Cellular and cytokine responses associated with dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact hypersensitivity in the chicken.

The objective of the study was to determine the cellular and cytokine responses associated with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced skin contact hypersensitivity (SCH), as an indicator of cell-mediated immune response, in the chicken. The thickness of the DNFB-treated foot web was increased by 6h.p.i. (hours post-induction), peaked by 24h.p.i. and then declined gradually until the lowest measurements were observed at 72h.p.i. Infiltration of eosinophils was the highest at 6 and 12h.p.i. and gradually declined by 48h.p.i. The degree of infiltration of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells varied with mild infiltration observed at 6h.p.i., moderate to heavy infiltration observed at 12h.p.i. that persisted through 24 and 48h.p.i. and declined by 72h.p.i. Infiltration of macrophages during the study period was prominent, yet less remarkable differences were recorded between observations. Expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6, IL-10 and interferon (IFN)-gamma in skin tissue was at its highest at 6h.p.i. compared to other observed time points, yet only the expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 genes turned out to be significantly higher at 6h.p.i. compared to all other time points. In conclusion, DNFB-induced SCH in chicken was associated with an early up-regulation of cytokine genes, and infiltration of eosinophils along with macrophages, CD8+, and CD4+ T cells at the site of induction.

Cellular and cytokine responses in feathers of chickens vaccinated against Marek's disease.

In Marek's disease virus infection, feather follicle epithelium (FFE) constitutes the site of formation of infectious virus particles and virus shedding. The objective of this study was to characterize cellular and cytokine responses as indicators of cell-mediated immune response in FFE and associated feather pulp following immunization against Marek's disease. Analysis of feather tips collected between 4 and 28 days post-immunization (d.p.i.) from chickens vaccinated post-hatch with either CVI988/Rispens or herpesvirus of turkeys revealed that replication of these vaccine viruses started at 7d.p.i., peaked by 21d.p.i., and subsequently, showed a declining trend. This pattern of viral replication, which led to viral genome accumulation in feather tips, was associated with infiltration of T cell subsets particularly CD8+ T cells into the feather pulp area and the expression of cytokine genes such as interferon-gamma, which is an indication of elicitation of cell-mediated immune responses at the site of virus shedding.

Assessment in mice of vapA-DNA vaccination against Rhodococcus equi infection.

There is a need to produce a vaccine against Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals in which immunity against infection is largely based on a type 1, cell-mediated, immune response. The VapA protein of the virulence plasmid of R. equi is highly immunogenic. To assess the potential of vapA-DNA to produce immunity, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA vaccine constructed from vapA incorporated into pcDNA3.1. The plasmid construct expressed VapA in a COS-7 cell line. Intramuscular immunization of mice resulted in enhanced clearance of R. equi from the liver of intravenously challenged mice compared to non-immunized controls. This effect was more marked when pORF-IL-12, a plasmid expressing murine IL12, was included with the vaccine. Antibody developed to VapA, with an IgG2a response being more marked in mice immunized with pcDNA-vapA than in non-immunized or in mice immunized with the mixed vapA and IL-12 plasmid constructs. In conclusion, this study has shown for the first time that DNA immunization with vapA enhances the immune responses of mice against R. equi infection, that the IgG subisotype response is consistent with a type 1-based immune response, and that this can be enhanced by injection of the IL-12 gene.

Host responses are induced in feathers of chickens infected with Marek's disease virus.

Control measures are ineffective in curtailing Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection and replication in the feather follicle epithelium (FFE). Therefore, vaccinated birds which subsequently become infected with MDV, shed the virulent virus although they remain protected against disease. The present study investigated host responses generated against MDV infection in the feather. We observed that in parallel with an increase in viral genome load and viral replication in the feather, there was a gradual but progressive increase in infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the feather pulp of MDV-infected chickens, starting on day 4 and peaking by day 10 post-infection. Concomitant with infiltration of T cells, the expression of interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma and major histocompatibility complex class I genes was significantly enhanced in the feather pulp of MDV-infected chickens. The finding that host responses are generated in the feather may be exploited for developing strategies to control MDV infection in the FFE, thus preventing horizontal virus transmission.

Host responses in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens infected with virulent Marek's disease virus.

The bursa of Fabricius serves as an important tissue in the process of Marek's disease virus (MDV) pathogenesis, since B cells of the bursa harbor the cytolytic phase of MDV replication cycle. In the present study, host responses associated with MDV infection in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens were investigated. The expression of MDV phosphoprotein (pp)38 antigen, MDV glycoprotein (gB) and MDV viral interleukin (vIL)-8 transcripts was at the highest at 4 days post-infection (d.p.i.) and then showed a declining trend. On the contrary, the expression of meq (MDV EcoRI Q) gene as well as the viral genome load increased gradually until day 14 post-infection. The changes in viral parameters were associated with significantly higher infiltration of macrophages and T cell subsets, particularly CD4+ T cells into the bursa of Fabricius. Of the genes examined, the expression of interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma genes and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly up-regulated in response to MDV infection in the bursa of Fabricius. The results suggest a role for these cells and cytokines in MDV-induced responses in the bursa of Fabricius.