Life-history traits of the long-nosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus.

This work investigates life-history traits of the long-nosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus, which is a common by-catch in Sardinian waters. The reproductive variables were analysed from 979 specimens sampled during scientific and commercial hauls. Females (10·4-117·5 cm total length, LT ) attained larger sizes than males (14·5-99·5 cm LT ). To evaluate age and growth, a sub-sample of 130 individuals (76 females and 54 males) were used. The age was estimated by annuli counts of sectioned vertebral centra. Four models were used for the length-at-age data: the von Bertalanffy, the exponential, the Gompertz and the logistic functions. According to the Akaike's information criterion, the Gompertz model seemed to provide the best fitting curve (L∞ mean ± s.e.: 127·55 ± 4·90 cm, k: 0·14 ± 0·09, IP: 3·97 ± 0·90 years). The oldest female and male were aged 17 (115·5 cm LT ) and 15 years (96·0 cm LT ), respectively. Lengths at maturity were 103·5 cm for females and 91·0 cm for males, corresponding to 90% of the maximum observed length in both sexes. The monthly distribution of maturity stages highlighted an extended reproductive cycle, with spawning females and active males being present almost throughout the year, as confirmed by the gonado-somatic index. Ovarian fecundity reached a maximum of 26 yolked follicles with a mean ± s.e. size of 19·7 ± 6·5 mm.

Diet and feeding behaviour of longnosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus.

A total of 255 longnosed skate Dipturus oxyrinchus caught in Sardinian waters (central-western Mediterranean Sea), was analysed with respect to fish total length (LT ), season and depth, in order to provide information on diet and feeding behaviour. Specimens ranging from 93 to 1153 mm LT , were collected at depths between 121 and 671 m, during experimental trawl surveys carried out from 2005 to 2010. The diet comprised crustaceans [prey specific index of relative importance (%IPSRI ) = 72·69], teleosts (%IPSRI = 10·28) and molluscs (%IPSRI = 10·94). Levins' index (Bi ) showed a narrow niche breadth (Bi = 0·35). The mean ± s.e. trophic level (TL ) was 3·63 ± 0·50. The analysis showed major ontogenetic changes in the feeding behaviour. Early life stages were characterized by a benthic diet, which changed to benthopelagic during growth. Mysids, particularly Lophogaster typicus (%IPSRI = 34·51), were the main prey items of immature individuals, replaced by euphausiids, mainly Meganyctiphanes norvegica (%IPSRI = 13·19), in maturing fish. Crustaceans became less important in mature specimens, being replaced by molluscs (%IPSRI = 28·99) and teleosts (%IPSRI = 24·56). A concomitant increase of the TL was recorded (mean ± s.e. = 3·41 ± 0·44, 3·75 ± 0·54 and 4·28 ± 0·61 for immature, maturing and mature individuals). These feeding patterns ensured low levels of intraspecific competition. This study provides new information about the role that the D. oxyrinchus plays in the marine food chain and data now essential to formulate new and effective management plans for this species.

Comparative cytogenetics of six Indo-Pacific moray eels (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) by chromosomal banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization.

A comparative cytogenetic analysis, using both conventional staining techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization, of six Indo-Pacific moray eels from three different genera (Gymnothorax fimbriatus, Gymnothorax flavimarginatus, Gymnothorax javanicus, Gymnothorax undulatus, Echidna nebulosa and Gymnomuraena zebra), was carried out to investigate the chromosomal differentiation in the family Muraenidae. Four species displayed a diploid chromosome number 2n = 42, which is common among the Muraenidae. Two other species, G. javanicus and G. flavimarginatus, were characterized by different chromosome numbers (2n = 40 and 2n = 36). For most species, a large amount of constitutive heterochromatin was detected in the chromosomes, with species-specific C-banding patterns that enabled pairing of the homologous chromosomes. In all species, the major ribosomal genes were localized in the guanine-cytosine-rich region of one chromosome pair, but in different chromosomal locations. The (TTAGGG)n telomeric sequences were mapped onto chromosomal ends in all muraenid species studied. The comparison of the results derived from this study with those available in the literature confirms a substantial conservation of the diploid chromosome number in the Muraenidae and supports the hypothesis that rearrangements have occurred that have diversified their karyotypes. Furthermore, the finding of two species with different diploid chromosome numbers suggests that additional chromosomal rearrangements, such as Robertsonian fusions, have occurred in the karyotype evolution of the Muraenidae.

