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1.
Eur J Neurol ; 31(3): e16159, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37987095

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Infection with COVID-19 can lead to persistent sequelae, such as fatigue, daytime sleepiness or disturbed sleep, that can remain for more than 12 weeks and that are summarized as post-COVID syndrome. The causes remain unclear. The present study investigated the presence of sleep disorders in patients with post-COVID syndrome using polysomnography. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with post-COVID syndrome and new-onset fatigue and sleepiness after a SARS-CoV2 infection underwent polysomnography in accordance with American Association of Sleep Medicine (AASM) standards as part of their clinical workup. Analysis was performed visually based on AASM criteria (scoring manual version 2.6, 2020). RESULTS: Polysomnography revealed a sleep efficiency of <80% in 50% of patients and a mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of 9.9 ± 15.4/h. Excluding central apneas, 12 patients (35%) had an RDI of ≥5/h, pointing to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS; AASM 2014). Patients with a high RDI were significantly older (p = 0.01) and showed a trend towards a higher body mass index (p = 0.08) than patients with a normal RDI but had no other risk factors for OSAS. Six patients agreed to long-term treatment of their OSAS and all reported discontinuation of daytime symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Post-COVID symptoms such as daytime sleepiness, fatigue and memory and concentration problems may in part be a result of reduced sleep efficiency and sleep apnea in a relevant percentage of patients. This possibly treatable cause of the symptoms should be kept in mind in patients presenting with post-COVID syndrome.


Assuntos
COVID-19 , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Sonolência , RNA Viral , COVID-19/complicações , SARS-CoV-2 , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/complicações , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/etiologia , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/complicações , Fadiga/complicações
2.
Laryngorhinootologie ; 103(1): 47-52, 2024 01.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37473777

RESUMO

Tinnitus has a lifetime prevalence of 25% in Germany. A common comorbidity in chronic cases are sleep disorders. The aims of this study were to detect sleep disorders and to identify possible associations with tinnitus parameters.Fifty patients with chronic tinnitus were recruited. The patients underwent audiometry, polysomnography, and completed standardised questionnaires on tinnitus and sleep behaviour.Data were available in 30 men and 9 women (age 50.2 ± 11 y, BMI 28.8 ± 4.4 kg/m²). The median duration of tinnitus was 36 (9; 120) months with a severity score of 2.00 (1.00; 3.00). The mean Tinnitus Questionnaire (TF) score was 43.6 ± 17.1, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score was 8.41 ± 4.27, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score was 9.21 ± 4.32, and the Screening Scale for Chronic Stress (SSCS) score was 58.13 ± 9.58.Sleep diagnoses included 18 cases of insomnia, 4 cases of RLS, and 11 cases of OSA. Patients with sleep comorbidities showed higher tinnitus severity, PSQI scores, and body weight compared to those without sleep disorders.Worse sleep quality was associated with higher tinnitus severity (p=0.038) and more disruptive tinnitus (p=0.03). Patients with subjectively highly disruptive tinnitus reported higher chronic stress scores. Tinnitus duration was correlated with OSA-severity (p=0.026).More than two-thirds of tinnitus patients showed sleep disorders as comorbidity. A sleep screening appears useful in cases of increased tinnitus severity. Whether CPAP therapy is helpful in reducing tinnitus symptoms could not be conclusively determined but deserves further attention.


Assuntos
Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília , Zumbido , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Zumbido/diagnóstico , Zumbido/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Polissonografia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Sono-Vigília/etiologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sono
3.
Pneumologie ; 2024 Apr 24.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38657645

RESUMO

Carl Ludwig was, besides Johannes Müller, one of the most prolific natural scientists of the 19th century. Carl Ludwig believed that the function of organs can be ascribed to the laws of physics and chemistry and that only through repeatable physiological experiments can hypotheses be verified. Ludwig has laid the technological foundations for experimental physiology. The "kymographion", (waves-recorder), the "stromuhr" and the blood gas pump are some of his developments that underline this fact. Together with his students he performed fundamental experiments to gain better understanding of renal physiology and pulmonary physiology, cardiovascular circulatory and innervation, as well as glandular secretion and the lymphatic system. For decades, Ludwig's two-volume textbook on the human physiology was standard work in scientific and experimental physiology. Many young scientists from all over the world ventured to Leipzig to be taught experimental physiology by Ludwig.

