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INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to fabricate 3-Dimensional (3D) tooth models to overcome procedural errors that occur during treatment and to improve endodontic management of teeth with complex pulp morphology and dental anomalies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three natural teeth were used to fabricate resinous tooth models (n = 90) and 90 natural teeth were used during root canal treatment. Models were fabricated from 1 mandibular canine (n = 30) and 2 maxillary molars (n = 60). Natural teeth were 30 mandibular canines, 30 mandibular molars and 30 maxillary molars. RESULTS: Natural teeth and opaque resin models were significantly better than the clear resin models during access preparation (p = .003). In addition, the clear resin models were significantly better than the natural teeth and opaque resin models during shaping, obturation and as an educational tool (p < .001, p < .001 and p < .001 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although it takes more time and effort to produce 3D (3D) tooth models from each natural tooth used in the study, it can give more accurate results during evaluation.
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Cavidade Pulpar , Dente , Cavidade Pulpar/anatomia & histologia , Raiz Dentária , Educação em Odontologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Complete genome sequencing of aerotolerant Campylobacter jejuni strain S2-20 revealed the presence of a chromosome of 1,695,449 bp and a plasmid of 49,741 bp that contains predicted antimicrobial resistance and type IV secretion system genes. The chromosome harbored several putative oxidative stress genes with potential roles in aerotolerance.
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Campylobacter spp. are known to cause campylobacteriosis, a bacterial disease that remains a public health threat. Campylobacter spp. are prevalent in retail meat and liver products, and the prolonged survival of Campylobacter in the low temperatures needed for storage is a challenge for food safety. In this study, RNA-seq was used for the analysis of the C. coli HC2-48 (Cc48) and C. jejuni OD2-67 (Cj67) transcriptomes at 4 °C in a nutrient-rich medium (chicken juice, CJ) and Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) for 0 h, 0.5 h, 24 h and 48 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in flagellar assembly were highly impacted by low temperatures (4 °C) in C. coli HC2-48, whereas genes related to the ribosome and ribonucleoprotein complex were modulated for C. jejuni OD2-67 at 4 °C. Most of the DEGs in cells grown at 4 °C in the two medium formulations were not significantly expressed at different incubation times. Although more DEGs were observed in CJ as compared to MHB in both Campylobacter strains, the absence of common genes expressed at all incubation times indicates that the food matrix environment is not the sole determinant of differential expression in Campylobacter spp. at low temperatures.
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Campylobacter species are one of the leading causes of foodborne disease in the United States. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the two main species that are of concern to human health, and they cause approximately 95% of human infections. The number of studies investigating Campylobacter in chicken livers and gizzards is very limited in the literature. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in retail chicken livers and gizzards purchased from grocery stores in the Tulsa, Oklahoma, area and to further characterize the isolates obtained through antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 202 retail chilled chicken livers and gizzards (159 livers and 43 gizzards) were purchased on a weekly basis from several grocery stores. The overall prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken livers and gizzards was 136/202 (67%), where 69/202 (34%) of the samples were contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni and 66/202 (33%) with Campylobacter coli. While the prevalence of Campylobacter in chicken livers was 77%, its prevalence in chicken gizzards was lower at 33%. The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni was slightly higher in chicken livers (36%) than gizzards (26%), while the prevalence of Campylobacter coli was significantly higher in the chicken livers (40%) than chicken gizzards (7%). The prevalence of resistance among C. jejuni and C. coli isolates recovered against 16 antimicrobials were as follows: amoxicillin (98%, 99%), ampicillin (32%, 55%), azithromycin (10%, 25%), cephalothin (92%, 99%), chloramphenicol (4%, 12%), ciprofloxacin (58%, 48%), clindamycin (5%, 19%), doxycycline (39%, 66%), erythromycin (6%, 32%), gentamicin (9%, 43%), kanamycin (11%, 43%), nalidixic acid (50%, 43%), oxytetracycline (99%, 100%), streptomycin (3%, 18%), tetracycline (37%, 60%), and tilmicosin (9%, 16%). Multidrug resistance was higher among Campylobacter coli than Campylobacter jejuni isolates.
