Doomed for carcinomatosis? An unusual presentation of abdominal tuberculosis.

A 35-year old male from Brazil presented with intermittent abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a nodule adjacent to splenic hilum and multiple abdominal nodules, suspicious of carcinomatosis. The patient underwent gastroscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), that revealed an ill-defined hypoechogenic lesion adjacent to the spleen and two hypoechogenic subepithelial lesions located in the 4th layer of the stomach and duodenal bulb. Biopsies revealed non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant cells. Soon after, a 18cm palpable mass within the rectus abdominis muscle was identified, and the biopsy was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA, confirming the diagnosis of disseminated abdominal tuberculosis.

Usefulness of Prophylactic Percutaneous Gastrostomy Placement in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Treated with Chemoradiotherapy.

Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has evolved as the preferred organ preservation strategy in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). This approach increases malnutrition, and thus, establishing a direct enteral feeding route is essential. To evaluate the usefulness of prophylactic percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in HNC patients receiving definitive CRT, we performed a prospective evaluation of HNC patients over a 6-month period. Patients and tumor characteristics, nutritional status 30 days after PEG insertion and technique complications were evaluated. We also assessed the long-term PEG usage. Forty-seven PEGs were placed and only 2 patients did not use it. The mean time of PEG use was 131 days (4-255) and mean duration of exclusive utilization was 71 days (4-180). On 30th day after procedure, 34/45 (76 %) patients had lost weight, but only 10/45 (22 %) patients had lost more than 10 % of their initial weight. The most frequent complications were minor peristomal infections, which were correlated with proton-pump inhibitor use before PEG placement (OR 3.91, 95 % CI 1.01-15.2, and p = 0.049). One year later, 19 % of patients in remission continue needing PEG. Enteric nutritional support is essential during and after CRT in HNC patients. Most patients lost weight even with PEG. One-fifth of patients in remission required long-term PEG utilization.

Quality of death in patients in advanced chronic liver disease and cancer patients managed by gastroenterologists in Portugal: are we doing it right?

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of chronic progressive diseases is rising and investment on quality of death and dying is of utmost importance to minimize physical and emotional suffering. There is still a gap in palliative care (PC) between patients with cancer and those with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). Our objectives were to characterize clinical attitudes and therapeutic interventions and to evaluate the differences in end-of-life care between inpatients with cancer and ACLD under gastroenterology care. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, including patients with cancer or ACLD who died in a Gastroenterology department between 2012 and 2021. Demographic characteristics, clinical and endoscopic procedures and symptom control were compared between the groups. RESULTS: From 150 patients, 118 (78.7%) died with cancer and 32 (21.3%) died from ACLD without concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma. ACLD patients were more frequently male ( P  = 0.001) and younger ( P  = 0.001) than patients with cancer. Median time of hospitalization in the last month of life was 16 days for both groups. Discussion of prognosis with the patient was more frequent for cancer patients (35.6% versus 3.2%, P  < 0.001). Referral to PC occurred in 18.8% and 61% of the patients with ACLD and cancer respectively ( P  < 0.001). Endoscopic procedures were performed in half of the patients and were more likely to be unsuccessful in those with cancer. CONCLUSION: Clinical decisions were different between groups in terms of PC access and discussion of prognostic with the patient. It is urgent to define and implement metrics of quality of death and dying to prevent potentially inappropriate treatment.

ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Crohn's Disease: Surgical Treatment.

This article is the second in a series of two publications on the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] evidence-based consensus on the management of Crohn's disease. The first article covers medical management; the present article addresses surgical management, including preoperative aspects and drug management before surgery. It also provides technical advice for a variety of common clinical situations. Both articles together represent the evidence-based recommendations of the ECCO for Crohn's disease and an update of prior ECCO guidelines.

A Survey on Remote Assistance and Training in Mixed Reality Environments.