4.
Pneumologie ; 78(2): 131-134, 2024 Feb.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37857317

RESUMO

The theory of the four humors or humorism (Hippocrates of Kos) viewed disease as an imbalance of the humors. Galen of Pergamon further developed the theory by describing digestion as a sequence of chemical reduction processes that convert into the various humours. Theophrastus von Hohenheim attempted to overcome humorism in the 16th century and establish medicine on a natural-philosophical-alchemical basis. The era of empirical-experimental chemically oriented medicine began with "iatrochemistry" in the 17th century. Franciscus Sylvius' concept of disease is based on an imbalance of acidic and alkaline fermentation. It was Lazarro Spallanzani who understood the digestive processes in the stomach as a chemical dissolution of food. The discovery of oxygen and the process of oxidation by Lavoisier laid the foundation for our understanding the physiology of metabolism.


Assuntos
Medicina , Humanos , Fermentação , Oxigênio , Estresse Oxidativo
5.
Pneumologie ; 78(4): 244-249, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38096912

RESUMO

The article provides a historical overview of developments in the understanding of respiratory rhythm and its control mechanisms over the last two centuries. In the 19th century, a structure in the medulla oblongata was first described as the "node of life". In 1743, Taube discovered the carotid body, and in 1927 the Spaniard de Castro described its morphology and innervation. It was only with the work of father and son Heymans that the physiological and pharmacological significance of the carotid and aortic body was recognized. Today we understand that the generation and control of respiration are mediated by a complex neuronal network in the brainstem. Chemo-, mechano- and proprioreceptos convey information from blood, airways and muscles to the control centre. The respiratory centre integrates the afferent input from the receptors, the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, and voluntary input from the cerebral cortex to modulate the degree of respiratory activation of motoneurons and respiratory muscles.


Assuntos
Bulbo , Respiração , Humanos , Bulbo/fisiologia , Sistema Respiratório
6.
Pneumologie ; 78(3): 191-198, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37647916

RESUMO

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the pharyngeal airway. Anatomical factors can be distinguished from non-anatomical factors. Age and obesity are the main risk factors for OSA; however, approximately 50% of patients are not obese. In older patients (>60 years), the importance of obesity decreases. There is an increased prevalence of OSA among patients with normal weight. The effects of chronic intermittent hypoxemia, low-grade inflammation, increased sympathetic tone and mechanical stress contribute to a transformation of muscle fibers in the upper airway, resulting in reduced muscle mass and strength. Less frequently encountered non-anatomical factors include decreased muscle tone, increased arousal threshold, and altered sensitivity of CO2 chemoreceptors.


Assuntos
Laringe , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Humanos , Idoso , Vigília/fisiologia , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/etiologia , Faringe/patologia , Faringe/fisiologia , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/epidemiologia
7.
BMC Womens Health ; 23(1): 93, 2023 03 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36890510