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Campylobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Moela das Aves/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Campylobacter/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter/patogenicidade , Infecções por Campylobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Campylobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Galinhas , Cloranfenicol/farmacologia , Ciprofloxacina/farmacologia , Clindamicina/farmacologia , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , DNA Bacteriano/isolamento & purificação , Doxiciclina/farmacologia , Eritromicina/farmacologia , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Moela das Aves/microbiologia , Incidência , Fígado/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Ácido Nalidíxico/farmacologia , Oklahoma , Tetraciclina/farmacologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the long-term outcomes in patients with occlusive Iliofemoral chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of benign etiology treated by dedicated venous stents (Zilver Vena stents; Cook, Bloomington, Ind) placed at a single center. METHODS: We performed retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 58 patients with symptomatic benign lower limb CVI during the period from January 2013 to October 2020. Patients underwent recanalization using Zilver Vena stents at Ain Shams University hospitals. We excluded patients requiring stenting after intervention for acute deep venous thrombosis, CVI due to malignancy or vascular malformations, previous ipsilateral venous interventions, or CVI due to nonobstructive pathology (reflux). Patients were clinically classified at enrollment by the clinical, etiology, anatomy, pathology class, venous disability score, and Villalta score. Primary, assisted primary, and secondary stent patency were assessed. Patients were followed clinically and by duplex, at 1, 3, 6, 12 months and annually for 5 years. RESULTS: There were 31 males and 27 females, with ages ranging between 25 and 60 years (mean, 43.84 years). All patients had post-thrombotic syndrome with a mean Villalta score of 16.8 (range, 10-31). Patients were treated with dedicated venous stents and had a median follow-up of 60 months. The median venous disability score was 3 at the start of the study with a significant decrease to 1 at 5-year follow-up (P < .001). Twelve-month primary patency, assisted primary patency, and secondary patency were 91.4%, 96.6%, and 98.3%, respectively. At the 5-year follow-up, primary patency was 60.3%, assisted primary patency 65.5%, and secondary patency 81%. There were no instances of stent fracture, migration, or structural deformities. CONCLUSIONS: Treating iliofemoral venous occlusive disease with a dedicated venous stent is an excellent choice for patients with occlusive post-thrombotic syndrome. The technique has good 1-year and 5-year patency and is associated with significant clinical improvement and few complications.
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Veia Femoral/cirurgia , Veia Ilíaca/cirurgia , Stents , Insuficiência Venosa/cirurgia , Adulto , Doença Crônica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/instrumentaçãoRESUMO
This paper describes the synthesis of enamino carbonyl compounds by the copper(i)-catalyzed coupling of acceptor-substituted diazo compounds and tertiary thioamides. We plan to use this method to synthesize indolizidine (-)-237D analogs to find α6-selective antismoking agents. Therefore, we also performed in silico α6-nAchRs binding studies of selected products. Compounds with low root-mean-square deviation values showed more favorable binding free energies. We also report preliminary pharmacokinetic data on indolizidine (-)-237D and found it to have weak activity at CYP3A4. In addition, as enamino carbonyl compounds are also known for antimicrobial properties, we screened previously reported and new enamino carbonyl compounds for antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. Eleven compounds showed significant antimicrobial activities.
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In retail meat products, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus have been reported in high prevalence. The polymicrobial interaction between Campylobacter and other bacteria could enhance Campylobacter survival during the adverse conditions encountered during retail meat processing and storage. This study was designed to investigate the potential role of S. aureus from retail meats in enhancing the survival of Campylobacter exposed to low temperature, aerobic conditions, and biofilm formation. Results indicated that viable S. aureus cells and filter-sterilized cell-free media obtained from S. aureus prolonged the survival of Campylobacter at low temperature and during aerobic conditions. Biofilm formation of Campylobacter strains was significantly enhanced in the presence of viable S. aureus cells, but the results were inconclusive when extracts from cell-free media were used. In conclusion, the presence of S. aureus cells enhances survivability of Campylobacter strains in adverse conditions such as low temperature and aerobic conditions. Further investigations are warranted to understand the interaction between Campylobacter and S. aureus, and effective intervention strategies are needed to reduce the incidence of both foodborne pathogens in retail meat products.