The recent pandemic, war, and oil crises have caused many to reconsider their need to travel for education, training, and meetings. Providing assistance and training remotely has thus gained importance for many applications, from industrial maintenance to surgical telemonitoring. Current solutions such as video conferencing platforms lack essential communication cues such as spatial referencing, which negatively impacts both time completion and task performance. Mixed Reality (MR) offers opportunities to improve remote assistance and training, as it opens the way to increased spatial clarity and large interaction space. We contribute a survey of remote assistance and training in MR environments through a systematic literature review to provide a deeper understanding of current approaches, benefits and challenges. We analyze 62 articles and contextualize our findings along a taxonomy based on degree of collaboration, perspective sharing, MR space symmetry, time, input and output modality, visual display, and application domain. We identify the main gaps and opportunities in this research area, such as exploring collaboration scenarios beyond one-expert-to-one-trainee, enabling users to move across the reality-virtuality spectrum during a task, or exploring advanced interaction techniques that resort to hand or eye tracking. Our survey informs and helps researchers in different domains, including maintenance, medicine, engineering, or education, build and evaluate novel MR approaches to remote training and assistance. All supplemental materials are available at https://augmented-perception.org/publications/2023-training-survey.html.

Groove Pancreatitis: Clinical Cases and Review of the Literature.

Introduction: Groove pancreatitis (GP) is a type of chronic segmental pancreatitis that affects the pancreatoduodenal groove area, and it is often misdiagnosed. Outflow obstruction of the minor papilla associated with alcohol consumption seems to be the main pathophysiological mechanism, and it affects mainly middle-aged males. Symptoms include nausea and postprandial vomiting from gastric outlet obstruction, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Despite modern advances, such as radiological and endoscopic methods, distinction between GP and pancreatic cancer remains a challenge, and histological examination is sometimes necessary. When a diagnosis can be obtained without a surgical specimen, management can be conservative in the absence of acute or chronic complications. Case Presentation: The authors present 2 clinical cases which portray the diagnostic workup and management decisions of this entity. Discussion/Conclusion: GP is a clinical entity, offering diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Imaging exams are crucial in the diagnosis and follow-up, but surgery may be necessary in a significant number of cases due to the incapacity to rule out malignancy.

Introdução: A pancreatite da goteira (PG) constitui uma forma de pancreatite crónica segmentar, que afeta a área da goteira pancreatoduodenal, sendo frequentemente subdiagnosticada. O mecanismo fisiopatológico principal parece ser a obstrução ao fluxo da papila minor relacionada com o consumo de álcool. Esta patologia ocorre mais frequentemente em homens entre a 4a e 5a décadas de vida. A maioria dos doentes apresenta sintomas como náuseas e vómitos pós-prandiais, perda ponderal e dor abdominal. Apesar do desenvolvimento atual dos métodos radiológicos e endoscópicos, a distinção entre PG e neoplasia pancreática constitui um desafio diagnóstico e a avaliação histológica pode ser necessária. Se for possível obter o diagnóstico sem intervenção cirúrgica, o tratamento pode ser conservador na ausência de complicações agudas e crónicas. Apresentação do caso: Apresentamos 2 casos clínicos que demonstram a abordagem diagnóstica e a gestão de decisões terapêuticas nesta entidade. Discussão/Conclusão: A PG é uma entidade clínica que oferece com diagnóstico e terapêutica desafiantes. Apesar da importância crucial dos exames imagiológicos no diagnóstico e seguimento, a incapacidade de excluir um processo maligno torna necessária a intervenção cirúrgica numa parte significativa dos casos.

Aggressive Colorectal Cancer in an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient following Treatment with Vedolizumab: A Case Report.

Introduction: The increased risk of bowel cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease can be related with the extent, duration and severity of inflammation or with the cancer immune surveillance interference of immunosuppressive drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Therefore, the risk-benefit ratio associated with long-term therapeutic strategies should be based on the patient's age, sex, comorbidities and disease phenotype. Case Report: We present the case of a 76-year-old man with a history of melanoma stage Clark III and steroid-dependent left-sided colitis, refractory to mesalamine and thiopurines, with a diagnosis of a multifocal colorectal adenocarcinoma shortly after clinical and endoscopic remission 1 year after starting vedolizumab. Discussion: Vedolizumab is a gut-selective monoclonal anti-α4ß7-integrin antibody that inhibits lymphocyte migration into the gastrointestinal submucosa. Its effectiveness for induction and maintenance of remission and its favorable safety profile make it an alternative in patients with chronic refractory colitis and contraindications to anti-TNF-α. However, there is the hypothesis that, by reducing the migration of activated leukocytes to the gastrointestinal tract, it may also reduce immunosurveillance, increasing the colorectal malignancy risk in the long term. More studies are necessary to address this issue.

