Improvement in time to multiple sclerosis diagnosis: 25-year retrospective analysis from New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC).

Judicious multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and early start of disease modifying therapy significantly improves long-term disability outcomes in persons with MS (pwMS). Retrospective analysis based on 25-year New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) data determined the effect of changes in the respective diagnostic criteria in shortening the time between symptom onset to MS diagnosis. Based on 9378 current and historical MS cases, there was a significant decrease in time to diagnosis in pwMS from 1982-2001 to >2017 periods (average 4.2 vs. 1.1 years, p < 0.001). Additional improvements and better implementation of the MS diagnostic criteria can further decrease the diagnosis lag.

Fatigue at enrollment predicts EDSS worsening in the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is one of the most common and distressing symptoms among persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate fatigue as a predictor for disease worsening among pwMS. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study of New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) registry, MS patients reporting moderate-to-severe fatigue at study enrollment (n = 2714) were frequency matched to less-fatigued subjects (n = 2714) on age, baseline Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), disease duration, and MS phenotype. Change from baseline patient-reported outcomes (PROs), as measured by LIFEware™, categorized participants into two groups: those with stable/improved outcomes and those who worsened. In a subgroup of patients with longitudinal data (n = 1951), sustained EDSS worsening was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards modeling to explore the effect of fatigue. RESULTS: The median survival time from study enrollment to sustained EDSS worsening was 8.7 years (CI: 7.2-10.1). Participants who reported fatigue at baseline were more likely to experience sustained EDSS worsening during follow-up (HR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.7). Patients who were fatigued at baseline were also more likely to report worsening psychosocial limitations (all ps ⩽ 0.01). CONCLUSION: In addition to being a common symptom of MS, severe fatigue was a significant predictor for EDSS worsening in the NYSMSC.

Randomised natalizumab discontinuation study: taper protocol may prevent disease reactivation.

OBJECTIVES: To compare two modes of natalizumab cessation interventions: immediate versus tapered down, as measured by serial MRI and the occurrence of relapses during a 12-month period. BACKGROUND: Weighing progressive multifocal encephalopathy risk associated with ≥24 months of natalizumab therapy against the benefits of disease control, we initiated a natalizumab discontinuation study. METHODS: A phase IV, 12-month, single-blinded randomised (MRI) study. Fifty relapsing patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) who had been on natalizumab therapy ≥24 months and were contemplating natalizumab discontinuation were enrolled. Participants were randomised to either the immediate discontinuation group (IDG) or the tapered group (TG). IDG discontinued natalizumab at once and initiated another disease modifying therapy (DMT) following the last natalizumab infusion, while the TG received two more natalizumab infusions, at 6 and 8 weeks (14 weeks from study entry) before initiating another DMT. Standardised MRI was performed at baseline, 6 and 12 months from the last natalizumab infusion. RESULTS: A higher rate of relapses in the IDG (n=28) compared to the TG (n=8) over 12 months from the last infusion (p=0.007) was observed, most relapses occurred within 3 months of discontinuation (20 vs 7 relapses, p=0.012). The IDG showed a higher number of new T2 lesions within 6-12 months of discontinuation (p=0.025), a higher mean absolute T2-LV change from 0 to 12 months (1.1 vs 0.1 mL, p=0.024) and a higher number of new T1-hypointense lesions over 0-12 months (p=0.005) as well as from baseline to 6 months (p=0.026) compared to the TG. CONCLUSIONS: Natalizumab discontinuation therapy was associated with development of new disease activity. Our tapered protocol showed benefits, as patients in the TG experienced less relapses and lower accumulation of MRI lesions compared to those in the IDG.

Higher weight in adolescence and young adulthood is associated with an earlier age at multiple sclerosis onset.

BACKGROUND: Growing evidence suggests an association between adolescent obesity and increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to investigate whether weight or body mass index (BMI) in adolescence and young adulthood was associated with age at MS symptom onset. METHODS: Our cohort is comprised of a sub-group of 184 women enrolled in the New York State MS Consortium registry. Individuals were asked to recall their weight at the time of first menstruation and at age 25. BMI was calculated accordingly for age 25. Regression analyses were carried out to investigate the association between weight or BMI and age at onset. RESULTS: Weight at menarche was significantly related to younger age at symptom onset (ß = -0.073, p = 0.001). These results were also found at age 25 for weight (ß = -0.080, p < 0.001) and BMI (ß = -0.448, p = 0.001). Significantly earlier disease onset (26.9 years ±9.9) was observed in individuals who were overweight at 25 compared to those who were not overweight (32.1 years ±9.2, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Women who reported higher weight in adolescence and BMI in early adulthood were younger at MS onset. Future research should investigate whether there is a causal link between body weight and MS, as prevention lifestyle and dietary interventions could be implemented.