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Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Carne/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Campylobacter coli/genética , Campylobacter coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Campylobacter coli/patogenicidade , Campylobacter jejuni/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Campylobacter jejuni/patogenicidade , Coinfecção/genética , Coinfecção/microbiologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Produtos da Carne/microbiologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus aureus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
Food poisoning due to the consumption of Staphylococcus aureus contaminated food is a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of ten plasmid-bearing S. aureus strains isolated from retail beef, chicken, turkey, and pork. The chromosomes of the strains varied in size from 2,654,842 to 2,807,514 bp, and a total of 25 plasmids were identified ranging from 1.4 to 118 kb. Comparative genomic analysis revealed similarities between strains isolated from the same retail meat source, indicating an origin-specific genomic composition. Genes known to modulate attachment, invasion, and toxin production were identified in the 10 genomes. Strains from retail chicken resembled human clinical isolates with respect to virulence factors and genomic islands, and retail turkey and pork isolates shared similarity with S. aureus from livestock. Most chromosomes contained antimicrobial resistance, heavy metal resistance, and stress response genes, and several plasmids contained genes involved in antimicrobial resistance and virulence. In conclusion, the genomes of S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats showed an origin-specific composition and contained virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes similar to those present in human clinical isolates.
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Here, we report the genome sequence of the megaplasmid-bearing Staphylococcus sciuri strain B9-58B, isolated from retail pork. This strain contains a 2,761,440-bp chromosome and a 162,858-bp megaplasmid. The genome contains putative genes involved in virulence, the stress response, and antimicrobial agent and heavy metal resistance.
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Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most important foodborne bacterial pathogens causing food poisoning and related illnesses. S. aureus strains harbor plasmids encoding genes for virulence and antimicrobial resistance, but few studies have investigated S. aureus plasmids, especially megaplasmids, in isolates from retail meats. Furthermore, knowledge about the distribution of genes encoding replication (rep) initiation proteins in food isolates is lacking. In this study, the prevalence of plasmids in S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats purchased in Oklahoma was investigated; furthermore, we evaluated associations between rep families, selected virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and food source origin. Two hundred and twenty-two S. aureus isolates from chicken (n = 55), beef liver (n = 43), pork (n = 42), chicken liver (n = 29), beef (n = 24), turkey (n = 22), and chicken gizzards (n = 7) were subjected to plasmid screening with alkaline lysis and PFGE to detect small-to-medium sized and large plasmids, respectively. The S. aureus isolates contained variable sizes of plasmids, and PFGE was superior to alkaline lysis in detecting large megaplasmids. A total of 26 rep families were identified by PCR, and the most dominant rep families were rep 10 and rep 7 in 164 isolates (89%), rep 21 in 124 isolates (56%), and rep 12 in 99 isolates (45%). Relationships between selected rep genes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and meat sources were detected. In conclusion, S. aureus strains isolated from retail meats harbor plasmids with various sizes and there is an association between rep genes on these plasmids and the meat source or the antimicrobial resistance of the strains harboring them.