Introdução: O aumento do risco de neoplasias intestinais em doentes com doença inflamatória intestinal correlacionase com a extensão, duração e gravidade de inflamação assim como com o potencial efeito na vigilância imunitária associado aos fármacos imunossupressores utilizados no seu tratamento. Por isso, a avaliação do risco-benefício da utilização de estratégias terapêuticas a longo prazo deve basear-se no género, idade, comorbilidades e fenótipo da doença. Caso clínico: Os autores apresentam o caso de um homem de 76 anos com história pregressa de melanoma maligno estadio Clark III e colite ulcerosa esquerda cortico-dependente e refratária à terapêutica convencional, com o diagnóstico de um adenocarcinoma colo-rectal um ano após ter iniciado terapêutica com vedolizumab e ter atingido remissão clínica e endoscópica. Discussão: O vedolizumab é um anticorpo anti-integrina α4ß7 que inibe a migração dos linfócitos para a submucosa gastrointestinal. A sua eficácia na indução e manutenção da remissão e o seu perfil de segurança tornam-no uma boa alternativa em doentes com doença refratária e contraindicações para anti-TNF-α. Contudo, ao diminuir a migração dos leucócitos para o trato gastrointestinal, poderá reduzir a imunovigilância, aumentando o risco de neoplasia colo-rectal. No entanto, este é ainda um conceito teórico, sendo necessários mais estudos que o comprovem.

ECCO Guidelines on Therapeutics in Ulcerative Colitis: Surgical Treatment.

This is the second of a series of two articles reporting the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] evidence-based consensus on the management of adult patients with ulcerative colitis [UC]. The first article is focused on medical management, and the present article addresses medical treatment of acute severe ulcerative colitis [ASUC] and surgical management of medically refractory UC patients, including preoperative optimisation, surgical strategies, and technical issues. The article provides advice for a variety of common clinical and surgical conditions. Together, the articles represent an update of the evidence-based recommendations of the ECCO for UC.

Adenomyomatosis of the Common Bile Duct and Ampulla of Vater.

Adenomyomatosis is a rare benign lesion that has been observed in different sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently in the gallbladder. Few cases have been described in the stomach, small bowel, bile ducts, and ampullary region. Adenomyomas of the vaterian system (ampulla and common bile duct) have important clinical consequences, since the majority of these lesions present with biliary tract obstruction and mimic malignant behavior. As a consequence, considering the diagnostic difficulty of these lesions, patients are often treated with extensive surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy). We report 2 cases of adenomyomatosis: one of the ampulla of Vater and the other of the common bile duct, as well as a review of reported cases in the literature. Both of our patients presented with epigastralgia and had laboratory or endoscopic evidence of biliary obstruction. Both patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound, one of them with fine-needle aspiration; however, it was not possible to exclude the possibility of cancer. The diagnosis of adenomyoma was only confirmed by the surgical specimen after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

