The analysis of Period1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro using a micro PMT system.

To detect a small amount of Period1 (Per1) expression, we developed a micro-photomultiplier tube (µPMT) system which can be used both in vivo and in vitro. Using this system, we succeeded in detecting Per1 gene expression in the skin of freely moving mice over 240 times higher compared with that of the tissue contact optical sensor (TCS) as previously reported. For in vitro studies, we succeeded in detecting elevated Per1 expression by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment in the scalp hairs at an early stage of diabetes, when glucose content in the blood was still normal. In addition, we could detect elevated Per1 expression in a single whisker hair at the time of diabetes onset. These results show that our µPMT system responds to minute changes in gene expression in freely moving mice in vivo and in mice hair follicles in vitro. Furthermore, Per1 in the hair can be used for a marker of diabetic aggravation.

A real-time measurement system for gene expression rhythms from deep tissues of freely moving mice under light-dark conditions.

Clock gene expression in most organs of the living body exhibits a diurnal rhythm synchronized with the external 24 h light-dark (LD) cycle via circadian pacemaker suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Disturbances in clock gene expression due to desynchronization of clock gene expression of the external LD cycle are risk factors for developing various diseases. Measuring the in vivo clock genes expression rhythm for a long duration under LD conditions can greatly contribute to understand the pathogenic mechanism of the disease caused by the disturbance of the biological rhythm. However, it is presently difficult to continuously measure gene expression for a long duration under LD conditions. In present study, we succeeded in measuring Period1 (Per1) gene expression under LD conditions using ultraviolet (UV) light with filter cut the visible light range. In addition, we succeeded in measuring the kinetic change of liver Per1 gene expression during the process of desynchronization of behavioral rhythm from the LD cycle by chronic administration of methamphetamine (MAP). In the future, by using this system to measure clock gene expression rhythms of brain tissues such as SCN and peripheral tissues under LD conditions, it could contribute to understand the onset mechanism of diseases induced by the desynchronization mechanism of biological rhythm to the LD cycle.