Disease-modifying treatment, long-term outcomes and transition to progressive multiple sclerosis: data based on the New York State MS Consortium.

BACKGROUND: The impact of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) on multiple sclerosis (MS) long-term outcomes is continuously evolving. Retrospective analyses of large and long-term registries could provide information regarding general disease trajectories and risk factors that are commonly not investigated in shorter clinical trial settings. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of people with MS (pwMS) registered in New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) since 1996. Disability outcomes of reaching sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of 4.0, 6.0 and transition to secondary-progressive MS (SPMS) were confirmed at follow-up. Four DMT categories were determined (1) continuous DMT use, (2) discontinued DMT, (3) (re)started DMT and (4) never treated with DMT. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) were acquired using LIFEware system. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and adjusted analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to determine the rate and factors related to disability progression. RESULTS: Total of 1893 pwMS were included with baseline average age of 43.2 years (SD = 10.4), 9.6 years of disease duration (SD = 8.8), median EDSS of 3.0 (IQR 2.0-3.5) and average follow-up time of 6.9 years (SD = 4.9). In addition to being male, older, more disabled and reporting worse PROs at baseline, pwMS who discontinued DMT had more than 5.5 times greater risk of reaching sustained EDSS of 4.0 (OR = 5.56, 95% CI 2.78-11.0, p < 0.001). Similarly, pwMS who discontinued DMT during the NYSMSC follow-up had 3.8- and 4.7-times greater risk to reach sustained EDSS 6.0 (OR = 3.86, 95% CI 2.12-7.02, p < 0.001), and to transition to SPMS (OR = 4.77, 95% CI 2.9-7.87, p < 0.001). Propensity matching analysis confirmed the worse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to known predictors of long-term clinical outcomes, pwMS who discontinue DMT have worse long-term disability trajectory when compared to both early and late DMT starters. PRO-based indicators may suggest worse clinical outcomes.

Patient-reported outcomes are the strongest predictors of disease disability in intramuscular interferon ß-1a users.

Introduction: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are valuable measures for routine clinical care of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Materials: 646 pwMS treated with interferon-ß-1a (IFN-ß-1a) were retrospectively included from the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium. Clinical and PRO data at enrollment and 3 year follow-up were collected. PwMS with stable disease and disability worsening were matched (1:1) based on age, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores and disease duration. Disability worsening was determined based on trial criteria. Results: PwMS with future EDSS worsening had higher baseline and follow-up timed-25-foot walk (6.6 vs 5.5 s; 9.1 vs 5.5 s; p < 0.001) when compared with stable pwMS. Worsening pwMS reported higher baseline difficulties in getting up (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; p = 0.009), climbing stairs (OR = 1.6; p = 0.024) and standing (OR = 2.2; p < 0.001). Worsening pwMS reported greater lower limb limitations (OR = 2.3; p = 0.004) and fatigue (OR = 1.8; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Higher fatigue and lower limb functional limitations are significant predictors of future disability worsening in pwMS.

A large retrospective study was carried out on people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) being treated with intramuscular interferon-ß medication from the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium. The aim of the study was to look at whether patient-reported and clinical measures could be used early on to predict whether PwMS have worsening of their disease. The study demonstrated that patient-reported levels of limitations in multiple physical and mental symptoms can predict future worsening in objectively quantified disability in PwMS who take intramuscular interferon-ß medication. Reported limitations in lower extremities and fatigue were the most predictive of future disability worsening.

Patient-reported outcomes based on discontinuation or continuous treatment with natalizumab: New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium (NYSMSC) study.

BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) are increasingly utilized as part of the routine clinical assessment in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The long-term effect of disease modifying therapies (DMTs) and their discontinuation on PRO measures remains largely unknown. METHODS: Two pwMS groups treated with natalizumab were selected from the New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) database. The first group utilized long-term follow-up data of pwMS that either still continue natalizumab treatment or discontinued. Minimal requirement of three visits (before natalizumab initiation, during treatment and after discontinuation/latest follow-up) was implemented. The second group consisted of pwMS that completed PRO questionnaire on the day of the infusion and 7 days later PROs were assessed using the LIFEware System™ that assesses limitations in multiple physical and psychosocial domains. Additional physical disability was assessed using Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Timed 25-ft walk test (T25FWT). PRO reports were Rasch-transformed, ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating a better outcome. Linear mixed-effect models and paired analyses were utilized. RESULTS: Within the prospective cohort, 242 pwMS were followed on average of 6.5 years. Greater number of PRO domains worsened in the 141 pwMS that discontinued natalizumab when compared to 101 pwMS that remained on the drug (10 vs. 2 PRO domains). PwMS that discontinued natalizumab had significant decline in PROs regarding lower extremities, bladder and bower control and psychosocial aspects (feeling lonesome). Contrarily, pwMS that continued natalizumab had significant improvement in bladder and bowel PRO measures. Seven days after the natalizumab infusion, the 67 pwMS from the prospective cohort reported improvement in PRO measures of fatigue (62.8 vs. 66.4, p = 0.019), bladder limitations (80.3 vs. 85.0, p = 0.012), and feelings of lonesomeness (81.2 vs. 88.0, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Continuous natalizumab treatment provides long-term stability or improvement in PRO measures. Natalizumab also provides short term improvements recorded after the infusion.

A prospective study to validate the expanded timed get-up-and-go in a population with multiple sclerosis.

Background: Timed 25-foot walk (T25FW) test serves as gold standard in care of persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and as walking measure of regulatory trials. Objective: To validate and determine the clinical utility of Expanded Timed Get-Up and Go (ETGUG) as a disability measure in MS. Methods: ETGUG intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility was determined in 65 PwMS that were examined twice in two centres over 1-week. Values below the 5th and above the 95th percentile were considered minimally detectable change. A longitudinal cohort (32.4 months) of 145 PwMS from New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) was used for clinical validation as a predictor of disability worsening measured by Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results: ETGUG and T25FW had noteworthy intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility (Cronbach coefficient>0.949). One-week ETGUG difference ranged from 15.07% to -14.84% (5th and 95th percentile). Over the NYSMSC follow-up, PwMS had significant slowing in walking as measured by ETGUG (20.8 to 25.9s, p = 0.009) but not by T25FW. 15% ETGUG worsening had similar ability to predict EDSS worsening when compared to 20% T25FW worsening (AUC 0.596 vs. 0.552). Conclusion: Over 32-month follow-up, PwMS experience slowing in ETGUG walking time but not in T25FW. Although the scoring may be more challenging, ETGUG could be more sensitive to change and provide more comprehensive measure of lower extremity performance and ambulation in PwMS.

COVID-19 Vaccination in Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory Diseases: Effects from Disease-Modifying Therapy, Long-Term Seroprevalence and Breakthrough Infections.

Background: To determine the effect of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) on humoral postvaccine seroconversion, long-term humoral response, and breakthrough COVID-19 infections in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and other neuroinflammatory disorders. Methods: A total of 757 PwMS and other neuroinflammatory disorders were recruited in two MS centers and vaccinated with one of the FDA-approved vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, Ad26.COV2.S). The primary outcomes are the rate of humoral postvaccine seroconversion and anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) differences between patients on different DMTs. Secondary measures include breakthrough infections and humoral response after six months. Other outcomes include differences in vaccine response between SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the effects of age and comorbidities on the vaccine response. Results: A total of 465 (68.4%) PwMS and 55 (74.3%) patients with neuroinflammatory diseases were seropositive at 4−12 weeks after vaccination. A significant difference in seroconversion based on the DMT used at the time of vaccination (p < 0.001) was observed, with the lowest rates seen in patients treated with anti-CD20 antibodies (23.2%) and sphingosine-1-phosphate modulators (S1P) (30.8%). In seropositive patients, there was a significant decrease in anti-SARS IgG from mean 20.0 to 4.7 at six months (p = 0.004). Thirty-nine patients had breakthrough infection, but only two seronegative patients required hospitalization. mRNA vaccines resulted in significantly greater seroconversion compared to Ad26.COV2.S (p < 0.001). Older age and presence of cardiovascular comorbidities were associated with lower anti-SARS IgG (p = 0.021 and p = 0.003, respectively) Conclusions: PwMS and neuroinflammatory disorders treated with anti-CD20 and S1P medications have lower humoral response after anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, even after booster dose. Waning of the humoral response puts vaccinated PwMS at a greater risk of COVID-19 breakthrough.