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Megaplasmids in Campylobacter spp. likely play important roles in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and horizontal gene transfer. In this study, megaplasmids pCJDM202 (119 kb) and pCJDM67L (116 kb) from C. jejuni strains WP2-202 and OD2-67, respectively, were sequenced and characterized. These megaplasmids contained genes for tetracycline resistance [tet(O)], the Type IV secretion system, conjugative transfer and the Type VI secretion system (T6SS). The T6SS genes in Campylobacter plasmids encoded genes and proteins that were similar to those identified in Campylobacter chromosomal DNA. When the megaplasmid pCJDM202 from C. jejuni WP2-202 was transferred via conjugation to C. jejuni NCTC11168 Nal+, transconconjugants acquired tetracycline resistance and enhanced cytotoxicity towards red blood cells. A T6SS mutant of strain WP2-202 was generated and designated Δhcp3; the mutant was significantly impaired in its ability to lyse red blood cells and survive in defibrinated blood. The cytotoxicity of Campylobacter strains towards the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK 293 was not impacted by the T6SS. In summary, the T6SS encoded by Campylobacter megaplasmids mediates lysis of RBCs and likely contributes to survival on retail meats where blood cells are abundant.
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Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Moela das Aves/microbiologia , Fígado/microbiologia , Plasmídeos/genética , Sistemas de Secreção Tipo VI/genética , Animais , Morte Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Cromossomos Bacterianos/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Genoma Bacteriano , Células HEK293 , Hemólise , Cavalos , Humanos , Resistência a TetraciclinaRESUMO
The high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in retail liver products was previously reported and has been linked to several outbreaks of campylobacteriosis. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of retail liver juices on the survivability of several strains of C. jejuni and C. coli, which were previously isolated from various retail meats at 4 °C. All tested Campylobacter strains showed higher survival in beef liver juice (BLJ) and chicken liver juice (CLJ) as compared to beef and chicken juices (BJ and CJ) or Mueller Hinton broth (MHB) at 4 °C. Overall, C. jejuni strains showed greater survival in retail liver and meat juices as compared to C. coli. CLJ enhanced biofilm formation of most C. coli strains and supported growth in favorable conditions. When diluted, retail liver and meat juices enhanced survival of Campylobacter strains at low temperatures and increased aerotolerance. In conclusion, beef and chicken liver juices enhanced the survival of C. jejuni and C. coli strains at low temperatures, which helps explain the high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in retail liver products.
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Infecções por Campylobacter/etiologia , Campylobacter coli/citologia , Campylobacter jejuni/citologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/etiologia , Carne/microbiologia , Animais , Bebidas/microbiologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/microbiologia , Campylobacter coli/isolamento & purificação , Campylobacter jejuni/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas , Temperatura Baixa , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Humanos , Fígado/microbiologia , Viabilidade Microbiana , Carne VermelhaRESUMO
The whole-genome sequence of Staphylococcus argenteus strain B3-25B, isolated from retail beef liver, comprises a circular chromosome (2,676,222 bp) and a single plasmid (21,570 bp). The chromosome harbors genes encoding the type VII secretion system and several virulence factors.
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This study was aimed at comparing the ability of conventional culture, the iQ-Check real-time PCR kit, and invA PCR to detect Salmonella in naturally contaminated premarket and retail turkey parts. Premarket (n = 120) turkey parts collected from a commercial turkey processing plant, and retail turkey parts (n = 138) were examined. Both PCR methods detected a significantly greater (P < 0.05) number of positive samples when compared with the conventional culture method for the premarket turkey parts. The indices of total agreement between the conventional culture method and the iQ-Check kit for the premarket and retail parts were 79.2% (95% CI: 70.8, 86) and 90.6% (95% CI: 84.4, 94.9), respectively. When the conventional culture method was compared with invA PCR for Salmonella detection in the premarket and retail parts, the indices of total agreement were 75.8% (95% CI: 67.2, 83.2) and 84.1% (95% CI: 76.9, 89.7), respectively. The rates of false positives (premarket: 31.9%, retail: 9.7%) and false negatives (premarket: 5.9%, retail: 9.7%) were determined between the culture method and the iQ-Check kit. When invA PCR was compared with the culture method, the rates of false positives (premarket: 37.7%, retail: 11.1%) and false negatives (premarket: 5.9%, retail: 18.3%) were obtained. The higher total agreement and the lower rates of both false positives and false negatives for the iQ-Check kit compared with invA PCR for both premarket and retail turkey parts corroborates the use of the iQ-Check kit as a screening tool for Salmonella in poultry meat.
