RESUMO
Prostate cancer is initially regulated by the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated, transcription factor, and is in a hormone-dependent state (hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC)), but eventually becomes androgen-refractory (castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)) because of mechanisms that bypass the AR, including by activation of ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. ErbB3 is synthesized in the cytoplasm and transported to the plasma membrane for ligand binding and dimerization, where it regulates downstream signaling, but nuclear forms are reported. Here, we demonstrate in prostatectomy samples that ErbB3 nuclear localization is observed in malignant, but not benign prostate, and that cytoplasmic (but not nuclear) ErbB3 correlated positively with AR expression but negatively with AR transcriptional activity. In support of the latter, androgen depletion upregulated cytoplasmic, but not nuclear ErbB3, while in vivo studies showed that castration suppressed ErbB3 nuclear localization in HSPC, but not CRPC tumors. In vitro treatment with the ErbB3 ligand heregulin-1ß (HRG) induced ErbB3 nuclear localization, which was androgen-regulated in HSPC but not in CRPC. In turn, HRG upregulated AR transcriptional activity in CRPC but not in HSPC cells. Positive correlation between ErbB3 and AR expression was demonstrated in AR-null PC-3 cells where stable transfection of AR restored HRG-induced ErbB3 nuclear transport, while AR knockdown in LNCaP reduced cytoplasmic ErbB3. Mutations of ErbB3's kinase domain did not affect its localization but was responsible for cell viability in CRPC cells. Taken together, we conclude that AR expression regulated ErbB3 expression, its transcriptional activity suppressed ErbB3 nuclear translocation, and HRG binding to ErbB3 promoted it.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração , Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores Androgênicos , Humanos , Masculino , Androgênios/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ligantes , Neuregulina-1/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
In prostate cancer (PCa), androgens upregulate tumorigenesis, whereas in benign tissue, the revival of androgen receptor (AR) signaling suppresses aggressive behaviors, suggesting therapeutic potential. Dogs, natural PCa models, often lack AR in PCa. We restored AR in dog PCa to investigate resultant characteristics. Three AR-null canine PCa lines (1508, Leo, 1258) were transfected with canine wild-type AR and treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In 1508, AR restoration decreased clonogenicity (p = 0.03), viability (p = 0.004), migration (p = 0.03), invasion (p = 0.01), and increased expression of the tumor suppressor NKX3.1, an AR transcriptional target (p = 0.001). In Leo, AR decreased clonogenicity (p = 0.04) and the expression of another AR transcriptional target FOLH1 (p < 0.001) and increased the expression of NKX3.1 (p = 0.01). In 1258, AR increased migration (p = 0.006) and invasion (p = 0.03). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker (Vimentin, N-cadherin, SNAIL1) expression increased with AR restoration in Leo and 1258 but not 1508; siRNA vimentin knockdown abrogated AR-induced 1258 migration only. Overall, 1508 showed AR-mediated tumor suppression; AR affected proliferation in Leo but not migration or invasion; and EMT and AR regulated migration and invasion in 1258 but not proliferation. This study highlights the heterogeneous nature of PCa in dogs and cell line-specific effects of AR abrogation on aggressive behaviors.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores Androgênicos , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Cães , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Masculino , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Invasividade Neoplásica , Proliferação de CélulasRESUMO
Patients with bone metastases may experience debilitating pain, neurological conditions, increased risk of pathological fractures, and death. A deeper understanding of the bone microenvironment, the molecular biology of cancer types prone to metastasis, and how bone physiology promotes cancer growth, may help to uncover targeted treatment options. The purpose of this paper is to outline the current concepts relevant to topics including bone remodeling, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation as it relates to metastatic bone disease.