First isolation and characterization of genomic SSR markers for the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827).

Fourteen microsatellite markers were isolated from the giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea (Risso, 1827) using the FIASCO protocol (fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats). Polymorphism was assessed in 30 individuals from two localities of the western Mediterranean basin (N = 20 from Sardinia and N = 10 from Sicily); nine loci showed polymorphism with 2 to 19 alleles per locus (average: 8.9). Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.36 to 0.91, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.50 to 0.97 and from 0.47 to 0.93, respectively. Two loci showed significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and evidence of linkage disequilibrium was found for only one locus pair. These loci are the first to be characterized in A. foliacea and could be effective tools for the investigation of genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic connectivity, useful information for the management of this important commercial resource.

A ZZ-ZW sex chromosome system in the finless eel Dalophis imberbis (Anguilliformes, Ophichtidae).

The karyotype of the finless eel Dalophis imberbis was investigated by conventional (C and replication banding, CMA(3) fluorescence) and molecular (FISH with 45S rDNA probe) techniques. The diploid chromosome number was 2n = 46 and the karyotype consisted of four pairs of meta-submetacentric and 18 pairs of subtelo-acrocentric autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes heteromorphic in females, composed by a large subtelocentric Z, and a medium sized acrocentric W chromosome; in males this pair was composed by two large subtelocentric ZZ chromosomes. Multiple NORs have been localized by FISH and have been found to be CMA(3) positive; one of the NORs was located on the W chromosome and it was found transcriptionally active by silver staining. The Z chromosome contained distinct intercalar C-positive heterochromatin and W was almost completely heterochromatic. Our report contributes to the knowledge to the cytotaxonomy of Anguilliformes where differentiated sex chromosomes are reported in about a quarter of the species: both male and female heterogamety as well as a multiple chromosome system have been reported. Moreover, this is the first anguilliform species in which multiple NORs have been reported.

B chromosomes in Crustacea Decapoda.

Among crustacean Decapoda numerical chromosome variability is frequent, and it has been hypothesized that the presence of supernumerary chromosomes accounts for this variability. Thanks to the improvement of cytogenetic analysis by chromosomal banding techniques, supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs) have been demonstrated in Nephrops norvegicus, Homarus americanus,Palinurus elephas and P. mauritanicus, belonging to different crustacean families. In all four species Bs were variable in number, mainly heterochromatic and undigested by various endonucleases, and in meiosis they showed non-Mendelian segregation. Compared to the other chromosomes of the complement, the Bs are very small in almost all species, but some of them were very large in N. norvegicus.

Novel oxygen sensitive complexes for optical oxygen sensing.

Novel optical sensing films for oxygen based on highly luminescent iridium (III) and ruthenium (II) complexes have been developed. These demonstrate excellent long-term photostability (several months) when incorporated into polystyrene membranes. The influence of different plasticizers on the specific luminescence quantum yield, the Stern-Volmer constant, the reversibility and the response time were evaluated. Additionally the sensing films can be sterilized by chemical cleaning and gamma-ray irradiation.

Replication banding in two Mediterranean moray eels: chromosomal characterization and comparison.

Early and late replication bandings have been obtained by in vitro BrdU incorporation in the Mediterranean Muraenidae species Muraena helena and Gymnothorax unicolor, and used to characterize their karyotypes. A comparative analysis of the banding patterns allowed to point out high karyotype similarity as well as chromosome rearrangements that occurred in karyotype evolution between these species.

Major and 5S ribosomal sequences of the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Perciformes, Centrarchidae) are localized in GC-rich regions of the genome.

Major and 5S ribosomal genes have been localized in the chromosomes of Micropterus salmoides. By C-banding, Ag-staining, CMA3-staining and 45S and 5S fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), we demonstrate that the 45S and 5S ribosomal genes are clustered in two different chromosome pairs and both are located in heterochromatic GC-rich regions. PCR amplification and sequencing of the 5S intergenic non-transcribed sequences have allowed us to identify variability essentially due to a trinucleotide tandem repeat (GCT).