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Contagem de Colônia Microbiana/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Carne/microbiologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Proteínas de Bactérias , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Meios de Cultura , DNA Bacteriano/análise , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Intoxicação Alimentar por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , PerusRESUMO
One of the unique features of actinomycetes, especially the genus Streptomyces, is the presence of linear plasmids. These range in size from 12 to 600 kb, and are often termed mega-plasmids. While many of the genes involved in secondary metabolite production reside in clusters on the chromosome, several studies have identified biosynthetic clusters on large linear plasmids that produce important secondary metabolites, including antibiotics. In this study, Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to screen 176 actinomycete isolates for the presence of plasmids; these bacterial strains were previously isolated from the Great Salt Plains of Oklahoma. Seventy-eight of the 176 actinomycete isolates (44%) contained plasmids. Several strains contained more than one plasmid, accounting for a total of 109 plasmids. Ten isolates showed extrachromosomal DNA larger than 200 kb, thus falling into the category of mega-plasmids. A subset of plasmids from 55 isolates was treated with S1 nuclease to determine topology; all plasmids examined appeared to be linear and ranged from ~55 to 400 kb. Eleven isolates were chosen for Whole Genome Next Generation Sequencing. From the 11 sequenced isolates, seven plasmids were partially assembled. While the majority of the genes identified on the plasmids coded for hypothetical proteins, others coded for general functions, stress response, and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance. Draft genome sequences of two mega-plasmid-bearing Streptomyces sp. strains, BF-3 and 4F, revealed the presence of genes involved in antibiotic production, antibiotic, and heavy metal resistance, osmoregulation, and stress response, which likely facilitate their survival in this extreme halophilic environment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore plasmids harbored by actinomycetes isolated from the Great Salt Plains of Oklahoma.
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Draft genome sequences of megaplasmid-bearing Streptomyces sp. strains BF-3 and 4F, isolated from the Great Salt Plains of Oklahoma, showed genome sizes of 7,950,134 and 7,550,992 bp, respectively. Both genomes revealed the presence of genes involved in osmoregulation and stress response, potentially helping their survival in such an extreme environment.
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Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are two of the major causes of foodborne illness. In this study, 29 plasmids isolated from 20 retail meat isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli were fully-sequenced individually or as a part of a whole genome sequencing approach. The fully-sequenced plasmids ranged in size from 3 to 119 kb. Molecular characterization of the sequenced plasmids was based on pangenomic analysis and types of genes present on these plasmids and similar ones from GenBank. The plasmids were categorized into four different groups. These groups include type-1 that consisted mainly of pTet plasmids with the tetO gene, type-2 plasmids commonly found in C. coli strains, type-3 which has pVir plasmids, and type-4 that consisted mainly of smaller plasmids. The type-2 plasmids were unique, common among C. coli strains, and carried several conjugative transfer genes. The type-2 plasmids were most similar to a plasmid from Helicobacter pullorum. Maximum parsimony analysis and NeighborNet analysis were used to assess the phylogenetic relatedness among the 29 plasmid sequences presented in this study in addition to the other 104 plasmid sequences of Campylobacter species available in GenBank to date. Results from MP analysis revealed multiple lineages among Campylobacter plasmids which was supported by NeighborNet analysis. Clustering of plasmids did not conform to species-specific clades which suggested an intra-species dissemination of plasmids among Campylobacter species. To our knowledge, this is the first extensive phylogenetic analysis of Campylobacter plasmids sequenced to date.
