Timing of intervention in high-risk non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes in PCI versus non-PCI centres : Sub-group analysis of the ELISA-3 trial.

AIMS: To compare the effect of timing of intervention in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus non-PCI centres. METHODS AND RESULTS: A post-hoc sub-analysis was performed of the ELISA III trial, a randomised multicentre trial investigating outcome of early (< 12 h) versus late (> 48 h) angiography and revascularisation in 542 patients with high-risk NSTE-ACS. 90 patients were randomised in non-PCI centres and tended to benefit more from an early invasive strategy than patients included in the PCI centre (relative risk 0.23 vs. 0.85 [p for interaction = 0.089] for incidence of the combined primary endpoint of death, reinfarction and recurrent ischaemia after 30 days of follow-up). This was largely driven by reduction in recurrent ischaemia. In non-PCI centres, patients randomised to the late group had a 4 and 7 day longer period until PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting, respectively. This difference was less pronounced in the PCI centre. CONCLUSIONS: This post-hoc analysis from the ELISA-3 trial suggests that NSTE-ACS patients initially hospitalised in non-PCI centres show the largest benefit from early angiography and revascularisation, associated with a shorter waiting time to revascularisation. Improved patient logistics and transfer between non-PCI and PCI centres might therefore result in better clinical outcome.

Remodeling of De Novo atherosclerotic lesions in femoral arteries: impact on mechanism of balloon angioplasty.

OBJECTIVES: Using 30-MHz intravascular ultrasound in the human femoral artery, we related the mode of arterial remodeling to the immediate result and the mechanism of balloon angioplasty. BACKGROUND: The atherosclerotic femoral artery may undergo three modes of remodeling in response to plaque formation: compensatory enlargement, failure of compensatory enlargement and paradoxic shrinkage. METHODS: In 83 patients an ultrasound catheter pullback maneuver was performed before and after balloon angioplasty. For each lesion (n = 121), the cross section with the narrowest lumen was selected for further analysis. For each cross section, the lumen area stenosis was expressed as percent of the lumen area at an adjacent reference site. Similarly, the media-bounded area was expressed as percent of the media-bounded area at the reference site. Cross sections were classified into one of three groups based on percent relative media-bounded area: 1) > 105% (group A, compensatory enlargement, n = 24); 2) 95% to 105% (group B, failure of compensatory enlargement, n = 26); and 3) < 95% (group C, arterial wall shrinkage, n = 71). The power of the present study was 99.3% to demonstrate a difference in lumen gain of 2.5 mm2 among groups. RESULTS: The gain in lumen area induced by balloon angioplasty did not differ significantly among the three groups (group A, 7.0 +/- 4.0 mm2 [mean +/- SD]; group B, 8.6 +/- 4.8 mm2; group C, 8.9 +/- 4.9 mm2). Stretch of the media-bounded area was observed in all three groups, but it was significantly larger in group C (7.5 +/- 5.2 mm2) than in the other two groups (group A, 3.9 +/- 5.1 mm2; group B, 5.1 +/- 4.1 mm2). A significantly positive correlation between balloon/media-bounded area ratio and elastic recoil was observed for cross sections in groups A and B (r = 0.71 and r = 0.69, respectively). However, no correlation was observed between balloon/media-bounded area ratio and elastic recoil for cross sections in group C (r = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that lumen gain by balloon angioplasty is not related to the mode of atherosclerotic arterial remodeling. However, the mode of arterial remodeling affects the dilation mechanism.

Assessment of medial thinning in atherosclerosis by intravascular ultrasound.

This study investigated the in vitro (40 MHz) and in vivo (30 MHz) feasibility of intravascular ultrasound to document the influence of atherosclerotic lesions on the typical 3-layered appearance of muscular arteries. The in vitro images of 39 arteries were compared with the corresponding histologic sections. Media and lesion thickness were measured at the areas of minimal and maximal lesion thickness. The median media thickness was 0.8 mm in the absence of a lesion, decreasing to 0.3 mm in the area of maximal atherosclerosis. The ultrasonic data correlated closely with histologic measurements (0.6 and 0.3 mm, respectively). The in vivo study was performed in 29 patients undergoing coronary or peripheral vascular procedures. A total of 150 still-frames were selected for quantitative analysis. The median media thickness was 0.6 mm in the absence of a lesion, decreasing to 0.1 mm in the area with maximal atherosclerosis. This study revealed that intravascular ultrasound imaging accurately determines that media thickness of muscular arteries is inversely related to lesion thickness. In vitro data, verified with histology, can be translated to humans in vivo.

