Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with a circumaortic left renal vein.

Renal vasculature anomalies can present technical challenges to laparoscopic urologic surgery. The use of preoperative imaging has made it possible to recognize and plan for such aberrant vascular anatomy. We describe a patient with a circumaortic left renal vein who underwent successful laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for the management of urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis.

Laparoscopic pelvic nephrectomy: essential preoperative and intraoperative considerations.

Pelvic kidneys are typically asymptomatic, but surgical intervention may be required in select cases. Laparoscopic pelvic nephrectomy is a feasible option. Given the highly variable vascular anatomy, careful surgical planning and meticulous technique are necessary. We present our experience with this minimally invasive approach. A 46-year-old male with a painful, non-functioning left pelvic kidney initially underwent left ureteral stent placement. He was noncompliant and lost to follow up. He re-presented and elected for laparoscopic pelvic nephrectomy. The procedure was performed without complications. Key features included detailed preoperative vascular imaging, ureteral catheterization, optimal port placement, and dissection from a cephalad to caudal direction. Laparoscopic nephrectomy is a safe and efficacious treatment for diseased pelvic kidneys.

Impact of an Acute Care Urology Service on Timelines and Quality of Care in the Management of Nephrolithiasis.

Background: The acute care surgery model has led to improved outcomes for emergent surgical conditions, but similar models of care have not been implemented in urology. Our department implemented an acute care urology (ACU) service in 2015, and the service evolved in 2018. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the ACU model on the management of nephrolithiasis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with urology consults in the emergency department for nephrolithiasis, who required surgical intervention from 2013 to 2019. Patients were divided into three cohorts based on date of consultation: Pre-ACU (2013-2014), Phase 1 (2015-2017), and Phase 2 (2018-2019). Results: We identified 733 patients with nephrolithiasis requiring intervention (162 pre-ACU, 334 Phase 1, and 237 Phase 2). Before ACU implementation, median time from consult to definitive intervention was 36 days. After ACU implementation, median time to intervention decreased to 22 days in Phase 1 (p < 0.001) and 15 days in Phase 2 (p < 0.001). On multivariable Cox regression, the hazard of definitive intervention improved in Phase 1 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.90, p < 0.001) and in Phase 2 (HR 1.80, p < 0.001). Rates of primary definitive intervention without initial decompression and loss to follow-up were also significantly improved, compared to the pre-ACU cohort. Conclusions: Implementation of a structured ACU service was associated with improved time to treatment for patients with acute nephrolithiasis, as well as increased primary definitive intervention and improved follow-up care. This model of care has potential to improve patient outcomes for nephrolithiasis and other acute urological conditions.

Silicone injection-induced granuloma formation, hypercalcemia and nephrolithiasis: a case report.

Hypercalcemia and nephrolithiasis have been associated with various etiologies, including dysregulation of the parathyroid glands, malignancies, or sarcoidosis. Other causes of hypercalcemia, such as granulomatous disease resulting from silicone-based cosmetic injections, have been reported but without specific emphasis on nephrolithiasis. Herein, we report an unusual case of simultaneous bilateral obstructing ureteral calculi (SBUC) triggered by recalcitrant hypercalcemia and granulomatous disease due to silicone-based cosmetic injections. A careful surgical history, physical exam, and imaging identified the underlying etiology, which was confirmed by final histopathology. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the patient's condition was successfully managed with endoscopic procedures and concurrent corticosteroid therapy.

Endometrioid adenocarcinoma in the native ureter of a renal transplant patient: case report and review of the literature.