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal women often have chronic cough. Hormonal changes might be affecting lung function and the mucous membrane of the airways, causing hypersensitivity of the cough reflex. Therefore, postmenopausal hormonal changes could play a key role in the association between increased cough and menopause. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation of chronic cough and postmenopausal symptoms. METHODS: We performed a questionnaire-based cohort study in generally healthy postmenopausal women (age 45-65 years). Women with cough explained by a pre-existing diagnosis were excluded. Comorbidities, medication and baseline data were collected. The Menopause Rating Scale II (MRS II) was combined with the Leicester Cough Questionnaire. Groups were divided in chronic cough versus non-coughing participants, chronic cough was defined as symptoms over 8 weeks. We performed correlations and logistic regression for predicting cough based on postmenopausal symptoms. RESULTS: Sixty-six of 200 women (33%) reported symptoms of chronic cough over 8 weeks. No significant differences in baseline data (age, BMI, onset of menopause, years since menopause, concomitant diseases, and medication) were found between coughing and non-coughing women. The MRS II showed higher menopausal symptoms in patients with cough, with significant differences in 2 of the 3 MRS-domains (urogenital (p < 0.001) and somato-vegetative (p < 0.001)). Climacteric symptoms correlated strongly with parameters of cough (p < 0.001). On the basis of the MRS total score (p < 0.001) and the somato-vegetative and urogenital domains (p < 0.05), the prediction for respiratory complaints could be shown. DISCUSSION: Chronic cough was significantly associated with menopausal symptoms. Therefore chronic cough as a possible climacteric symptom and its underlying mechanisms should be further explored.


Assuntos
Menopausa , Pós-Menopausa , Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Inquéritos e Questionários
8.
Laryngorhinootologie ; 102(2): 118-123, 2023 02.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36580974

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Snoring was monitored in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using the LEOSound-Monitor and simultaneously polysomnographic (PSG) recording. In obstructive apneas snoring is normally apparent after apnea termination and the beginning of ventilation. We wanted to know how often obstructive apneas are terminated by ventilation in combination with snoring. METHODS AND INTENTION: In 40 patients with OSA (AHI > 15/h) simultaneous polysomnographic recordings were performed amongst long-term respiratory sound monitoring using the LEOSound monitor. Patients' average age was 57±11 years. Average weight was 100±19 kg by a mean body mass index (BMI) of 33±7 kg/m2. 12 out of 40 recordings had to be rejected for further analysis because of artifacts. Snoring recorded by polysomnography was compared with snoring monitored by LEOSound. RESULTS: 3778 obstructive apnea episodes were monitored. LEOSound identified snoring in 1921 (51,0%), polysomnography in 2229 (58,8%) obstructive apneas. Only in one patient there was a higher difference in snoring episodes between PSG and LEOSound. DISCUSSION: In nearly 60% of obstructive apnea events we found snoring during apnea-terminating hyperpnoea. LEOSound is a good diagnostic tool to monitor snoring. It is necessary to clarify why only 60% of all obstructive events/hyperpnoea develop snoring. From a pathophysiological point of view opening of collapsed upper airway should lead in a very high percentage to turbulences in airstream and committed snoring.


Assuntos
Síndromes da Apneia do Sono , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Ronco/diagnóstico , Ronco/etiologia , Polissonografia/efeitos adversos , Polissonografia/métodos , Respiração
9.
Pneumologie ; 77(6): 367-373, 2023 Jun.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37072028

RESUMO

Johannes Müller was indisputably the most versatile and brilliant physiologist in the mid-nineteenth century. Müller was born in Koblenz in 1801 as the eldest of five children. He received an excellent education in mathematics and the ancient languages and was thus able to read with ease the writings of Aristotle in the original.He served a year with the Pioneers after graduating from high school in 1818. In 1819 he enrolled at the University of Bonn. In 1821, while still a student, he was awarded the scientific university prize for his work on foetal respiration. Müller received his doctorate at the university of Bonn in 1822. He moved to Berlin, where he continued to attend lectures by the anatomist Karl Asmund Rudolphi.He obtained his habilitation in physiology and comparative anatomy in 1824. After his years in Bonn, he accepted a chair at the University of Berlin in 1833 as Rudolphi's successor. His famous "Handbuch der Physiologie" (1833-1840) was published in Berlin. Müller's main areas of interest were physiology, human anatomy, comparative anatomy and anatomical pathology.Müller has numerous publications in addition to his famous book on physiology. He and his distinguished students (Emil du Bois-Reymond, Ernst Haeckel, Hermann von Helmholtz, Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, Carl Ludwig, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow amongst others) made the Berlin Physiological Institute world famous. The natural-philosophical approach to medicine that was still dominant at the beginning of the 19th century was increasingly replaced by a scientifically oriented methodology by Müller.