Tracheal bronchus with regional ventilation and perfusion abnormalities.

Tracheal bronchus is an uncommon anomaly of the tracheobronchial tree. In the case presented, clinical and pathophysiologic abnormalities were associated with this anomaly. The tracheal bronchus supplied the right upper lobe of the lung. The bronchus intermedius arose directly from the trachea in place of the right main bronchus. It was accompanied by marked regional changes in ventilation and perfusion. We discuss the clinical significance of this unusual anomaly.

Detection and characterization of vascular lesions by intravascular ultrasound: an in vitro study correlated with histology.

High-frequency intravascular ultrasound (30 and 40 MHz) was applied to study 112 human vascular specimens. The ultrasound images were compared with histologic cross-sections. In 44 out of 58 of the histologically classified muscular arteries, a hypoechoic middle layer was seen in the vessel wall, giving it a three-layered appearance. In 10 arteries, fibrous degeneration of the muscular media resulted in a homogeneous appearance of the vessel walls, whereas atherosclerotic plaque precluded the visualization of the arterial media in four of the arteries. A three-layered appearance was seen in seven of nine histologically classified transitional arteries, and a homogeneous arterial wall was seen in two of the nine. None of the 33 elastic arteries, veins, venous bypass, and Goretex conduits showed a hypoechoic medial layer. Histologically proved fibrous intimal thickening was echographically detected in 32 of 48 specimens (67%). It was noted that these intimal lesions were easier to detect with 40 MHz than with 30 MHz transducers. Hypoechoic areas of lipid deposition were detected in 32 of 36 specimens (89%) and could be distinguished from fibrous plaques. Histologically evident calcium deposits were detected with intravascular ultrasound in 35 of 36 specimens (97%). Measurement of plaque area was only possible in cross sections with a three-layered appearance. Quantitative analysis showed a significantly larger lumen area measured from ultrasonic images (26.3 +/- 21.3 mm2) than from histologic cross-sections (21.8 +/- 16.6 mm2, p less than 0.001), probably because of tissue shrinkage during processing for histology. A significant correlation (r = 0.96, p less than 0.001) between ultrasonic and histologic measurements of lumen areas was observed, with and a negligible interobserver and intraobserver variability. Plaque area and medial thickness correlated well with histology (r = 0.87, p less than 0.001 and r = 0.93, p less than 0.001, respectively). It appears from this in vitro study that intravascular ultrasound is an accurate technique for detection and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions. Vessel lumen area can be measured in most instances, whereas plaque area and medial thickness can only be reliably assessed in muscular arteries in which the hypoechoic media serves as a reference, and shadowing by calcium or attenuation by fibrous plaque components is absent.

Temporal averaging for quantification of lumen dimensions in intravascular ultrasound images.

Quantitative analysis of arterial dimensions from high frequency intravascular ultrasound images (30 MHz) may be hampered by strong blood scattering. Replacement of blood by saline is one method to provide a clear view of the arterial lumen; another method is that of temporal averaging of successive ultrasound images. The accuracy of this latter method was tested by comparing the lumen area measurements on the temporal-averaged image, with the data of the same cross-section obtained from the single-frame and saline-filled images. The mean lumen area measured on the temporal-averaged images was similar to that measured on the single-frame images (mean difference: -0.02 +2- 1.16 mm2; p = ns). The mean lumen area of the saline-filled images was 8% larger than the values obtained from the temporal-averaged and single-frame images (mean difference: -1.14 +/- 0.85 mm2, p < 0.05), probably due to the difference in sound velocity between saline and blood. Intraobserver variation in the averaging method were 2.4 times smaller than the measurements of the single-frame images and close to the data obtained by saline injection (variation coefficient: single-frame: 8.8%; temporal-averaged: 3.6%; saline-filled: 2.9%). It is concluded that analysis from temporal-averaged images is more efficient, enabling accurate and reproducible measurement of the luminal dimensions from images containing blood scattering echoes. This technique is suitable to replace the laborious saline injection method and facilitates off-line quantitative analysis.

Assessment of regional vascular distensibility in diseased iliofemoral arteries by intravascular ultrasound.