Endometriosis is characterized by endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, primarily on the pelvic peritoneum, ovaries, and rectovaginal septum, and, in rare cases, within the urinary tract (1-3%). Although endometriosis is a benign condition, malignant transformation of endometriosis is a well-described phenomenon. Malignancies arising in endometriosis are uncommon at extragonadal pelvic sites. A case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma in the native ureter of a postmenopausal renal transplant patient presented with painless gross hematuria and hydroureteronephrosis. The patient had a history of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy 14 years prior for menorrhagia and had since been on unopposed estrogen replacement therapy. Workup revealed a filling defect in the native left mid-ureter secondary to a large 2.5-cm ureteral tumor. Endoscopic biopsies of the native left ureteral mass showed endometrioid adenocarcinoma, grade II-III. The patient ultimately underwent an open native left nephroureterectomy and temporary diverting colostomy. Final pathology confirmed endometrioid adenocarcinoma, grade II-III, arising in a background of endometriosis with negative perirectal lymph nodes. This case of ureteral endometrioid adenocarcinoma highlights the importance of obtaining a careful history and maintaining a high index of suspicion for malignant degeneration, especially in the context of hyperestrogenism.

Indwelling ureteric stents: Patterns of use and nomenclature.

Objectives: To evaluate ureteric stenting practice patterns amongst a range of academic and community urologists, and to examine the nomenclature used to identify an indwelling ureteric stent from both our questionnaire and from a review of the literature. Subjects and methods: A 16-question, peer-reviewed online survey was distributed to members of the Mid-Atlantic American Urological Association. Responses were collected over a 1-month period. Questions included demographics, ureteric stenting practice patterns, and utilization of stenting nomenclature. Inappropriate use of nomenclature was defined as a mismatch between the visually depicted stents and the written description amongst urologists. Trends in ureteric stenting and nomenclature usage were tabulated and analyzed. Results: Of 863 members, 105 (12.2%) responded to the survey. There was a wide variety of practice settings, with the single-specialty group (44.2%) and academic/university (27.9%) being the two most common. Most providers used both cystoscopy and fluoroscopy to place stents (87.5%) as compared to fluoroscopy alone (12.5%). Most urologists (63.5%) removed stents with cystoscopy as compared to using a stent string (36.5%). While about half (51.0%) of the respondents left stents in situ for ≤3 months, many respondents (43.3%) felt comfortable with maximum dwell times of up to 6 months. The most commonly placed stent was the double pigtail stent (80.8%). However, most respondents inappropriately described this stent design as a Double J stent (72.1%). In the recent literature, 80% of articles clearly defined as using double pigtail stents, incorrectly identified their stent as a 'Double J'. Conclusions: Variations in ureteric stenting practice patterns exist amongst community and academic urologists. Although most urologists utilize double pigtail ureteric stents, the majority inaccurately identified this stent design as a Double J. We propose use of the term 'indwelling ureteric stent' (IUS) unless describing any specific stent design.

Bladder Preservation for Patients With Bladder Paragangliomas: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Bladder paragangliomas are rare tumors, with no prospective studies or guidelines on the management of this disease. We present a case series of 6 patients managed with bladder preservation over a median follow-up period of 124 months. We also present a review of the recent literature on bladder paragangliomas. We aim to provide a timely synthesis of the recent evidence on bladder paragangliomas as changing paradigms necessitate individualized treatment.

Emerging Mobile Platforms to Aid in Stone Management.

Nephrolithiasis is an increasingly common condition worldwide and mobile technology is revolutionizing how patients with kidney stone are being diagnosed and managed. Emerging platforms include software applications to increase adherence to stone prevention, mobile compatible hardware, online social media communities, and telemedicine. Applications and hardware specifically relevant to increasing hydration, diet modification, medication adherence, and rapid diagnosis (ie, mobile ultrasound and endoscopy) have the greatest potential to reduce stone recurrence and expedite treatment. Social media and online communities have also been rapidly adopted by patients and providers to promote education and support.

Simultaneous Bilateral Ureteral Calculi: A New Paradigm for Management.