Discontinuation of disease modifying therapies is associated with disability progression regardless of prior stable disease and age.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with stable disease course might view continued treatment as unnecessary. However, guidelines regarding treatment discontinuation are currently lacking. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical course after treatment discontinuation in MS patients with long disease duration. METHODS: Patients who discontinued disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) and not resume treatment (n = 216) were extracted from New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) and followed across three time points (average 4.6 years). Stable course was defined as no change in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores (<1.0 increase if EDSS<6.0 or <0.5-point increase if EDSS≥6.0) from baseline (time 1) to DMT discontinuation (time 2). Both stable and worsening MS patients were later assessed again after the DMT discontinuation (time 3). Additional analyses were performed based on disease subtype, type of medication, age cut-off of 55 and EDSS of 6.0. RESULTS: From the cohort of 216 MS patients who discontinued DMT, 161 (72.5%) were classified as stable before DMT discontinuation. After DMT discontinuation, 53 previously stable MS patients (32.9%) experienced disability worsening/progression (DWP). 29.2 and 40% of previously stable RRMS and SPMS respectively had DWP after DMT discontinuation. Over two years after DMT discontinuation, the rate of DWP was similar between patients younger or older than 55 years (31.1% vs 25.9%, respectively). MS patients with EDSS≥6.0 had greater DWP when compared to less disabled patients while remaining on therapy as well as after discontinuation (40.7% vs 15.4%, p < 0.001 and 39.6% vs 15.2%, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: MS patients with stable disease course experience DWP after treatment discontinuation, with no clear relation to age and disease subtype. Patients with EDSS≥6.0 are at higher risk for DWP.

Impact of resilience, social support, and personality traits in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the well-being of persons with neuroinflammatory diseases (pwNID). Identifying factors that influence the response to challenging conditions could guide supportive care. METHODS: 2185 pwNID and 1079 healthy controls (HCs) from five US centers completed an online survey regarding the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and psychological well-being. Survey instruments included resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC), loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale), social support (modified social support survey, MSSS-5), personality traits (NEO-Five Factor Inventory, NEO-FFI), and disability (Patient-Determined Disability Steps (PDDS). Step-wise regression models and mediation analyses assessed whether the level of self-reported resilience, size of the social support, and specific personality traits (study predictors) were associated with self-reported disability and/or loneliness (study outcomes). RESULTS: The response rate varied significantly between the questionnaires. While, all pwNID completed the demographic questionnaire, 78.8% completed the loneliness questionnaire and 49.7% completed the NEO-FFI. Based on 787 responses, greater neuroticism (standardized ß = 0.312, p < 0.001), less social support (standardized ß = -0.242, p < 0.001), lower extraversion (standardized ß = -0.083, p=0.017), lower agreeableness (standardized ß = -0.119, p < 0.001), and lower resilience (standardized ß = -0.125, p = 0.002) were associated with the feeling of loneliness. Social support and resilience modestly but significantly mediated the association between personality traits and loneliness. Older age (standardized ß = 0.165, p < 0.001) and lower conscientiousness (standardized ß = -0.094, p = 0.007) were associated with worse disability (higher PDDS scores). There were no differences in outcomes between pwNID and HCs. CONCLUSION: Greater social support potentially attenuates the association between neuroticism and the feeling of loneliness in pwNID during the COVID-19 pandemic. Assessment of personality traits may identify pwNID that are in greater need of social support and guide targeted interventions.

Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign and response to combination of mechanical Thrombectomy plus intravenous thrombolysis in acute stroke patients.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Combining intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy (IAMT) and intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) has shown to have an excellent recanalization rate and better clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) on pretreatment non-contrast head CT scan of AIS patients is one of the early ischemic radiological findings in middle cerebral artery territory AIS. We aimed to evaluate whether the presence of HMCAS predicts the outcome of AIS patients receiving combination therapy with IAMT and IVT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records and cerebrovascular images of the patients treated with IAMT and IVT for AIS in our center. Patients with occlusion in the terminal internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery on pretreatment CT angiogram of the head were included. Clinical outcome was compared between subjects with HMCAS and those without. Modified Rankin Score (mRS) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were used as measures of efficacy and safety, respectively. RESULTS: Of 93 patients, 46 (49%) had HMCAS on their initial head CT scan. Both groups had comparable baseline characteristics and stroke severity. After adjusting for age, NIHSS score, time from symptom onset to starting IVT, and history of diabetes mellitus in multivariate logistic regression analysis, there was no difference in terms of a poor outcome (mRS >2) (OR = 0.5 [CI 0.2-1.4], p = 0.188) or rate of sICH (OR = 3.3 [CI 0.6-19.0], p = 0.190) between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: HMCAS is not a predictor of poor outcome in AIS patients receiving combination therapy with IAMT and IVT and does not affect treatment safety.

Laboratory factors associated with symptomatic hemorrhagic conversion of acute stroke after systemic thrombolysis.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory factors associated with hemorrhagic conversion (HC) after Intravenous thrombolysis with rtPA (IVT) for Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) remain nebulous despite advances in our knowledge of AIS. This study aimed to investigate the laboratory factors predisposing to HC in AIS patients receiving IVT. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who received IV tPA for AIS at our comprehensive stroke center over a 9.6-year period. Besides age, gender, NIHSS, history of diabetes mellitus (DM), history of atrial fibrillation (Afib), we gathered their laboratory data including International Normalized Ratio (INR), lipid panel, serum albumin, serum creatinine, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and admission blood glucose. Post-thrombolysis brain imagings were reviewed to evaluate for symptomatic ICH (sICH). The mean values of above mentioned laboratory data were compared between the group with sICH and patients with no sICH. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association of the laboratory findings with presence of sICH. sICH was defined as ICH causing an increase in NIHSS ≥4. RESULTS: Of the 794 subjects in this study 51 (6.4%) had sICH. In the univariate analysis, patients who developed sICH had significantly higher NIHSS on admission (14.2 ± 5.4 vs 11.2 ± 6.5, p < .001), LDL-cholesterol (113.3 mg/dl ±36.9 vs. 101.8 mg/dl ± 38.2, p = .032), HbA1c (6.9% ± 2.3 vs. 6.1 ± 1.3, p = .003) and lower levels of Albumin (3.5 g/dl ±0.4 vs. 3.9 g/dl ± 0.5, p < .001). Furthermore, a higher prevalence of history of DM (45% vs. 21.6%, p = .020) and Afib (25.4% vs. 10.4%, p = .028) was found in subjects who developed sICH. There were no significant group differences regarding age, sex, total cholesterol, blood glucose on admission, serum creatinine or INR levels (p > .05). After adjusting for multiple covariates, lower Albumin level and and higher HbA1c were significantly associated with an increased risk for sICH development (p < .05). Chances of sICH increased by 33% for every 1 g/dl below a normal albumin level of 4.0 g/dl (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Lower endogenous albumin level and higher HbA1c have shown to predispose to a higher risk of sICH after IVT for AIS and might be good predictors of sICH post IVT.

Epidemiology and treatment of multiple sclerosis in elderly populations.

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the age of affected patients are increasing owing to increased longevity of the general population and the availability of effective disease-modifying therapies. However, ageing presents unique challenges in patients with MS largely as a result of their increased frequency of age-related and MS-related comorbidities as well as transition of the disease course from an inflammatory to a neurodegenerative phenotype. Immunosenescence (the weakening of the immune system associated with natural ageing) might be at least partly responsible for this transition, which further complicates disease management. Currently approved therapies for MS are effective in preventing relapse but are not as effective in preventing the accumulation of disability associated with ageing and disease progression. Thus, ageing patients with MS represent a uniquely challenging population that is currently underserved by existing therapeutic regimens. This Review focuses on the epidemiology of MS in ageing patients. Unique considerations relevant to this population are discussed, including the immunology and pathobiology of the complex relationship between ageing and MS, the safety and efficacy of disease-modifying therapies, when discontinuation of treatment might be appropriate and the important role of approaches to support wellness and cognition.

