Assessment of Risk Communication about Undercooked Hamburgers by Restaurant Servers.

According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2013 Model Food Code, it is the duty of a food establishment to disclose and remind consumers of risk when ordering undercooked food such as ground beef. The purpose of this study was to explore actual risk communication behaviors of food establishment servers. Secret shoppers visited 265 restaurants in seven geographic locations across the United States, ordered medium rare burgers, and collected and coded risk information from chain and independent restaurant menus and from server responses. The majority of servers reported an unreliable method of doneness (77%) or other incorrect information (66%) related to burger doneness and safety. These results indicate major gaps in server knowledge and risk communication, and the current risk communication language in the Model Food Code does not sufficiently fill these gaps. The question is "should servers even be acting as risk communicators?" There are numerous challenges associated with this practice, including high turnover rates, limited education, and the high stress environment based on pleasing a customer. If servers are designated as risk communicators, food establishment staff should be adequately trained and provided with consumer advisory messages that are accurate, audience appropriate, and delivered in a professional manner so that customers can make informed food safety decisions.

Tracing temperature patterns of cut leafy greens during service in North Carolina school food service.

Contaminated fresh produce has been increasingly identified as a cause of foodborne illnesses. Because of concerns about pathogen growth on these food items at retail, the 2009 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code established that cut leafy greens (lettuce, spinach, spring mix, cabbage, arugula, and kale) must have time and temperature controls for safety and hence should be kept at refrigerated temperatures (5°C or lower). The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature profiles of cut leafy greens in single-serving clamshell containers provided as part of the North Carolina School Lunch Program and to compare the two policies that North Carolina has in place to control the temperature of these products (the 3-day rule and time in lieu of temperature). Temperatures were recorded with data loggers in 24 schools during a 3-day period. In all cases, substantial temperature variability was found for these products, including temperatures above 5°C for at least 1 h on each of the 3 days. In some cases, temperatures reached above 5°C for more than 3 h throughout the serving time. The results demonstrate the importance of developing a protocol for continuous temperature monitoring of leafy greens served in school lunch programs.

Distribution and culturability of the uncultivated 'AGG58 cluster' of the Bacteroidetes phylum in aquatic environments.

Members of the Bacteroidetes phylum are abundant in aquatic habitats when assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation and in some 16S rRNA gene libraries. In this study 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed with bacterial primers that amplify Bacteroidetes sequences well (27F, 1492R) from coastal seawater near Plymouth (UK) during a phytoplankton bloom. Most of the clones (66%, 106/160) affiliated with the Bacteroidetes phylum, and of these 62% (66/106; or 41% 66/160 of the entire library) clustered with marine bacterioplankton clones env.agg58, Arctic97A-17, CF17, CF96 and CF101. This phylogenetic branch of Bacteroidetes was designated the 'AGG58 cluster', and its presence in various aquatic environments was investigated. Two pairs of AGG58-specific 16S rRNA-gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed and successfully used to detect the cluster in DNA extracts from three UK coastal seawater sites, and from freshwater River Taff epilithon. In addition, 600 putative Bacteroidetes strains were isolated from these sites on relatively high-nutrient agar media. AGG58 cluster specific probes were used to screen the amplified 16S rRNA gene products from the isolates, but no members of the AGG58 cluster were discovered. The least specific probe hybridised with one River Taff water isolate (RW262 NCIMB 13979) which formed a monophyletic group with the genera Crocinitomix, Brumimicrobium and Cryomorpha of the family Cryomorphaceae in the Bacteroidetes phylum. RW262 probably represents the first isolate of a new genus within this family. This study provides new evidence that the uncultivated AGG58 group is abundant, globally distributed, and can be rapidly detected with the new PCR primers described.

Phage infection, transfection and transformation of Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.

Mycobacterium avium complex strains and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis are closely related intracellular pathogens affecting humans and animals. M. avium complex infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients, and M. paratuberculosis is the agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Genetic manipulation of these micro-organisms would facilitate the understanding of their pathogenesis, the construction of attenuated vaccine strains and the development of new drugs and treatment methods. This paper describes the replication of mycobacterial shuttle phasmids and plasmids, and the expression of the firefly luciferase reporter gene in M. avium complex and M. paratuberculosis. The mycobacteriophage TM4 propagated on M. smegmatis or M. paratuberculosis plaqued at the same efficiency on these two mycobacterial hosts. Screening of M. avium complex and M. paratuberculosis clinical isolates with TM4-derived luciferase reporter phages demonstrated that the majority of these isolates were susceptible to TM4. Conditions for introduction of DNA were determined by transfection of M. paratuberculosis with TM4 DNA and applied to isolate kanamycin-resistant transformants of M. avium complex and M. paratuberculosis with Escherichia coli-Mycobacterium shuttle plasmids. Recombinant plasmids were recovered from transformants without apparent loss of DNA sequences. These results provide the basis for the genetic manipulation of these pathogenic mycobacterial species.