OBJECTIVE: To define the need for emergent intervention between patients with simultaneous bilateral ureteral calculi (SBUC) compared to unilateral ureteral calculi (UUC). Patients with SBUC represent a potential urological emergency due to possible anuria or electrolyte imbalance. While conventional practice mandates immediate intervention in these patients, little data exist to define the rate of these events. METHODS: Records of all patients with ureteral stones treated ureteroscopically over an 11-year period were reviewed to identify those with SBUC. Patient presenting characteristics, time from diagnosis to intervention, and postoperative outcomes were noted. To determine the need for emergent intervention, we compared metabolic and infectious parameters between SBUC patients and age- and sex-matched patients with UUC. RESULTS: A total of 3800 patients presented with ureteral calculi including 42 (1.1%) with SBUC. Two-thirds of patients with SBUC had an established diagnosis of nephrolithiasis. Among the 42 patients with SBUC, 11 (26.2%) were considered emergent due to metabolic (5 of 11, 45.5%), infectious (1 of 11, 9.1%), or both metabolic and infectious indications (5 of 11, 45.5%). No patients required acute dialysis before surgical intervention. Compared to patients with UUC, those with SBUC were significantly more likely to require emergent management (P = .03, odds ratio 2.3). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed this to be due to anuria (P = .001) and acidosis (P = .003). CONCLUSION: SBUC is an uncommon condition and, in this series, only the minority of patients presented emergently. Therefore, patients with SBUC can often be managed electively if counseled on clinical signs warranting emergent medical attention. Appropriately selected patients have excellent outcomes following single stage bilateral ureteroscopy.

Retrograde Ureteroscopic Management of Large Renal Calculi: A Single Institutional Experience and Concise Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: Advances in flexible ureteroscope design and accessory instrumentation have allowed for more challenging cases to be treated ureteroscopically. Here, we evaluate our experience with ureteroscopy (URS) for the management of large renal calculi (≥2 cm) and provide a concise review of recent reports. METHODS: A retrospective review was undertaken of all URS cases between 2004 and 2014 performed by the endourologic team at a single academic tertiary care institution. We identified patients with at least one stone ≥2 cm managed with retrograde URS. Stone size was defined as the largest linear diameter of the index stone. Small diameter flexible ureteroscopes were used primarily with holmium laser. Patient demographics, intraoperative data, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: We evaluated 167 consecutive patients who underwent URS for large renal stones ≥2 cm. The initial reason for choosing URS included patient preference (29.5%), failure of other therapies (8.2%), anatomic considerations/body habitus (30.3%), and comorbidities (28.8%). Mean patient age was 55.5 years (22-84). The mean stone size was 2.75 cm with mean number of procedures per patient of 1.65 (1-6). The single session stone-free rate was 57.1%, two-stage procedure stone-free rate was 90.2% and three-stage stone-free rate was 94.0%. Access sheaths were used in 47% of patients. An association was identified between stone size and patient outcomes; smaller stones correlated with decreased number of procedures. Postoperative complications were minor. CONCLUSIONS: Single or multi-stage retrograde ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a safe and effective mode of surgical management of large renal calculi. Total stone burden is a reliable predictor of the need for a staged procedure and of stone-free rate.

Ureteroscopic Management of Large ≥2 cm Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comprehensive 23-Year Experience.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of ureteroscopy (URS) with laser ablation as an alternative treatment for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) lesions larger than 2 cm. Traditionally, patients with large UTUC are treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). However, in patients with pre-existing renal disease, a solitary kidney, or those who decline RNU, management of UTUC may prove challenging METHODS: An institutional database review identified 80 patients with biopsy proven low-grade UTUC who had at least one lesion larger than 2 cm. We collected clinical data including demographics, operative parameters, and pathologic features. Follow-up for all patients was standardized and included cystoscopy and URS every 3 months until clear, every 6 months through the fifth year, and yearly thereafter. We calculated rates of recurrence, progression, and overall survival. RESULTS: In total, 86 unique lesions ≥2cm were identified in the 80 qualifying patients; mean tumor size was 3.04 cm. Median follow-up was 43.6 months. During follow-up of patients treated curatively, 90.5% of tumors had ipsilateral recurrence and 31.7% progressed in grade at a median of 26.3 months. RNU was performed in 16 patients (20%); mean time to surgery was 23.2 months. Overall survival was 75%, and cancer specific survival was 84% at 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Under strict surveillance, ureteroscopic management of large (≥ 2cm) UTUC lesions is a viable treatment alternative to RNU. While recurrence is common, URS can potentially preserve renal units in patients with large lesions.