Walking disability measures in multiple sclerosis patients: Correlations with MRI-derived global and microstructural damage.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between walking disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and their macro- and microstructural MRI-derived measures still remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlations between walking disability and MRI-derived lesion, atrophy, and microstructural/axonal integrity outcomes. METHODS: Seventy-one (71) MS patients were clinically examined, the expanded timed get-up and go (ETGUG), and timed 25-foot walk (T25FW) tests were assessed. Additionally, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) was obtained. Normalized brain (NBV), gray matter (GMV), white matter (WMV), cortex (CV), and deep GM (DGM) volumes, as well as lesion volumes (LV) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scalar maps of fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity were calculated. Spearman correlation, partial correlation and stepwise regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: T25FW and ETGUG were associated with T2-LV (p < .001), global (NBV, p < .001), tissue-specific (GMV and CV, p < .001) and regional (DGM p < .001; and thalamus p < .001) volumes. The ETGUG remained correlated with T1-LV, GMV, CV and total DGM volume (all p < .001) after age, sex, and disease duration adjustment. The WMV was not associated with walking disability. Similarly, DTI measures did not show significant association with the walking tests. The regression analysis outlined DMG volume as best predictor of T25FW (Adj R2 = 0.231, standardized ß = -0.435, and p = .001), and CV for ETGUG (Adj R2 = 0.176, standardized ß = -0.417, and p = .004). SDMT was associated with both T25FW (p = .004) and ETGUG (p = .013). CONCLUSION: Despite the low disability levels, walking as measured by T25FW and ETGUG, is largely explained by the loss of cortical and nuclei specific GM volumes.

Ketogenic diet: Predictors of seizure control.

BACKGROUND: The ketogenic diet is an effective non-pharmacologic treatment for medically resistant epilepsy. The aim of this study was to identify any predictors that may influence the response of ketogenic diet. METHODS: A retrospective chart review for all patients with medically resistant epilepsy was performed at a tertiary care epilepsy center from 1996 to 2012. Patient- and diet-related variables were evaluated with respect to seizure reduction at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12-month intervals and divided into four possible outcome classes. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients met inclusion. Thirty-seven (59%) reported >50% seizure reduction at 3 months with 44% and 37% patients benefiting at 6-month and 12-month follow up, respectively. A trend toward significant seizure improvement was noted in 48% patients with seizure onset >1 year at 12-month (p = 0.09) interval and in 62% patients with >10 seizure/day at 6-month interval (p = 0.054). An ordinal logistic regression showed later age of seizure to have higher odds of favorable response at 1-month (p = 0.005) and 3-month (p = 0.013) follow up. Patients with non-fasting diet induction were more likely to have a favorable outcome at 6 months (p = 0.008) as do females (p = 0.037) and those treated with higher fat ratio diet (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Our study reports the effectiveness of ketogenic diet in children with medically resistant epilepsy. Later age of seizure onset, female gender, higher ketogenic diet ratio and non-fasting induction were associated with better odds of improved seizure outcome. A larger cohort is required to confirm these findings.

Fatigue and Mood States in Nursing Home and Nonambulatory Home-Based Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressively disabling condition of the central nervous system. We sought to evaluate and compare mood states in patients with MS with increased disability residing in nursing homes and those receiving home-based care. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium to identify patients with MS using a Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 7.0 or greater. The nursing home group was compared with home-based care patients regarding self-reported levels of loneliness, pessimism, tension, panic, irritation, morbid thoughts, feelings of guilt, and fatigue using independent-samples t tests and χ2 tests. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate risk-adjusted differences in mood states. RESULTS: Ninety-four of 924 patients with EDSS scores of at least 7.0 lived in a nursing home (10.2%). Nursing home patients were less likely to use disease-modifying therapy and had higher mean EDSS scores compared with home-based patients. However, nursing home patients were less likely than home-based patients to report fatigue (odds ratio [OR] for no fatigue, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.1-7.2), feeling tense (OR for no tension, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.7), and having feelings of pessimism (OR for no pessimism, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.8). CONCLUSIONS: The nursing home patients with MS were less likely to report fatigue, pessimism, and tension than those receiving home-based care. Further studies should examine ways of facilitating a greater degree of autonomy and decision-making control in MS patients receiving home-based care.