A adenomiomatose é uma lesão benigna rara que tem sido observada em diferentes locais do trato gastrointestinal, mais frequentemente na vesícula biliar. Poucos casos foram descritos no estômago, intestino delgado, vias biliares e ampola de Vater. Os adenomiomas do sistema de Vater (ampola e via biliar principal) têm importantes consequências clínicas, uma vez que a maioria dessas lesões se apresenta com obstrução biliar, sugerindo comportamento maligno. Como consequência, na maioria dos casos, e considerando a dificuldade diagnóstica destas lesões, os doentes são frequentemente submetidos a cirurgia extensa (pancreaticoduodenectomia). Reportamos dois casos de adenomiomatose da ampola de Vater e via biliar principal, bem como uma revisão dos casos descritos na literatura. Os doentes apresentaram-se com queixas de epigastralgia e evidência laboratorial ou endoscópia de obstrução biliar. Em ambos os casos foi realizada ultrassonografia endoscópica e em um deles punção aspirativa poragulha fina, não tendo sido possível excluir a possibilidade de malignidade. O diagnóstico de adenomioma foi apenas confirmado na peça cirúrgica após pancreaticoduodenectomia.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients' Perspectives during COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Portuguese Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) do not seem to be at increased risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2, but there is a concern whether immunosuppressive therapy may be associated with more severe disease. Several clinical practice recommendations have been published to help guide IBD care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, few studies have addressed patients' perspectives and fears. We aimed to evaluate Portuguese IBD patients' perspectives on the clinical management of their disease during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic as well as the impact on their professional life. METHODS: An anonymous electronic survey was created using REDCap and was distributed by the Portuguese Association of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (APDI) between May and August 2020. Patients' perspectives on immunosuppressive therapy, disease management, interaction with gastroenterology departments, and the impact of the pandemic in their professional life were assessed. Patients' proposals to improve medical care were also evaluated. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: A total of 137 participants answered the survey (79.6% females, mean age 41.7 ± 12.1 years). Although having IBD and receiving treatment with immunosuppressors (thiopurines, steroids, or biologics) were considered promotors of anxiety, most patients (85.4%) agreed that disease remission was a priority and only a minority of patients interrupted their treatment during the pandemic. In multivariate analysis, active disease, biologic treatment, and use of corticosteroids in the last 3 months were perceived by the patients as high-risk features for increased risk of SARS-Cov-2 infection and more severe disease. Fifty-nine patients (44%) believed that their follow-up was influenced by the pandemic and only 58.8% felt that they had the opportunity to discuss their therapeutic options with their doctor. Sixty-three patients (46.0%) were working from home during the pandemic, although this decision was related to IBD and immunosuppressive therapy in only 36.5 and 39.7% of the cases, respectively. Areas where care could have been improved during the pandemic were identified by patients, namely enhancement of the communication with IBD professionals, conciliation of telemedicine with face-to-face appointments, and facilitation of the interaction between patients and employers. CONCLUSION: Most patients agreed that maintaining IBD remission is crucial, and only a minority of the patients stopped their treatment as per their own initiative. IBD status only had a small influence on patients' professional activity during the COVID-19 outbreak, with most changes being related to the pandemic itself.

Quality of Care Standards in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: a European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] Position Paper.

The management of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is complex, and requires tight control of disease activity, close monitoring to avoid treatment side effects, health care professionals with expertise in IBD, and an interdisciplinary, holistic approach. Despite various efforts to standardise structures, processes, and outcomes,1-8 and due to the high variability at the local, national, and international levels, there are still no clear definitions or outcome measures available to establish quality of care standards for IBD patients which are applicable in all contexts and all countries. For this reason, the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] supported the construction of a list of criteria summarising current standards of care in IBD. The list comprises 111 quality standard points grouped into three main domains [structure n = 31, process n = 42, outcomes n = 38] and is based on scientific evidence, interdisciplinary expert consensus, and patient-oriented perspectives. The list of proposed criteria is intended to represent the position of ECCO regarding the optimum quality of care that should be available to patients. Since health care systems and regulations vary considerably between countries, this list may require adaptation at local and national levels. It is recognised that not all these criteria that have been identified as optimal will be available in every unit. However, ECCO will continue its efforts to develop and coordinate projects and initiatives that will help to guarantee optimal quality of care for all IBD patients.

Rare case of a giant duodenal ulcer penetrating the pancreas during antiangiogenic treatment.

We report a case of a patient with renal cell carcinoma on pazopanib, who presented with severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy showed a giant bulbar ulcer with a visible vessel of 4 mm. Due to unavailability of surgical rescue backup, large calibre vessel treatment was delayed. Endoscopy was repeated after 48 hours and showed a reduction in the vessel diameter. Endoscopic adrenalin injection and electrocoagulation were performed. However, the vessel increased in size and became pulsatile. The patient was operated, confirming a giant bulbar ulcer penetrating the pancreas with active bleeding from the gastroduodenal artery. Pazopanib therapy was suspended, and the patient is asymptomatic. Antiangiogenic treatment has been associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation and fistulisation. Although we cannot confirm the causal association between the penetrating ulcer and pazopanib, the absence of Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the reported cases of gastrointestinal bleeding during these therapies favour a possible association.