Pathophysiology and management of infectious staghorn calculi.

The American Urological Association Nephrolithiasis Guidelines Panel recently conducted a critical meta-analysis of the existing literature to determine the optimal management for staghorn calculi. This article briefly discusses the pathophysiology of staghorn calculi and, based on the panel's recommendations, examines the alternative medical treatments (eg, chemolysis) and surgical treatments (eg, shock wave lithotripsy, open surgery, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy) available for staghorn patients. Considering the various modalities for staghorn disease, percutaneous nephrolithotomy should be the first-line treatment for most patients based on its superior efficacy and low morbidity.

Occult spinal dysraphism and urolithiasis: are patients at higher risk of stone disease?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spinal dysraphism is associated with urinary-tract dysfunction in severe cases such as meningomyelocele, in part because of incomplete innervation of the lower urinary tract. Patients with meningomyelocele are at higher risk for stone formation, possibly secondary to stasis of urine from aberrant storage and emptying. However, minimal data exist on the risk of stone formation in patients with milder forms of spinal dysraphism. The purpose of this study was to examine whether an association exists between urolithiasis and occult spinal dysraphism (OSD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients who underwent a non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis during a 4-month period were included. The final dataset consisted of 374 consecutive patients (195 men, 179 women) with a mean age of 54.2 years (range 18-95 years). Scans were reviewed for evidence of urolithiasis and, independently, for skeletal abnormalities. Patients with urolithiasis included those with a kidney, ureteral, or bladder stone(s). Patients with OSD included those with bifid lumbosacral bony elements, posterior arch defects, or incomplete fusion or non-fusion of S1, S2, or S3. The association between urolithiasis and OSD was examined by calculating series of crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Of the 374 patients, 135 (36.1%) had urinary calculi, and 83 (22.2%) had OSD. No relation was found between the prevalence of OSD and stone disease (OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.72, 2.08), even after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: Unlike severe spinal dysraphism, OSD does not appear to confer an increased risk of stone disease.

Metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma to the scrotum.

Metastatic cancer to the scrotum is a rare occurrence. We describe the first case of cutaneous scrotal lesions consistent with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A brief discussion including epidemiologic factors and clinical presentation is presented.

Superficial Dorsal Venous Rupture of the Penis: False Penile Fracture That Needs to be Treated as a True Urologic Emergency.

A 38-year-old man with history of repaired penile fracture presented with rapid detumescence, penile pain, and ecchymosis during vaginal sexual intercourse concerning for recurrent fracture. Surgical exploration revealed ruptured superficial dorsal vein of the penis, which was subsequently ligated. Patients with traumatic penile vascular injuries often present with clinical features indistinguishable from a true penile fracture. Gradual detumescence and an absence of characteristic popping sound may indicate a vascular injury but they cannot safely rule out a true penile fracture. Both true and false penile fractures require emergent surgical exploration and repair to prevent long-term complications.

Incidental Lymphoma Discovered During Surveillance for Low-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated Ureteroscopically: A Case Report Series.

Two cases of incidentally found follicular lymphoma during surveillance for ureteroscopically treated upper tract urothelial carcinoma with cross-sectional imaging are described. Multiple independent primary malignancies should be considered in this population.