Assuntos
Fisiologia , Instituições Acadêmicas , Criança , Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Berlim , Fisiologia/história
10.
Pneumologie ; 77(1): 50-53, 2023 Jan.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36410393

RESUMO

The Wittenberg physician Konrad Victor Schneider (1614-1680) was the first to prove that mucus is not formed in the brain, nor is it secreted into the nasal cavity via the ethmoid bone. He recognised that there is no open anatomical connection between the brain and the nasal air space. Schneider discovered the sinonasal mucosa as the production site of mucus and thus refuted the hypothesis of cerebral mucus production and secretion by Hippocrates, Galen and Vesal. The nasal mucosa was named "membrana Schneideria" in honour of Schneider.


Assuntos
Anatomistas , Mucosa Nasal , Humanos , Masculino , Pneumologia
11.
Pneumologie ; 77(3): 168-172, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36807088

RESUMO

Adolf Kussmaul (1822-1902) studied medicine in Heidelberg. The name Kussmaul is known worldwide for the panarteritis nodosa, the pulsus paradoxus and the venous pulse in callous mediastinopericarditis as well as the high-frequency and deep breathing in diabetic ketoacidosis. Kussmaul was also a pioneer in the endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the oesophagus and stomach. He had to close the medical practice he had started in 1850 in the black Forrest town of Kandern after three years, having developed health problems. Kussmaul's approach to his studies was clinical-scientific. In 1855, under the guidance of Virchow, he received his doctorate from the university of Würzburg. From 1859-1888 he held a chair in Erlangen, Freiburg and Strasbourg. He continued working as a physician after retirement at Heidelberg and wrote his memoirs "Jugenderinnerungen eines alten Arztes".


Assuntos
Endoscopia , Medicina , Masculino , Humanos
12.
Pneumologie ; 77(7): 403-407, 2023 Jul.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36379449

RESUMO

Negative pressure pulmonary edema and alveolar hemorrhage are potentially life-threatening complications after relief of upper airway obstruction. The laryngeal-pharyngeal obstruction results in high negative intrapleural pressures. The increased intrapleural pressures affect the integrity of the alveolo-capillary membrane due to various factors. This review describes clinical symptoms, etiologic factors, pathophysiology and treatment strategies associated with each of these factors. The aim of this review is to equip clinicians with the knowledge base necessary to identify patients at increased risk for negative pressure pulmonary edema and alveolar hemorrhage.


Assuntos
Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias , Edema Pulmonar , Humanos , Edema Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Edema Pulmonar/etiologia , Edema Pulmonar/terapia , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/etiologia , Obstrução das Vias Respiratórias/terapia , Hemorragia/diagnóstico , Hemorragia/etiologia , Hemorragia/terapia
13.
Pneumologie ; 77(3): 158-161, 2023 Mar.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36731498

RESUMO

The nasal cycle refers to the anticyclic swelling and decongestion of the two nasal cavities that occur during the day and during sleep, while the overall nasal flow remains constant. The nasal cycle was first described by R. Kayser in 1895. Each cycle consists of a working phase and a subsequent resting phase, the purpose of which is the rehydration and regeneration of the mucosa. A nasal cycle occurs in about 70-90% of people. The duration of the phase is affected by age, body position, physical activity, mucociliary clearance and time of day. Typically, the cycle lengthens during sleep. Long-term rhinoflowmetry enables assessment of the circadian course of the alternating cyclic changes of the nasal mucosa.