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas , Humanos , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Osso e Ossos/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Multiple risk factors have been associated with bladder cancer. This review focuses on pesticide exposure, as it is not currently known whether agricultural products have a direct or indirect effect on bladder cancer, despite recent reports demonstrating a strong correlation. While it is known that pesticide exposure is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in humans and dogs, the mechanism(s) by which specific pesticides cause bladder cancer initiation or progression is unknown. In this narrative review, we discuss what is currently known about pesticide exposure and the link to bladder cancer. This review highlights multiple pathways modulated by pesticide exposure with direct links to bladder cancer oncogenesis/metastasis (MMP-2, TGF-ß, STAT3) and chemoresistance (drug efflux, DNA repair, and apoptosis resistance) and potential therapeutic tactics to counter these pesticide-induced affects.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Praguicidas , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Animais , Cães , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Fatores de Risco , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Cadmium and lead are widespread, nonbiodegradable heavy metals of perpetual environmental concerns. The present study aimed to evaluate whether sub-chronic exposure to cadmium chloride (CdCl2 ) and lead acetate [Pb(CH3 COO)2 ] induces reproductive toxicity and development of testicular germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) in swiss albino mice. The effects of resveratrol to reverse the metal-induced toxicity were also analyzed. The mice were randomly divided into four groups for metal treatments and two groups received two different doses of each metal, CdCl2 (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and Pb(CH3 COO)2 (3 and 6 mg/kg). The fourth group received oral doses of 20 mg/kg resveratrol in combination with 0.5 mg/kg CdCl2 or 6 mg/kg Pb(CH3 COO)2 for 16 weeks. Toxic effects of both metals were estimated qualitatively and quantitatively by the alterations in sperm parameters, oxidative stress markers, testicular histology, and protein expressions of the treated mice. Pronounced perturbation of sperm parameters, cellular redox balance were observed with severe distortion of testicular histo-architecture in metal exposed mice. Significant overexpression of Akt cascade and testicular GCNIS marker proteins were recorded in tissues treated with CdCl2 . Notable improvements were observed in all the evaluated parameters of resveratrol cotreated mice groups. Taken together, the findings of this study showed that long-term exposure to Cd and Pb compounds, induced acute reproductive toxicity and initiation of GCNIS development in mice. Conversely, resveratrol consumption abrogated metal-induced perturbation of spermatogenesis, testicular morphology, and the upregulation of Akt cascade proteins along with GCNIS markers, which could have induced the development of testicular cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Testiculares , Animais , Cádmio/toxicidade , Humanos , Chumbo , Masculino , Camundongos , Neoplasias Embrionárias de Células Germinativas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Resveratrol/farmacologia , Sêmen , Espermatozoides , Neoplasias Testiculares/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Testiculares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Testiculares/metabolismo , Testículo/metabolismoRESUMO
The self-organization of germanium islands on a silicon(001) substrate is studied using lattice-based kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. These islands form spontaneously via the Stranski-Krastanov mode during growth. The interplay of deposition flux and competing surface diffusion leads to a size and shape distribution of islands that varies with temperature and coverage. For the simulation parameters chosen, a kinetic regime of irreversible growth is observed at 500 K, and this changes to quasi-equilibrium growth at 600 K. At 550 K, we see that the surface roughness increases abruptly from a low value and crosses the roughness curve at 600 K. This behavior is explained on the basis of a change in the island formation mechanism. At 500 K, the island formation involves a nucleation barrier; whereas at 600 K this barrier is almost nonexistent. At an intermediate temperature, the stochastic effects due to the incoming flux initially slow down island growth, but the subsequent island nucleation rapidly increases the roughness. These results illustrate how island self-assembly is affected by mechanistic in addition to kinetic and energetic effects. Our results are discussed in the context of experiments on a Si-Ge system and show how the kMC models can be used to understand the processes in heteroepitaxial growth.