The significance of functional renal obstruction in predicting pathologic stage of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Assessing the severity of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has been difficult because of inadequate biopsy specimens. Additional predictive parameters of disease stage would be useful when deciding a treatment plan; it has been suggested that preoperative hydronephrosis can be a surrogate. We examined the relationship between preoperative ipsilateral renal obstruction identified by imaging with final pathologic stage after nephroureterectomy (NU) for UTUC. We then analyzed those patients with ipsilateral renal obstruction and examined if tumor location is associated with an advanced pathologic stage. METHODS: Patients who underwent NU for UTUC between the years 2001 to 2013 were analyzed and relevant staging studies and pathology were reviewed. Criteria for ipsilateral renal obstruction were defined by the presence of a delayed nephrogram on CT scan, renal cortical atrophy with associated hydronephrosis on cross-sectional imaging, and/or >10% split function discrepancy on nuclear renal scintigraphy with associated hydronephrosis. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients met inclusion criteria; 26/82 (31.7%) had locally advanced disease (pT3/T4), while 56/82 (63.4%) had organ-confined (≤pT2) disease. Of the patients with pT3/T4 disease, 10/26 (38.5%) demonstrated radiographic evidence of functional obstruction of the ipsilateral renal unit; similarly, in patients with ≤pT2 disease, 21/56 (37.5%) demonstrated ipsilateral renal obstruction (P=0.93). Of the patients with ipsilateral renal obstruction, in those patients with pT3/T4 disease, 7/10 (70.0%) had ureteral tumor involvement while 9/21 (42.9%) patients with ≤pT2 disease had tumor in the ureter (P=0.25). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that renal obstruction by radiographic analysis does not always predict advanced stage. In addition, there is a trend toward advanced stage when a patient has radiographic evidence of ipsilateral renal dysfunction and a ureteral tumor.

Retropubic, laparoscopic, or robotic radical prostatectomy: is there any real difference?

The surgical management of localized prostate cancer has evolved over the last 20 years. The "gold standard" open radical prostatectomy (ORP) has been replaced largely by the robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical retropubic prostatectomy (RALP) as the most common surgical approach to treat localized prostate cancer. Pure laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), still performed by a limited number of surgeons, was more commonly utilized before the widespread availability of the robotically assisted technique. The general consensus based on the current literature is that RALP is associated with less blood loss and a shorter hospital stay but at a higher cost when compared to ORP. The literature continues to be conflicted concerning outcome measures such as impotence and urinary incontinence. Large series of long-term oncologic follow-up are not yet available; however, the data suggest that oncologic control is similar between RALP and ORP. Considerable disparities in measurement and reporting practices of perioperative outcomes continue to make direct comparisons difficult. Future prospective studies of perioperative outcomes should aim to use rigorous methodology and established criteria for standardized reporting.

24-hour urine collection in the metabolic evaluation of stone formers: is one study adequate?

UNLABELLED: Abstract Purpose: To determine whether one vs two 24-hour urine collections is optimal in the metabolic evaluation of nephrolithiasis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all 24-hour urine collections performed at our tertiary stone clinic from July 1997 to February 2012. We identified patients with two 24-hour urine collections performed ≤10 days apart. Samples were analyzed by an outside laboratory for the standard urinary parameters. For each parameter, pairwise t tests were performed and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to compare samples 1 and 2. In addition, the number of cases that changed from normal to abnormal or vice versa was also evaluated for each parameter and the Kappa statistic was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 813 subjects submitted two 24-hour urine collections ≤10 days apart. Mean age was 53.2 years, and mean body mass index was 28.8 kg/m(2). Based on creatinine 24/kg, subset analysis was performed for all properly collected samples (n=236). Using pairwise t test, 24-hour urine volume (P=0.0365) and phosphorus (P=0.0387) showed a statistically significant difference between samples 1 and 2. None of the other urinary parameters demonstrated a statistically significant difference when means were compared (pairwise t test, P>0.05), (range 0.061-0.9983). Pearson correlation demonstrated a high degree of correlation between two 24-hour urines for all variables (r=0.66-0.95, each P<0.0001). Depending on the urinary parameter assessed, 5.5% to 44.9% of patients changed from normalcy to abnormality, or vice versa. CONCLUSIONS: A single 24-hour urine collection may have changed clinical decision making in up to 45% of patients. Therefore, we recommend two collections to optimize the diagnostic yield and appropriately target stone prevention strategies.