Assuntos
Cavidade Nasal , Mucosa Nasal , Humanos , Sono , Depuração Mucociliar , Nariz
14.
J Sleep Res ; 31(2): e13458, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34363265

RESUMO

Excessive daytime sleepiness is a common symptom in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. We investigated predisposing factors of excessive daytime sleepiness by comparing obese non-sleepy with sleepy patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Excessive daytime sleepiness was determined by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in 43 patients (34 men and 9 women) with obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15 events per hr) and obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg m-2 ). Two subgroups were formed with (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≥ 11) and without (Epworth Sleepiness Scale < 11) excessive daytime sleepiness. The concept of excessive daytime sleepiness was compared with other established daytime performance tests (Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Multiple Sleep Latency Test, Pupillographic Sleepiness Test, Marburger Vigilance test). Associations were calculated between excessive daytime sleepiness and demographic, metabolic and polysomnographic data. We included 19 sleepy patients (mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale score 15.2) and 24 non-sleepy patients (mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale score 5.8). Epworth Sleepiness Scale was negatively correlated with age and morning cortisol. Epworth Sleepiness Scale was positively correlated with body mass index, Stanford Sleepiness Scale, Beck's Depression Inventory and Marburger Vigilance test. Sleepy obese patients were significantly younger (mean 49.1 years), showed lower morning cortisol level (mean 9.41 µg L-1 ) and a trend to higher body mass index (mean 37.5 kg m- ²) compared with non-sleepy obese patients (mean: 59.3 years, 5.7 µg L-1 , 34.6 kg m- ², respectively). Many different excessive daytime sleepiness phenotypes are probably enclosed in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were best reflected by the objective Marburger Vigilance test results. The objective test can be particularly useful in cohorts where subjective reports are unreliable and operational readiness is paramount. Sleepy and non-sleepy obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea were similar in all polysomnographic parameters. Sleepy patients were younger, heavier and showed lower morning cortisol levels than non-sleepy patients.


Assuntos
Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono , Causalidade , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/complicações , Distúrbios do Sono por Sonolência Excessiva/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocortisona , Masculino , Obesidade/complicações , Sonolência
15.
Pneumologie ; 76(5): 365-369, 2022 May.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35213925

RESUMO

During the reign of Emperor Napoleon I, Dominique-Jean Larrey (1766-1842) was chief surgeon in the French army. He has become known as the father of modern military surgery and for the development of the "triage system". Larrey was an outstanding and dedicated physician who provided medical care not only to his own troops but also to those of the enemy. Without reliable analgesia and anaesthesia, speed and skill were the most salient characteristics of a surgeon at that time. Against the opposition of the administration, Larrey is credited with the introduction of first-aid on the battlefield as well as a quick rescue of the wounded with the help of the so-called "flying ambulances". He was considered the soldiers' greatest friend.


Assuntos
Inventores , Medicina Militar , Militares , Médicos , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Triagem
16.
Pneumologie ; 76(4): 275-280, 2022 Apr.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34710936

RESUMO

The discovery of oxygen and pulmonary gas exchange was a major advancement in our understanding of breathing. For centuries it was believed that the lungs were primarily necessary to cool the heart or to "refine" the blood. Richard Lower (1631-1691) observed that the blood had a different colour before and after passage through the lung. His assumption was that breathing must have been added a special substance to the blood. Georg Ernst Stahl (1660-1734) formulated a fire substance "phlogiston" (phlox = flame) with his phlogiston theory. He postulated that phlogiston is contained in all combustible substances and escapes when burned. John Mayow (1641-1679) recognised that about one fifth of the breathing gas is important for the breathing process. He called the gas "spiritus nitro aerius". Oxygen was first discovered in the early 1770 s by the Swedish-German pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) and the English chemist Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) - independently of each other. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794) recognised oxygen as element and for the first time described the oxidation process accurately.