RESUMO
Aberrant expression of mTOR signaling pathway is significantly associated with gastric cancer. However, the effect of smoking on mTOR expression and its downstream signaling molecules in gastric cancer has not been explored. Our study aims to investigate the effect of smoking on p-mTOR and its correlation with various downstream targets and survival of the smoker and never-smoker in advanced gastric cancer patients. Forty-one smokers and 41 never-smokers patient sample with the advanced gastric carcinoma were chosen for this study. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were performed to check the expression of p-mTOR and its downstream targets. The correlation of p-mTOR with its downstream targets was analyzed by linear regression analysis in Graph Pad Prism software. Survivability analysis was examined by Kaplan-Meier method with log rank test in SPSS. High expression of p-mTOR and its downstream targets were observed in advanced gastric cancer smoker patients as compared to never-smokers by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results revealed that over expressed p-mTOR in smoker patients were positively correlated with its downstream targets (P < 0.05) and poor survival (P = 0.034). Over expression of p-mTOR in gastric cancer male smoker patients had the worse outcome.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Neoplasias , Transdução de Sinais , Fumantes , Fumar , Neoplasias Gástricas , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR , Adulto , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/genética , Fumar/metabolismo , Fumar/mortalidade , Neoplasias Gástricas/embriologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidade , Taxa de Sobrevida , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite overexpression of the ErbB (EGFR/HER2/ErbB3/ErbB4) family in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), some inhibitors of this family, including the dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib, failed in Phase II clinical trials. Hence, we investigated mechanisms of lapatinib resistance to determine whether alternate ErbB inhibitors can succeed. METHODS: The CWR22 human tumour xenograft and its CRPC subline 22Rv1 and sera from lapatinib-treated CRPC patients from a previously reported Phase II trial were used to study lapatinib resistance. Mechanistic studies were conducted in LNCaP, C4-2 and 22Rv1 cell lines. RESULTS: Lapatinib increased intratumoral HER2 protein, which encouraged resistance to this treatment in mouse models. Sera from CRPC patients following lapatinib treatment demonstrated increased HER2 levels. Investigation of the mechanism of lapatinib-induced HER2 increase revealed that lapatinib promotes HER2 protein stability, leading to membrane localisation, EGFR/HER2 heterodimerisation and signalling, elevating cell viability. Knockdown of HER2 and ErbB3, but not EGFR, sensitised CRPC cells to lapatinib. At equimolar concentrations, the recently FDA-approved pan-ErbB inhibitor dacomitinib decreased HER2 protein stability, prevented ErbB membrane localisation (despite continued membrane integrity) and EGFR/HER2 heterodimerisation, thereby decreasing downstream signalling and increasing apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting the EGFR axis using the irreversible pan-ErbB inhibitor dacomitinib is a viable therapeutic option for CRPC.
Assuntos
Lapatinib/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Quinazolinonas/uso terapêutico , Receptor ErbB-2/biossíntese , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Receptores ErbB/química , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica , Receptor ErbB-2/sangue , Receptor ErbB-2/químicaRESUMO
Several studies by our group and others have determined that expression levels of Bcl-2 and/or Bcl-xL, pro-survival molecules which are associated with chemoresistance, are elevated in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MI-BC). The goal of this study was to determine whether combining Obatoclax, a BH3 mimetic which inhibits pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, can improve responses to cisplatin chemotherapy, the standard of care treatment for MI-BC. Three MI-BC cell lines (T24, TCCSuP, 5637) were treated with Obatoclax alone or in combination with cisplatin and/or pre-miR-34a, a molecule which we have previously shown to inhibit MI-BC cell proliferation via decreasing Cdk6 expression. Proliferation, clonogenic, and apoptosis assays confirmed that Obatoclax can decrease cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Combination treatment experiments identified Obatoclax + cisplatin as the most effective treatment. Immunoprecipitation and Western analyses indicate that, in addition to being able to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, Obatoclax can also decrease cyclin D1 and Cdk4/6 expression levels. This has not previously been reported. The combined data demonstrate that Obatoclax can inhibit cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, and significantly enhance the effectiveness of cisplatin in MI-BC cells via mechanisms that likely involve the inhibition of both pro-survival molecules and cell cycle regulators.