The influence of atherosclerosis on distensibility of iliac and superficial femoral arteries was assessed retrospectively in 28 patients using intravascular ultrasound. Distensibility was related to lesion morphology, lesion geometry, percentage area stenosis, effect of balloon angioplasty, hypertension and patient's age. In 10 patients, free lumen area remained unchanged during the cardiac cycle. From the remaining 18 patients, a total of 135 cross-sections underwent qualitative and quantitative analysis. Cross-sections without a lesion were compared with those showing; soft/hard and eccentric/concentric lesions. At normal sites, iliac arteries showed greater distensibility than femoral arteries (6.5 +/- 2.4% vs. 3.5 +/- 0.9%; p < or = 0.05). Hard lesions in iliac arteries were less distensible than lesions; in femoral arteries this difference was less pronounced. Lesion geometry did not influence arterial distensibility. Intravascular ultrasound revealed no difference in distensibility when normal cross-sections were compared with those having a < 50% or a 50% to 90% area stenosis. In contrast, a significant decrease in femoral artery distensibility was found in the presence of > 90% stenosis (0.4%). Comparison of cross-sections before and after balloon angioplasty revealed a marked increase in distensibility of iliac arteries following intervention; in the femoral artery, there was practically no change in distensibility. Hypertension and increasing age proved to have no significant influence on arterial distensibility. This study demonstrates that intravascular ultrasound is potentially a powerful tool to assess arterial distensibility and the influence of atherosclerosis on vascular dynamics.

An in vitro evaluation of the line pattern of the near and far walls of carotid arteries using B-mode ultrasound.

This in vitro study was executed to evaluate the double line pattern generated at both near and far walls of human carotid arteries using B-mode ultrasound. Therefore, extravascular (7.5 MHz) and intravascular (30 MHz) ultrasound imaging were performed at the same locations of the carotid artery. The thickness of the double line pattern of the extravascular image (7.5 MHz) was compared to the thickness of the intima-media complex seen on the corresponding intravascular image (30 MHz) and on the histologic section. At the far wall of the extravascular image, the measurements were executed at the leading edge of the echo. The data showed high correlation and agreement with the intravascular (r = 0.91, p < 0.001; mean(diff) = -0.01 and SDdiff = 0.12) and the histologic measurements (r = 0.87, p < 0.001; mean(diff) = -0.12 and SDdiff = 0.13). In addition, the results of the measurements of the intravascular image showed high correlations and agreement with the histologic data (r(near) = 0.86, p < 0.001; mean(diff) = -0.08 and SDdiff = 0.15, respectively, r(far) = 0.92, p < 0.001; mean(diff) = -0.12 and SDdiff = 0.12). For comparison with other studies, near wall measurements were also included. These had to be performed at the trailing edge of the echoes to be compatible with these studies. The results of the measurements of the extravascular image showed poor correlations and lack of agreement with those of the intravascular (r = 0.49, p = 0.03; mean(diff) = 0.09 and SDdiff = 0.25) and of the histologic (r = 0.37, p = 0.03; mean(diff) = 0.04 and SDdiff = 0.23) measurements. These results can easily be explained from the physical limitations of measuring at the trailing edges. We conclude that the double line pattern seen at the far wall of the extravascular image is representative of the intima-media complex.

In vivo measurement of regional large artery compliance by intravascular ultrasound under pentobarbital anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: The presence of smooth muscle fibers on the wall of large arteries would suggest that arterial compliance might change in response to vasoactive substances. The purpose of this study is to determine the basal level of vasomotor tone in these arteries in a commonly used animal preparation and to learn whether the compliance of large conductance arteries can be altered in vivo by vasoactive agents. METHODS: Proximal iliac arterial compliance was measured in 7 pentobarbital-anesthetized pigs, before and during local infusions of adenosine and norepinephrine. Luminal area was measured every forty milliseconds by means of a 30 MHz intravascular ultrasound catheter and an automatic edge detection program. Simultaneous high-fidelity pressure measurements were obtained by means of a catheter-tipped pressure microtransducer positioned at the origin of the iliac artery. Linear regression analysis of the area/pressure relationship in two consecutive cardiac cycles (systolic phase only) was performed before and during adenosine and norepinephrine infusions. The slope of the area/pressure regression line was defined as an index of arterial compliance. Measurements after three minutes of infusions of adenosine (5-5000 micrograms/minute) and norepinephrine (0.001-10 micrograms/minute) were compared with the control measurements. RESULTS: Even at the highest infusion rate, adenosine did not significantly increase arterial compliance as compared with baseline (25 +/- 7 vs 19 +/- 4 mm2/mmHg x 10(-3), respectively, P = ns). In contrast, norepinephrine decreased arterial compliance as compared with the second baseline control (13 +/- 3 vs 20 +/- 3 mm2/mmHg x 10(-3), respectively, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model with pentobarbital anesthesia, arterial compliance may be modified more by the acute infusion of norepinephrine than by adenosine in large conductance arteries such as the proximal iliac. Thus, in this preparation, smooth muscle tone tends to be minimal and arterial compliance near maximal (ie, mostly a passive phenomenon). However, in response to norepinephrine, arterial compliance can decrease significantly as smooth muscle tone increases. Intravascular ultrasound allows continuous and accurate monitoring of these changes of arterial dimensions, suggesting that this technique may be useful in the evaluation of pharmacologically induced changes in the compliance of large arteries by vasoactive agents.

