammation: Tyrosine 3­monooxygenase, CARD protein 12 and statin­related protein. ATPase (H+­transporting, V1 subunit A, isoform 1) was revealed to be associated with energy metabolism, and uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase 1 family polypeptide A8 with drug metabolism and detoxification. The identified proteins were further validated using reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These protein profiles, and their interacting protein network, may facilitate the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti­inflammatory effects of CC16.