Time interval providing highest yield for initial EEG in patients with new onset seizures.

PURPOSE: Timing providing highest yield of initial electroencephalogram (EEG) after new onset unprovoked seizures, is an important and practical issue both in diagnosis and patient care. Current guidelines suggest routine EEG is the standard of care in work-up. However, yield of the initial EEG and exact timeframe in which to perform remain unclear and standardization in both adult and pediatric populations is still lacking. Our objective was to determine a concrete timeframe to perform initial EEG in patients with new onset unprovoked seizures and provide greater yield of EEG benefits in patient management. METHOD: This is a retrospective chart review study of both pediatric and adult patients identified from EEG Database over 1999-2014 located at Kaleida Health at Buffalo using keyword "new onset seizure". RESULTS: The percentage of EEGs revealing epileptiform discharges is much higher if EEGs are performed within 12hours after the seizure onset compared to studies done beyond this timeframe (53.1% versus 23.9%). There was no significant difference in the presence of epileptiform discharges if the study is done 12hours after the seizure onset. Odds ratio was 3.599 (the presence of epileptiform discharges) with a Confidence Interval of 1.691-7.660 (p=0.001) within first 12hours of initial event. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated statistical significance in yield of epileptiform discharges by performing EEG within the first 12hours of seizure onset, in both adult and pediatric populations, which should be considered for clinical practice and patient care.

Decreased risk of cancer in multiple sclerosis patients and analysis of the effect of disease modifying therapies on cancer risk.

BACKGROUND: Although dysimmunity is considered an important link between multiple sclerosis (MS), family history and cancer risk, their relationship to the use of disease modifying therapies (DMT) is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To assess the observed versus expected number of cancers in MS patients, and family history of cancer, among DMT users and DMT naïve patients. METHODS: Cancer, DMT use, and family history of cancer were assessed using the New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium (NYSMSC) registry. Self-reported cancers in MS patients were tested for associations with DMT use, family history of cancer and other factors. Expected number of cancer cases was estimated using age- and gender-specific prevalence and incidence rates from the general population. RESULTS: The prevalence of cancer in males and females in the NYSMSC cohort was lower than expected (p<0.001). Patients with cancer were older at MS diagnosis and more likely to be female (p<0.001). MS patients with a personal history of cancer were more likely to report DMT use (p<0.001) and family history of cancer (p<0.001). Multivariable analysis did not support a higher risk of cancer after DMT initiation. CONCLUSIONS: We report a lower than expected number of cancer cases in MS patients compared to the general population. MS patients with a personal history of cancer were more likely to report DMT use suggesting that DMTs may abrogate the lower incidence of cancer in MS.

Disease modifying therapies use associated with comorbid autoimmune diseases in multiple sclerosis patients.

BACKGROUND: The relation between the use of disease modifying therapies (DMT׳s) and the occurrence of comorbid autoimmune diseases (AID׳s) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the difference in duration from MS symptom onset to first reported AID in subjects using DMT׳s vs. DMT naïve. Type and prevalence of comorbid AID׳s was also investigated. METHODS: Data was extracted from the New York State MS Consortium (NYSMSC) registry and comprised of MS patients with a minimum of 5 years follow-up. After exclusion, 1792 patients were enrolled in the study, 1478 had no AID, and 314 patients had comorbid AID׳s that developed after the initial enrollment. Patients who had an AID were divided into two groups: those with an AID after DMT initiation (n=281) and patients with an AID who were DMT naïve (n=33). Logistic regression analysis was used to test differences in duration between MS symptom onset and the development of AID between the two groups while adjusting for confounders RESULTS: DMT use did not change the frequency of self-reported AID (17.2 vs. 20.4%). However, the duration between first MS symptom onset and the initial reported occurrence of a comorbid AID was significantly shorter in the DMT user group (192 months±115) compared to the DMT naïve group (262 months±107, p=.002). CONCLUSION: There were no group differences between DMT users vs. DMT naïve subjects with regards to AID frequency. The DMT user group reported the development of an AID earlier than the DMT naïve group. Further studies that can identify patients with higher risk for developing AID׳s is warranted.