[Efficiency of radiation therapy in the treatment of epipharyngeal tumors (author's transl)]. / Die Bedeutung der Strahlentherapie für die Behandlung von Epipharynxtumoren.

The radiotherapeutic results of 38 patients with malignant tumours of the epipharynx are analyzed. Only five patients had T1 and T2 lesions, while all the others suffered from more advanced tumours. Five patients revealed distant metastases at the beginning of palliative radiotherapy. For this reason, the 5-year survival rate was only 16%. Conversely, a local tumour control was achieved in more than two thirds of the patients (27/38). This result gives support to the suggestion that radiotherapy, either in combination with surgery or without it, is to be considered at this time as the most effective method of treatment for malignant tumours of the epipharynx.

Balloon angioplasty for aortic recoarctation in children: initial and follow up results and midterm effect on blood pressure.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the direct and follow up results of balloon angioplasty for aortic recoarctation with respect to the type of initial operation and to determine the midterm effect on systolic blood pressure. DESIGN: Prospective study of invasive haemodynamic and angiographic data and non-invasive data on upper body blood pressure. SETTING: Tertiary referral centre for paediatric cardiology. SUBJECTS: 24 infants and children (age 0.3-16.2 years, mean 5.9 years) who had had surgical correction for coarctation (end to end anastomosis (14 patients) subclavian flap angioplasty (nine), patch angioplasty (one)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak systolic gradient over the recoarctation and aortic diameters before and directly after angioplasty and at follow up. Upper body blood pressure before and after angioplasty and at latest follow up. RESULTS: Mean peak systolic gradient initially decreased from 35 (15) to 12 (9) mm Hg (p < 0.001) and was 9 (10) mm Hg at follow up after 1.4 (0.5) years. Patients with a subclavian flap repair showed a slight further decrease in the residual gradient at follow up (p < 0.05). The coarctation diameter increased from 5.3 (2.6) to 7.7 (2.5) mm (p < 0.001), and a further increase to 9.3 (2.9) mm (p < 0.01) was present at follow up after 1.4 (0.5) years without significant changes in other aortic diameters. Upper body systolic blood pressure decreased from 138 (24) to 115 (17) mm Hg after balloon angioplasty, and the effect on blood pressure persisted at a mean follow up of 3.7 years. One patient died of ventricular failure. Femoral artery thrombosis occurred in three patients. In one patient a small aneurysm occurred that had not increased at follow up. In one patient restenosis after angioplasty was redilated successfully. In one patient dilatation of a residual stenosis after angioplasty failed. CONCLUSION: Balloon angioplasty for recoarctation is effective and is associated with accelerated growth of the dilated segment at follow up in many patients. The complication rate is acceptable. Midterm follow up shows persistent relief of upper body hypertension in most patients.

Intraoperative angiography and endovascular ultrasound imaging.

Endovascular ultrasound imaging is a new technique that can be used to monitor intraoperatively the effects of balloon angioplasty or to inspect the quality of vascular reconstruction, such as endarterectomy or bypass surgery. The technique is based on high frequency ultrasonic imaging (30-40 MHz) using a rotating single element transducer mounted in an 8F catheter tip, providing 360 degrees cross-sectional real time images. The clinical application is based on the high correlation between the ultrasonic images and the histological characteristics of the corresponding vessel wall tissue and lumen geometry, as has been established in previous in vitro studies. Endovascular ultrasound assessment of percutaneous angioplasty procedures or intraoperative vascular reconstruction has become an adjunct to angiographic and/or angioscopic monitoring.