Assuntos
Oxigênio , Troca Gasosa Pulmonar , Humanos , Oxigênio/história , Respiração , Suécia
17.
Pneumologie ; 76(8): 552-559, 2022 Aug.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35878603

RESUMO

Blood supply to the lungs is carried out by the pulmonary and bronchial-arterial system. The bronchial-arterial vessels are involved in supplying the small airways all the way up to the terminal bronchioles. The bronchial-arterial system is also necessary for the regulation of airway temperature, humidity and mucociliary clearance. Chronic ischaemia of the small airways due to damage or injury to bronchial arterial supply increases the risk of fibrosis of the small airways (bronchiolitis obliteration), especially in lung transplantation (LTx). Although survival after LTx has improved over time, it is, with a 5-year survival rate of only 50 to 60%, still significantly worse than that of other organ transplants. It is likely that bronchial arterial revascularisation at the time of LTx plays an important transplant-preserving function.


Assuntos
Artérias Brônquicas , Transplante de Pulmão , Brônquios/cirurgia , Artérias Brônquicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Artérias Brônquicas/cirurgia , Humanos , Pulmão , Transplante de Pulmão/efeitos adversos , Perfusão
18.
Pneumologie ; 76(6): 414-418, 2022 Jun.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35079986

RESUMO

We present the case of an otherwise healthy 19-year-old student who has been affected by vocal cord dysfuntion (VCD) since she is fourteen. 3 years after that diagnosis she has also been coughing blood at an increasing rate (1-3 times per week). We postulate that the haemoptoe is the result of breathing against a closed airway which can lead to excessively high negative intrathoracic pressures. Which, in turn, rapture alveolar capillaries. After bilateral injection of Botulinum toxin injection into the muscles vocalis, VCD as well as haemoptoe episodes ceased for three months.


Assuntos
Hemoptise , Disfunção da Prega Vocal , Adulto , Tosse/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Hemoptise/diagnóstico , Hemoptise/etiologia , Hemorragia/diagnóstico , Hemorragia/etiologia , Humanos , Disfunção da Prega Vocal/complicações , Disfunção da Prega Vocal/diagnóstico , Prega Vocal/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto Jovem
19.
Herz ; 46(Suppl 1): 33-40, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32291485

RESUMO

Who discovered the cardiovascular and capillary systems? When students in advanced semesters are asked about historical matters that have decisively influenced the path to present day medicine, as a rule no answer or a false answer is forthcoming. Whoever wants to understand scientific thinking and action, cannot do better than to grapple with the historical and cultural developments in medicine; however, more than any other science the natural sciences and medicine provide evidence that new ways and knowledge must be consistently sought for the benefit of patients. The aim of this article is to make a contribution to remembering how the cardiovascular system was discovered and the cultural and historical importance of the heart. Last but not least, however, the article aims to convey the impression of the huge personal sacrifice, including one's own life, and the stony path which led to the acquisition of this knowledge.


Assuntos
Sistema Cardiovascular , Humanos
20.
Wien Med Wochenschr ; 171(9-10): 214-220, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Alemão | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33852091

RESUMO

At all times anatomists endeavored to procure scientific foundations for medicine. The anatomist dissected corpses in order to serve the living. The knowledge of anatomy is a prerequisite for the understanding of physiological and pathophysiological processes. In the "Hippocratic corpus" there is no clear reference to the performance of human autopsies. Anatomy was taught on a human corpse for the first time in Alexandria around 300 B.C. For more than 1300 years anatomy and medicine then stood under the influence of Galen of Pergamon (131-201 A.D.). The Italian Mondino dei Luzzi (1275-1326) was the first to introduce systematic anatomy lessons with a regular inclusion of teaching dissections in the teaching curriculum in Bologna. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) from Belgium founded the scientifically based human anatomy during the modern era and corrected many errors in the traditional views on anatomy of Galen. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Dutch universities, particularly the University of Leiden, were the leaders with respect to the clinical and practical student training.


Assuntos
Anatomia , Medicina , Anatomia/educação , Currículo , Dissecação , Humanos , Itália , Universidades
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