'Quality of Care' Standards in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] includes chronic, disabling and progressive conditions that need a complex approach and management. Although several attempts have been made to standardize the care of IBD patients, no clear definitions of a global 'standard of care' are currently available. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of the available literature, searching for all relevant data concerning three main domains of standards of quality of care in IBD patients: structure, process and outcomes. From the literature search, 2394 abstracts were retrieved, and 62 relevant papers were included in the final review. RESULTS: Standards of quality of care in IBD include several aspects that can be summarized in three identified domains: structure, process and outcomes. The suggested structure of an IBD Unit includes a multi-disciplinary approach, effective referral processes, improved access using helplines, and departmental guidelines/pathways with identification of measurable quality indicators. Coordinated care models which incorporate a multi-disciplinary approach, structured clinical pathways or processes for the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of IBD, fast-track recovery from IBD surgery, designated IBD clinics, virtual clinics and telemanagement are currently considered the main standards for process, although supporting data are limited. Several consensus statements on outcomes and quality indicators have been reported, focusing on outcomes in symptoms, function and quality of life restoration, survival and disease control, in addition to effective healthcare utilization. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review can provide the basis for general recommendations for standards of quality of care in IBD.

Adenoma Detection Rate: I Will Show You Mine if You Show Me Yours.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the first cause of cancer-related mortality in Portugal. CRC screening reduces disease-specific mortality. Colonoscopy is currently the preferred method for screening as it may contribute to the reduction of CRC incidence. This beneficial effect is strongly associated with the adenoma detection rate (ADR). AIM: Our aim was to evaluate the quality of colonoscopy at our unit by measuring the currently accepted quality parameters and publish them as benchmarking indicators. METHODS: From 5,860 colonoscopies, 654 screening procedures (with and without previous fecal occult blood testing) were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 66.4 ± 7.8 years, and the gender distribution was 1:1. The overall ADR was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] 32-39), the mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy was 0.66 (95% CI 0.56-0.77), and the sessile serrate lesion detection rate was 1% (95% CI 0-2). The bowel preparation was rated as adequate in 496 (76%) patients. The adjusted cecal intubation rate (CIR) was 93.7% (95% CI 91.7-95.8). Most colonoscopies were performed under monitored anesthesia care (53%), and 35% were unsedated. The use of sedation (propofol or midazolam based) was associated with a higher CIR with an odds ratio of 3.60 (95% CI 2.02-6.40, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data show an above-standard ADR. The frequency of poor bowel preparation and the low sessile serrated lesion detection rate were acknowledged, and actions were implemented to improve both indicators. Quality auditing in colonoscopy should be compulsory, and while many units may do so internally, this is the first national report from a high-throughput endoscopy unit.

Towards curative therapy in gastric cancer: Faraway, so close!

Although recent diagnostic and therapeutic advances have substantially improved the survival of patients with gastric cancer (GC), the overall prognosis is still poor. Surgery is the only curative treatment and should be performed in experienced centers. Due to high relapse following surgery, complementary and systemic treatment aimed at eradicating micrometastasis should be performed in most cases. Cytotoxic treatments are effective in downstaging locally advanced cancer, but different sensitivities and toxicities probably exist in different GC subtypes. Current treatment protocols are based primarily on clinical data and histological features, but molecular biomarkers that would allow for the prediction of treatment responses are urgently needed. Understanding how host factors are responsible for inter-individual variability of drug response or toxicity will also contribute to the development of more effective and less toxic treatments.

Hyperplastic polyp? Look again... the impact of the new classification for serrated polyps.

