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1.
Environ Res ; 144(Pt A): 139-148, 2016 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26610292

RESUMO

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke has lifelong health consequences. Epigenetic signatures such as differences in DNA methylation (DNAm) may be a biomarker of exposure and, further, might have functional significance for how in utero tobacco exposure may influence disease risk. Differences in infant DNAm associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy have been identified. Here we assessed whether these infant DNAm patterns are detectible in early childhood, whether they are specific to smoking, and whether childhood DNAm can classify prenatal smoke exposure status. Using the Infinium 450K array, we measured methylation at 26 CpG loci that were previously associated with prenatal smoking in infant cord blood from 572 children, aged 3-5, with differing prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke in the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED). Striking concordance was found between the pattern of prenatal smoking associated DNAm among preschool aged children in SEED and those observed at birth in other studies. These DNAm changes appear to be tobacco-specific. Support vector machine classification models and 10-fold cross-validation were applied to show classification accuracy for childhood DNAm at these 26 sites as a biomarker of prenatal smoking exposure. Classification models showed prenatal exposure to smoking can be assigned with 81% accuracy using childhood DNAm patterns at these 26 loci. These findings support the potential for blood-derived DNAm measurements to serve as biomarkers for prenatal exposure.


Assuntos
Metilação de DNA , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/genética , Fumaça/efeitos adversos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Biomarcadores , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Pré-Escolar , Ilhas de CpG , Epigênese Genética , Epigenômica , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Máquina de Vetores de Suporte , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
2.
PLoS Genet ; 5(6): e1000536, 2009 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19557195

RESUMO

The genetics underlying the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is complex and remains poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated an important role for structural variation in a subset of cases, but has lacked the resolution necessary to move beyond detection of large regions of potential interest to identification of individual genes. To pinpoint genes likely to contribute to ASD etiology, we performed high density genotyping in 912 multiplex families from the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE) collection and contrasted results to those obtained for 1,488 healthy controls. Through prioritization of exonic deletions (eDels), exonic duplications (eDups), and whole gene duplication events (gDups), we identified more than 150 loci harboring rare variants in multiple unrelated probands, but no controls. Importantly, 27 of these were confirmed on examination of an independent replication cohort comprised of 859 cases and an additional 1,051 controls. Rare variants at known loci, including exonic deletions at NRXN1 and whole gene duplications encompassing UBE3A and several other genes in the 15q11-q13 region, were observed in the course of these analyses. Strong support was likewise observed for previously unreported genes such as BZRAP1, an adaptor molecule known to regulate synaptic transmission, with eDels or eDups observed in twelve unrelated cases but no controls (p = 2.3x10(-5)). Less is known about MDGA2, likewise observed to be case-specific (p = 1.3x10(-4)). But, it is notable that the encoded protein shows an unexpectedly high similarity to Contactin 4 (BLAST E-value = 3x10(-39)), which has also been linked to disease. That hundreds of distinct rare variants were each seen only once further highlights complexity in the ASDs and points to the continued need for larger cohorts.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/genética , Éxons , Dosagem de Genes , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Adolescente , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Moléculas de Adesão Celular Neuronais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Duplicação Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Moléculas de Adesão de Célula Nervosa , Linhagem , Deleção de Sequência , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Adulto Jovem
3.
BMC Med Genet ; 11: 134, 2010 Sep 21.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20858243

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide studies on autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have mostly focused on large-scale population samples, but examination of rare variations in isolated populations may provide additional insights into the disease pathogenesis. METHODS: As a first step in the genetic analysis of ASD in Croatia, we characterized genetic variation in a sample of 103 subjects with ASD and 203 control individuals, who were genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550 BeadChip. We analyzed the genetic diversity of the Croatian population and its relationship to other populations, the degree of relatedness via Runs of Homozygosity (ROHs), and the distribution of large (>500 Kb) copy number variations. RESULTS: Combining the Croatian cohort with several previously published populations in the FastME analysis (an alternative to Neighbor Joining) revealed that Croatian subjects cluster, as expected, with Southern Europeans; in addition, individuals from the same geographic region within Europe cluster together. Whereas Croatian subjects could be separated from a sample of healthy control subjects of European origin from North America, Croatian ASD cases and controls are well mixed. A comparison of runs of homozygosity indicated that the number and the median length of regions of homozygosity are higher for ASD subjects than for controls (p = 6 × 10(-3)). Furthermore, analysis of copy number variants found a higher frequency of large chromosomal rearrangements (>2 Mb) in ASD cases (5/103) than in ethnically matched control subjects (1/197, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings illustrate the remarkable utility of high-density genotype data for subjects from a limited geographic area in dissecting genetic heterogeneity with respect to population and disease related variation.


Assuntos
Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Genoma Humano/genética , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/patologia , Análise por Conglomerados , Croácia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos
4.
Pediatrics ; 137(2): e20151316, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26738885

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between use of ß-2-adrenergic receptor (B2AR) agonist drugs during pregnancy and risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). METHODS: A case-control study was conducted by using Denmark's health and population registers. Among children born between 1997 and 2006, 5200 cases with ASD admission diagnoses and 52 000 controls without ASD were identified and individually matched on month and year of birth. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) for any B2AR agonist exposure during pregnancy, preconception, and by trimester. RESULTS: In total, 3.7% of cases and 2.9% of controls were exposed to B2ARs during pregnancy. Use of B2ARs during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of ASD, even after adjustment for maternal asthma and other covariates (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5). The elevated risk was observed with use of B2AR during preconception (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0-1.6), first trimester (OR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5), second trimester (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7), and the third trimester (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1-1.7). There was some evidence that longer B2AR within-pregnancy use was associated with the increased risk. CONCLUSIONS: B2AR agonist exposure during pregnancy may be associated with an increased risk for ASD. If the effect is real, any intervention must be balanced against benefits of indicated medication use by pregnant women.


Assuntos
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/efeitos adversos , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dinamarca , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Gravidez , Fatores de Risco
5.
J Autism Dev Disord ; 44(10): 2558-67, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24803368

RESUMO

We investigated whether there is an association between increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used during pregnancy. This study used Denmark's health and population registers to obtain information regarding prescription drugs, ASD diagnosis, and health and socioeconomic status. There were 1.5 % of cases and 0.7 % of controls exposed to SSRIs during the pregnancy period, and higher effect estimates observed with longer use. We found evidence that in utero exposure to SSRIs increases a child's risk associated with ASD. These results, while adding to the limited knowledge on prenatal pharmacological exposures as potential ASD risk factors, need to be balanced against the benefits of indicated medication use by pregnant mothers.


Assuntos
Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/induzido quimicamente , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/epidemiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento Infantil/diagnóstico , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/diagnóstico , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de Risco , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Adulto Jovem
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