Assuntos
Cisplatino/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Indóis , Invasividade Neoplásica , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Bexiga Urinária/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologia , Proteína bcl-X/metabolismoRESUMO
Bladder cancer is among the top ten most common cancers, with about ~380,000 new cases and ~150,000 deaths per year worldwide. Tumor relapse following chemotherapy treatment has long been a significant challenge towards completely curing cancer. We have utilized a patient-derived bladder cancer xenograft (PDX) platform to characterize molecular mechanisms that contribute to relapse following drug treatment in advanced bladder cancer. Transcriptomic profiling of bladder cancer xenograft tumors by RNA-sequencing analysis, before and after relapse, following a 21-day cisplatin/gemcitabine drug treatment regimen identified methionine adenosyltransferase 1a (MAT1A) as one of the significantly upregulated genes following drug treatment. Survey of patient tumor sections confirmed elevated levels of MAT1A in individuals who received chemotherapy. Overexpression of MAT1A in 5637 bladder cancer cells increased tolerance to gemcitabine and stalled cell proliferation rates, suggesting MAT1A upregulation as a potential mechanism by which bladder cancer cells persist in a quiescent state to evade chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/genética , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Metionina Adenosiltransferase/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Metionina Adenosiltransferase/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transcriptoma , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/mortalidade , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Increased ß-adrenergic receptor (ß-AR)-mediated activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) in rat liver during aging has been linked to age-related increases in hepatic glucose output and hepatosteatosis. In this study, we investigated the expression of ß-ARs, individual receptor subtypes, and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) regulatory proteins in livers from aging rats. Radioligand-binding studies demonstrated that ß-AR density increased by greater than threefold in hepatocyte membranes from senescent (24-mo-old) compared with young adult (7-mo-old) rats and that this phenomenon was blocked by food restriction, which is known to retard aging processes in rodents. Competition-binding studies revealed a mixed population of ß1- and ß2-AR subtypes in liver membranes over the adult life span, with a trend for greater ß2-AR density with age. Expression of both ß-AR subtype mRNAs in rat liver increased with age, whereas ß2- but not ß1-AR protein levels declined in livers of old animals. Immunoreactive ß2- but not ß1-ARs were preferentially distributed in pericentral hepatic regions. Levels of GRK2/3 and ß-arrestin 2 proteins, which are involved in downregulation of agonist-activated GPCRs, including ß-ARs, increased during aging. Insofar as sympathetic tone increases with age, our findings suggest that, despite enhanced agonist-mediated downregulation of hepatic ß-ARs preferentially affecting the ß2-AR subtype, increased generation of both receptor subtypes during aging augments the pool of plasma membrane-bound ß-ARs coupled to AC in hepatocytes. This study thus identifies one or both ß-AR subtypes as possible therapeutic targets involved in aberrant hepatic processes of glucose and lipid metabolism during aging.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/metabolismo , Fatores Etários , Envelhecimento/genética , Animais , Restrição Calórica , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/genética , Quinase 2 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/metabolismo , Quinase 3 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/genética , Quinase 3 de Receptor Acoplado a Proteína G/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Glucose/metabolismo , Ligantes , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Fígado/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/genética , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/genética , beta-Arrestina 2/genética , beta-Arrestina 2/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Early signs of canine transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are frequently assumed to be caused by other lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD) such as urinary tract infections, resulting in late diagnosis of TCC which could be fatal. The development of a non-invasive clinical test for TCC could dramatically reduce mortality. To determine whether microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, we assessed miRNA expression in blood and/or urine from dogs with clinically normal bladders (n = 28), LUTD (n = 25), and TCC (n = 17). Expression levels of 5 miRNA associated with TCC pathophysiology (miR-34a, let-7c, miR-16, miR-103b, and miR-106b) were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS: Statistical analyses using ranked ANOVA identified significant differences in miR-103b and miR-16 levels between urine samples from LUTD and TCC patients (miR-103b, p = 0.002; and miR-16, p = 0.016). No statistically significant differences in miRNA levels were observed between blood samples from LUTD versus TCC patients. Expression levels of miR-34a trended with miR-16, let-7c, and miR-103b levels in individual normal urine samples, however, this coordination was completely lost in TCC urine samples. In contrast, co-ordination of miR-34a, miR-16, let-7c, and miR-103b expression levels was maintained in blood samples from TCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our combined data indicate a potential role for miR-103b and miR-16 as diagnostic urine biomarkers for TCC, and that further investigation of miR-103b and miR-16 in the dysregulation of coordinated miRNA expression in bladder carcinogenesis is warranted.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/veterinária , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/urina , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/metabolismo , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Doenças do Cão/urina , Cães , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Masculino , MicroRNAs/urina , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is up-regulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Nevertheless, inhibition of mTOR is ineffective in inducing apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, likely because of the compensatory up-regulation of the androgen receptor (AR) pathway. METHODS: Patients who were eligible for this study had to have progressive CRPC with serum testosterone levels <50 ng/dL. No prior bicalutamide (except to prevent flare) or everolimus was allowed. Treatment included oral bicalutamide 50 mg and oral everolimus 10 mg, both once daily, with a cycle defined as 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response (≥30% reduction) from baseline. A sample size of 23 patients would have power of 0.8 and an α error of .05 (1-sided) if the combination had a PSA response rate of 50% versus a historic rate of 25% with bicalutamide alone. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were enrolled. The mean age was 71.1 years (range, 53.0-87.0 years), the mean PSA level at study entry was 43.4 ng/dL (range, 2.5-556.9 ng/dL), and the mean length of treatment was 8 cycles (range, 1.0-23.0 cycles). Of 24 patients, 18 had a PSA response (75%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.90), whereas 15 (62.5%; 95% CI, 0.41-0.81) had a PSA decrease ≥50%. The median overall survival was 28 months (95% CI, 14.1-42.7 months). Fourteen patients (54%; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78) developed grade 3 (13 patients) or grade 4 (1 patient with sepsis) adverse events that were attributable to treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of bicalutamide and everolimus has encouraging efficacy in men with bicalutamide-naive CRPC, thus warranting further investigation. A substantial number of patients experienced everolimus-related toxicity. Cancer 2016;122:1897-904. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antagonistas de Androgênios/administração & dosagem , Anilidas/administração & dosagem , Everolimo/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nitrilas/administração & dosagem , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos de Tosil/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder (UCCB) is the most common form of bladder cancer and it is estimated that ~15,000 people in the United States succumbed to this disease in 2013. Bladder cancer treatment options are limited and research to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs play pivotal roles in the progression of cancer. miR-148a has been shown to serve as a tumor suppressor in cancers of the prostate, colon, and liver, but its role in bladder cancer has never been elucidated. Here we show that miR-148a is down-regulated in UCCB cell lines. We demonstrate that overexpression of miR-148a leads to reduced cell viability through an increase in apoptosis rather than an inhibition of proliferation. We additionally show that miR-148a exerts this effect partially by attenuating expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Finally, our studies demonstrate that treating cells with both miR-148a and either cisplatin or doxorubicin is either additive or synergistic in causing apoptosis. These data taken together suggest that miR-148a is a tumor suppressor in UCCB and could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic for this malignancy.
Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Urotélio/patologia , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular , Cisplatino/farmacologia , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferase 1 , Regulação para Baixo , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Epigênese Genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologiaRESUMO
Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese/induzido quimicamente , Carcinógenos Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Substâncias Perigosas/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias/etiologia , Animais , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , HumanosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Conventional platinum based chemotherapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma is plagued by common resistance to this regimen. Several studies implicate the EGFR family of RTKs in urothelial carcinoma progression and chemoresistance. Many groups have investigated the effects of inhibitors of this family in patients with urothelial carcinoma. This review focuses on the underlying molecular pathways that lead to urothelial carcinoma resistance to EGFR family inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a PubMed® search for peer reviewed literature on bladder cancer development, EGFR family expression, clinical trials of EGFR family inhibitors and molecular bypass pathways. Research articles deemed to be relevant were examined and a summary of original data was created. Meta-analysis of expression profiles was also performed for each EGFR family member based on data sets accessible via Oncomine®. RESULTS: Many clinical trials using inhibitors of EGFR family RTKs have been done or are under way. Those that have concluded with results published to date do not show an added benefit over standard of care chemotherapy in an adjuvant or second line setting. However, a neoadjuvant study using erlotinib before radical cystectomy demonstrated promising results. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and preclinical studies show that for reasons not currently clear prior treatment with chemotherapeutic agents rendered patients with urothelial carcinoma with muscle invasive bladder cancer resistant to EGFR family inhibitors as well. However, EGFR family inhibitors may be of use in patients with no prior chemotherapy in whom EGFR or ERBB2 is over expressed.
Assuntos
Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Músculo Liso , Invasividade Neoplásica , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/patologiaRESUMO
Association of dopaminergic genes, mainly receptors and transporters, with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been investigated throughout the world due to the importance of dopamine (DA) in various physiological functions including attention, cognition and motor activity, traits. However, till date, etiology of ADHD remains unknown. We explored association of functional variants in the DA receptor 2 (rs1799732 and rs6278), receptor 4 (exon 3 VNTR and rs914655), and transporter (rs28363170 and rs3836790) with hyperactivity, cognitive deficit, and co-morbid disorders in eastern Indian probands. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV was followed for recruitment of nuclear families with ADHD probands (N = 160) and ethnically matched controls (N = 160). Cognitive deficit and hyperactive traits were measured using Conner's parents/teachers rating scale. Peripheral blood was collected after obtaining informed written consent and used for genomic DNA isolation. Genetic polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-based methods followed by population- as well as family-based statistical analyses. Association between genotypes and cognitive/hyperactivity traits and co-morbidities was analyzed by the Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software. Case-control analysis showed statistically significant difference for rs6278 and rs28363170 (P = 0.004 and 1.332e-007 respectively) while family-based analysis exhibited preferential paternal transmission of rs28363170 '9R' allele (P = 0.04). MDR analyses revealed independent effects of rs1799732, rs6278, rs914655, and rs3836790 in ADHD. Significant independent effects of different sites on cognitive/hyperactivity traits and co-morbid disorders were also noticed. It can be summarized from the present investigation that these gene variants may influence cognitive/hyperactive traits, thereby affecting the disease etiology and associated co-morbid features.
Assuntos
Povo Asiático/genética , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D2/genética , Receptores de Dopamina D4/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Alelos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/etiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Fenótipo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Clinicopathologic data in dogs with prostate cancer (PCa) may aid in the differentiation between tumor types and subsequent treatment decisions; however, these data are often unreported. Demographic, clinicopathologic, cytologic, histologic and survival data from dogs with primary prostatic adenocarcinoma (PRAD) (n = 56) and primary prostatic transitional cell carcinoma (P-TCC) (n = 74) were acquired from a tertiary veterinary teaching hospital from 1992 to 2022. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) to albumin ratio (RAR) was evaluated for diagnostic utility in differentiating between PRAD and P-TCC. Sections from PRAD tumors (n = 50) were stained for androgen receptor (AR) expression, and laboratory data were compared between AR positive (AR+) and AR negative (AR-) groups. RDW was increased in PRAD, while albumin was decreased (p < 0.05). P-TCC was associated with Melamed-Wolinska bodies (MWB) and necrosis on cytology (p < 0.05). RAR had acceptable diagnostic utility in the differentiation of PCa tumors (AUC = 0.7; p < 0.05). Survival rates and metastases were equivocal. AR+ and AR- PRAD tumors did not differ in clinicopathologic data or survival (p > 0.05). In conclusion, hypoalbuminemia was significantly associated with PRAD and decreased survival, while MWB and necrosis were significantly associated with P-TCC on cytology. These clinicopathologic data may help clinicians differentiate between these tumors ante mortem to guide appropriate treatment and intervention.