Detection of left coronary artery stenosis by transoesophageal echocardiography.

The ability of transoesophageal echocardiography to visualize the left coronary artery was retrospectively analysed in 60 consecutive patients without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease. The left main coronary artery was visualized in 56 patients, the proximal circumflex in 34 patients and the proximal anterior descending artery in nine patients. Patency of these arteries was established in all these patients. Subsequently, a prospective study was undertaken in 23 patients with angiographically proven left coronary artery disease. Both the left main coronary artery and the circumflex artery were adequately visualized with transoesophageal echocardiography in all 23 patients, whereas the anterior descending artery was identified in three patients. The extent of stenosis in the left main coronary artery and the circumflex artery was correctly diagnosed in 18 patients. In five patients the degree of stenosis was overestimated. These findings indicate the potential of transoesophageal echocardiography to detect or exclude stenosis of both the left main coronary artery and circumflex artery.

Extrinsic compression of the superficial femoral artery at the adductor canal: evaluation with intravascular sonography.

Balloon angioplasty of the superficial femoral artery was performed in 15 consecutive patients with obstructive atherosclerotic disease near the adductor hiatus. After angioplasty, extrinsic compression of the femoral artery at the adductor hiatus was shown on intravascular sonograms in five patients (33%). In retrospect, this inward deformation of the arterial wall was thought to be present in only one case before angioplasty. After angioplasty, intravascular sonography was used successfully to differentiate between residual stenosis due to residual plaque and that due to extrinsic compression of the wall of the femoral artery near the adductor hiatus. We conclude that intravascular sonography may be a useful adjunct to angiography for determining the cause of residual stenosis.

Intravascular ultrasonic assessment of lumen geometry and distensibility of the angiographically normal artery: a correlation with quantitative angiography.

The feasibility of assessing lumen diameter and area using a 30-MHz mechanically driven ultrasound imaging device was evaluated in vitro in phantoms and in vivo in eight human arteries (six iliac, two brachial). Ultrasound data were compared to angiographic data derived from the cardiovascular angiographic analysis system. In addition, the change of lumen area in a given cardiac cycle was determined in each patient. A close relation between ultrasound and angiography was observed in the phantom studies. In the first three patients there was disagreement; ultrasound images showed larger values compared to the angiographically derived values. Disagreement was related to the use of nominal measurements of the sheath supplied by the manufacturer as calibration. Data on the five other patients showed a close relation between the values derived with ultrasound and angiography. The arterial lumen area revealed a 5% +/- 2% change during one cardiac cycle. The intra- and interobserver variability test showed good correlation for the ultrasound study. This study demonstrates that intravascular ultrasound is an accurate and reproducible technique to measure vascular diameter, lumen area, and arterial wall distensibility in vivo.

Femoro-popliteal vein bypass grafts studied by intravascular ultrasound.

The usefulness of intra-operative intravascular ultrasound (30 MHz) was evaluated in three patients who underwent a femoropopliteal vein bypass. Intravascular echography analysis of the surgical procedure revealed a normal uneventful result in one patient. In two other patients obstructions in the vein grafts were identified either caused by internal obstruction or external compression. Angiography in these two patients provided equivocal data. We conclude that intravascular ultrasound imaging may be a useful adjunct to angiography and may offer important clinical data to facilitate the surgeons in analysing the results of the interventional procedures.

Assessment of arterial disease and arterial reconstructions by intravascular ultrasound.

Clinical application of intravascular ultrasound to assess arterial atherosclerotic disease was introduced in humans after extensive in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Real-time images, obtained with a 30 MHz element mounted on a 5 F catheter, consistently confirmed angiographic images, up till now considered to be the gold standard. In addition to these data, ultrasonic cross-sectional imaging provided information on the composition of atheroselectic lesions and the size and shape of the lumen. Based on the experimentally derived criteria for tissue characterization, a better insight into arterial morphology could be obtained, allowing improved planning of interventional or reconstructional procedures. Moreover intravascular ultrasound has proved valuable as a post-interventional procedure to monitor and assess the quality of interventional results. The ultrasound images are clearly superior to angiographic studies, albeit the ultrasonic information is an adjunct to angiography and, as yet, not a substitute. We present our initial experience with intravascular ultrasound obtained in patients with substantial peripheral arterial disease.