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Aerotolerance in the microaerophilic species Campylobacter was previously reported and could increase bacterial survival and transmission in foods during stressful processing and storage conditions. In this study, 167 Campylobacter isolates (76 C. jejuni and 91 C. coli) were screened for aerotolerance; these strains were previously isolated from retail chicken meat, chicken livers, chicken gizzards, turkey, pork, and beef liver samples. Bacterial cultures were incubated aerobically in Mueller Hinton broth with agitation and viable cell counts were taken at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h. Approximately 47% of the screened Campylobacter isolates were aerotolerant (viable after a 12-h aerobic incubation period), whereas 24% were hyper-aerotolerant (viable after a 24-h aerobic incubation). A greater prevalence of aerotolerant strains (80%) was found among C. coli isolates as compared to C. jejuni isolates (6%). Differences in the oxidative stress response related genes were detected among C. jejuni and C. coli isolates when comparative genomics was used to analyze 17 Whole Genome Sequenced (WGS) strains from our laboratory. Genes encoding putative transcriptional regulator proteins and a catalase-like heme binding protein were found in C. coli genomes, but were absent in the genomes of C. jejuni. PCR screening showed the presence of a catalase-like protein gene in 75% (68/91) of C. coli strains, which was absent in all tested C. jejuni strains. While about 79% (30/38) of the hyper-aerotolerant C. coli strains harbored the catalase-like protein gene, the gene was also present in a number of the aerosensitive strains. The Catalase like protein gene was found to be expressed in both aerobic and microaerobic conditions with a 2-fold higher gene expression detected in aerobic conditions for an aerosensitive strain. However, the exact function of the gene remains unclear and awaits further investigation. In conclusion, aerotolerant Campylobacter strains (especially C. coli) are prevalent in various retail meats. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the genes encoding catalase-like heme binding protein and putative transcriptional regulators in C. coli strains are involved in stress response.
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Ground poultry is marketed as a healthier alternative to ground beef despite the fact that poultry is a major source of foodborne Salmonella. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in Oklahoma retail ground poultry and to characterize representative isolates by serotyping, antimicrobial resistance, PFGE patterns, and large plasmid profiling. A total of 199 retail ground poultry samples (150 ground turkey and 49 ground chicken) were investigated. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in ground poultry was 41% (82/199), and the incidence in conventional samples (47%, 66/141) was higher than in organic samples (27%, 16/58). The prevalence of Salmonella in organic ground chicken and organic ground turkey was 33% (3/9) and 26% (13/49), respectively. Twenty six Salmonella isolates (19 conventional and 7 organic) were chosen for further characterization. The following six serotypes and number of isolates per serotype were identified as follows: Tennessee, 8; Saintpaul, 4; Senftenberg, 4; Anatum, 4 (one was Anatum_var._15+); Ouakam, 3; and Enteritidis, 3. Resistance to 16 tested antimicrobials was as follows: gentamycin, 100% (26/26); ceftiofur, 100% (26/26); amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 96% (25/26); streptomycin, 92% (24/26); kanamycin, 88% (23/26); ampicillin, 85% (22/26); cephalothin, 81% (21/26); tetracycline, 35% (9/26); sulfisoxazole, 27% (7/26); nalidixic acid, 15% (4/26); and cefoxitin, 15% (4/26). All isolates were susceptible to amikacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. All screened isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and showed resistance to 4-10 antimicrobials; isolates from organic sources showed resistance to 5-7 antimicrobials. PFGE was successful in clustering the Salmonella isolates into distinct clusters that each represented one serotype. PFGE was also used to investigate the presence of large plasmids using S1 nuclease digestion. A total of 8/26 (31%) Salmonella isolates contained a â¼100 Kb plasmid that was present in all Anatum and Ouakam isolates. In conclusion, the presence of multidrug resistant Salmonella with various serotypes, PFGE profiles, and large plasmids in ground poultry stresses the importance of seeking novel interventions to reduce the risk of this foodborne pathogen. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered a high additional risk and continued surveillance at the retail level could minimize the risk for the consumer.
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Complete genome sequences of Campylobacter coli strains WA333, YF2105, BG2108, MG1116, and BP3183 and Campylobacter jejuni strain IF1100 isolated from retail chicken liver showed the presence of 1,841,551-, 1,687,232-, 1,695,638-, 1,665,146-, 1,695,360-, and 1,744,171-bp circular chromosomes, respectively. These isolates also contained plasmids ranging in size from 5,209 to 55,122 bp.