RESUMO
Resistance to the current Androgen Receptor Signaling Inhibitor (ARSI) therapies has led to higher incidences of therapy-induced neuroendocrine-like prostate cancer (t-NEPC). This highly aggressive subtype with predominant small-cell-like characteristics is resistant to taxane chemotherapies and has a dismal overall survival. t-NEPCs are mostly treated with platinum-based drugs with a combination of etoposide or taxane and have less selectivity and high systemic toxicity, which often limit their clinical potential. During t-NEPC transformation, adenocarcinomas lose their luminal features and adopt neuro-basal characteristics. Whether the adaptive neuronal characteristics of t-NEPC are responsible for such taxane resistance remains unknown. Pathway analysis from patient gene-expression databases indicates that t-NEPC upregulates various neuronal pathways associated with enhanced cellular networks. To identify transcription factor(s) (TF) that could be important for promoting the gene expression for neuronal characters in t-NEPC, we performed ATAC-Seq, acetylated-histone ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq in our NE-like cell line models and analyzed the promoters of transcriptionally active and significantly enriched neuroendocrine-like (NE-like) cancer-specific genes. Our results indicate that Pax5 could be an important transcription factor for neuronal gene expression and specific to t-NEPC. Pathway analysis revealed that Pax5 expression is involved in axonal guidance, neurotransmitter regulation, and neuronal adhesion, which are critical for strong cellular communications. Further results suggest that depletion of Pax5 disrupts neurite-mediated cellular communication in NE-like cells and reduces surface growth factor receptor activation, thereby, sensitizing them to docetaxel therapies. Moreover, t-NEPC-specific hydroxymethylation of Pax5 promoter CpG islands favors Pbx1 binding to induce Pax5 expression. Based on our study, we concluded that continuous exposure to ARSI therapies leads to epigenetic modifications and Pax5 activation in t-NEPC, which promotes the expression of genes necessary to adopt taxane-resistant NE-like cancer. Thus, targeting the Pax5 axis can be beneficial for reverting their taxane sensitivity.
Assuntos
Docetaxel , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Fator de Transcrição PAX5 , Neoplasias da Próstata , Humanos , Masculino , Docetaxel/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Fator de Transcrição PAX5/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição PAX5/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/metabolismo , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/genética , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/genéticaRESUMO
Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of androgen receptor (AR) splice variants (SVs) in the progression of prostate cancer to the castration-resistant phenotype and their utility as a diagnostic. However, studies on AR expression in non-prostatic malignancies uncovered that AR-SVs are expressed in glioblastoma, breast, salivary, bladder, kidney, and liver cancers, where they have diverse roles in tumorigenesis. AR-SVs also have roles in non-cancer pathologies. In granulosa cells from women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, unique AR-SVs lead to an increase in androgen production. In patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, testicular Sertoli cells exhibit differential expression of AR-SVs, which is associated with impaired spermatogenesis. Moreover, AR-SVs have been identified in normal cells, including blood mononuclear cells, neuronal lipid rafts, and the placenta. The detection and characterization of AR-SVs in mammalian and non-mammalian species argue that AR-SV expression is evolutionarily conserved and that AR-SV-dependent signaling is a fundamental regulatory feature in multiple cellular contexts. These discoveries argue that alternative splicing of the AR transcript is a commonly used mechanism that leads to an expansion in the repertoire of signaling molecules needed in certain tissues. Various malignancies appropriate this mechanism of alternative AR splicing to acquire a proliferative and survival advantage.