Femorodistal venous bypass evaluated with intravascular ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of intravascular ultrasound imaging during femorodistal venous bypass procedures to assess qualitative and quantitative parameters of the greater saphenous vein and to detect potential causes for (re)stenosis and/or occlusion. METHODS: Intravascular ultrasound data obtained from 15 patients were reviewed and compared with angiographic data. RESULTS: Intravascular ultrasound enabled differentiation between normal and thickened vein wall. Venous side-branches could be located. Intact valves could be differentiated from valves disrupted by valve cutting. Patent anastomoses could be distinguished from anastomoses with some degree of obstruction. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of the inflow and outflow tracts revealed obstructive lesions, not evidenced angiographically. Quantitative analysis revealed that the median normal vein wall thickness (tunica intima and tunica media) was 0.25 mm (range 0.17-0.40 mm). The distinct vein wall thickening encountered in three patients measured 0.82, 0.95 and 1.06 mm, respectively, and was associated with narrowing in two patients. In five of 15 patients intravascular ultrasound findings altered surgical management. CONCLUSION: Intravascular ultrasound is able to assess qualitative and quantitative parameters of the venous bypass and has the potential to influence surgical management based on morphologic and quantitative data.

The angle of incidence of the ultrasonic beam: a critical factor for the image quality in intravascular ultrasonography.

The effects of the angle of incidence of the ultrasound beam on the image quality were studied in 21 pressurized arterial specimens examined with a 30 MHz intravascular ultrasonographic catheter. When the ultrasonographic catheter was in an eccentric position in the vessel lumen, the videodensity of the segments of the vessel wall with the least favorable angle of interrogation (a shift of 49 +/- 6 degrees from the tangent to the tissue surface) was 27% +/- 19% lower than the videodensity measured with the catheter in the center of the lumen. When the catheter was placed in a position that was not parallel to the long axis of the vessel, a further decrease was observed, especially in the vessel wall opposite the position of the catheter. An artificial dissection was induced in eight specimens. Dropouts that involved the dissection plane and the underlying structures were produced with positions of the echographic catheter inducing a narrow angle between ultrasound beam and dissection plane. These experimentally induced artifacts were compared with similar findings from the in vivo evaluation of peripheral and coronary arteries. The angle of incidence of the ultrasound beam is a major determinant of the image quality in intravascular ultrasonography. Angle-dependent artifacts occur with eccentric and noncoaxial positions of the ultrasonographic catheter and, in particular, with imaging of large intraluminal dissections. Awareness of this problem may prevent image misinterpretation and has relevance for future improvement of catheter technology and design.

Intravascular ultrasonography before and after intervention: in vivo comparison with angiography.

PURPOSE: To compare the additional capacity of intravascular ultrasonography versus angiography to assess morphologic features and lumen dimension, 37 patients undergoing vascular intervention of the common iliac or superficial femoral artery were studied. A total of 181 ultrasonic cross sections were analyzed (94 before and 87 after intervention). METHODS AND RESULTS: Before intervention intravascular ultrasonography distinguished normal cross sections (n = 17) from cross sections with a lesion (n = 77): soft (51%) versus hard (31%) lesions, and eccentric (75%) versus concentric (7%) lesions. After intervention intravascular ultrasonography documented dissection (43%), plaque rupture (10%), and internal elastic lamina rupture (8%). A good correlation between ultrasonography and angiography was found for the recognition of eccentric or concentric lesions and dissections. The degree of stenosis was assessed semiquantitatively by visual estimation of the degree of luminal narrowing from the angiograms and intravascular ultrasonic images and was categorized into four classes: (1) normal, (2) less than 50% stenosis, (3) 50% to 90% stenosis, and (4) greater than 90% stenosis. Intravascular ultrasonographic assessment of stenosis was in agreement with angiography in 78% of cases and showed more severe lesions in 22% before intervention. Similar data were observed after intervention, with 72% of results being in agreement and 28% of cases showing more severe lesions. The degree of stenosis was also quantitatively evaluated by computer-aided analysis of the intravascular ultrasonic images. The semiquantitative analysis by intravascular ultrasonography corresponded well with the quantitative analysis done by the computer-aided system. When both echography and angiography suggested that arteries were normal, quantitative intravascular ultrasonography identified lesions that occupied an average of 18% of the cross-sectional area of the vessel. CONCLUSIONS: This in vivo study shows that intravascular ultrasonography is capable of documenting detailed morphologic features. Semiquantitative ultrasonic data correlate closely with those of angiography, albeit stenoses were assessed as more severe on ultrasonography.