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization reviewed the classification for serrated colonic polyps in 2010. A new entity, sessile serrated adenoma, was included with two variants: with and without cytological dysplasia. This lesion's malignant potential has been recognized and according to the new classification, many polyps may be reclassified. The impact of this change is yet to be assessed. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the proportion of lesions that were reclassified according to the new World Health Organization classification and the variables that influenced it. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Every patient with at least one sessile serrated adenoma diagnosed in a 5 year period was included. All polyps (regardless of type) resected during the study period were reviewed. Data concerning polyp's characteristics and patient variables were collected. Forty consecutive patients were included [13 female, mean age at 1st sessile serrated adenoma -59 yrs (34-80)]. RESULTS: Were reviewed 247 polyps: hyperplastic--42%; conventional adenomas--29%; sessile serrated adenoma--24%; serrated adenomas--5%. Sixty-three polyps were reclassified: 43 hyperplastic, 12 serrated adenomas, 7 sessile serrated adenoma and 1 conventional adenoma with low grade dysplasia. Reclassification was significantly greater for hyperplastic polyps when compared with the other subtypes. Forty-three of one hundred and four (41%) hyperplastic polyps were reclassified all as sessile serrated adenoma. In these polyps the probability of reclassification was independent from polyp location but was greater if polyp size ≥ 5 mm. DISCUSSION: This is a single center, rectrospective study. The fact that it was done in an Oncology Referral Institution with a Family Risk Clinic may have influenced the results. Nevertheless the impressive reclassification rate for Hyperplastic Polyps and the fact that they were reclassified mainly as Serrated Adenomas makes these results relevant to daily practice. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that, according to the new World Health Organization classification for serrated colonic polyps, a considerable proportion of hyperplastic polyps will be reclassified. The serrated pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis has probably been underestimated and at-risk patients may have been under inappropriate surveillance.

Introdução: A Organização Mundial de Saúde reviu a classificação para os pólipos serreados do cólon em 2010. Uma nova entidade, o adenoma serreado séssil, foi incluída com duas variantes: com e sem displasia citológica. O potencial de malignização desta lesão foi reconhecido e, de acordo com a nova classificação, muitos pólipos poderão ser reclassificados. O impacto desta mudança ainda não foi aferido. Objectivo: Analisar a proporção de lesões reclassificadas de acordo com a nova classificação da Organização Mundial de Saúde e as variáveis que a influenciaram. Material e Métodos: Todos os doentes com pelo menos um adenoma serreado séssil diagnosticado num período de cinco anos foram incluídos. Todos os pólipos (independentemente do tipo histológico) ressecados durante o período considerado foram revistos. Recolhidas variáveis dos pólipos e dados dos doentes. Incluídos 40 doentes consecutivos [13 mulheres, idade média no diagnóstico do 1º adenoma serreado séssil - 59 anos (34-80)]. Resultados: Revistos 247 pólipos: hiperplásicos - 42%; adenomas convencionais - 29%; adenoma serreado séssil - 24%; adenomas serreados-5%. Reclassificados 63 pólipos: 43 hiperplásicos, 12 adenomas serreados, 7 adenoma serreado séssil e 1 adenoma convencional com displasia de baixo brau. A reclassificação foi significativamente mais provável para os pólipos hiperplásicos em relação aos outros subtipos. 41% (43/104) dos pólipos hiperplásicos foram reclassificados como adenoma serreado séssil. Para estes pólipos a probabilidade de reclassificação foi independente da localização mas maior se a dimensão ≥ 5 mm. Discussão: Este é um estudo rectrospectivo que foi conduzido num único Centro Oncológico de Referenciação com uma Clínica de Risco Familiar associada, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados. No entanto, a elevada taxa de reclassificação para os pólipos hiperplásicos e o facto de estes terem sido reclassificados quase sempre como adenomas serreados tornam estes resultados relevantes para a prática do dia a dia. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados mostram que, de acordo com a nova classificação da Organização Mundial de Saúde para os pólipos serreados, uma proporção considerável de pólipos hiperplásicos seria reclassificada. A via serreada de carcinogénese colorectal tem sido provavelmente subestimada e doentes em risco podem estar sob vigilância inadequada.

Familial adenomatous polyposis and Crohn's disease in one patient: dilemmas and concerns.

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Crohn's disease (CD) are two entities with no known etiologic or physiopathogenic relation. The rarity of the former makes the coincidence of both diagnoses in one patient very unlikely. Nevertheless, management in such cases can be puzzling as surgical options must be considered, and immunosuppression/immunomodulation is set in a territory of accelerated carcinogenesis. We report the case of a 29-year-old male with a diagnosis of FAP since adolescence, already submitted to prophylactic proctocolectomy, presenting with anemia and bloody diarrhea, revealing small bowel CD. This case allows for a rich discussion of the clinical dilemmas presenting when FAP and CD are diagnosed in the same patient and for a deep analysis of the concerns inherent to the available therapeutic options.