Adipose tissue macrophage-derived microRNA-210-3p disrupts systemic insulin sensitivity by silencing GLUT4 in obesity.

Management of chronic obesity-associated metabolic disorders is a key challenge for biomedical researchers. During chronic obesity, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) undergoes substantial transformation characterized by a unique lipid-rich hypoxic AT microenvironment which plays a crucial role in VAT dysfunction, leading to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes. Here, we demonstrate that obese AT microenvironment triggers the release of miR-210-3p microRNA-loaded extracellular vesicles from adipose tissue macrophages, which disseminate miR-210-3p to neighboring adipocytes, skeletal muscle cells, and hepatocytes through paracrine and endocrine actions, thereby influencing insulin sensitivity. Moreover, EVs collected from Dicer-silenced miR-210-3p-overexpressed bone marrow-derived macrophages induce glucose intolerance and IR in lean mice. Mechanistically, miR-210-3p interacts with the 3'-UTR of GLUT4 mRNA and silences its expression, compromising cellular glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Therapeutic inhibition of miR-210-3p in VAT notably rescues high-fat diet-fed mice from obesity-induced systemic glucose intolerance. Thus, targeting adipose tissue macrophage-specific miR-210-3p during obesity could be a promising strategy for managing IR and type 2 diabetes.

Pharmacological inhibition of DNMT1 restores macrophage autophagy and M2 polarization in Western diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased ratio of classically activated M1 macrophages/Kupffer cells to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, which plays an imperative role in the development and progression of NAFLD. However, little is known about the precise mechanism behind macrophage polarization shift. Here, we provide evidence regarding the relationship between the polarization shift in Kupffer cells and autophagy resulting from lipid exposure. High-fat and high-fructose diet supplementation for 10 weeks significantly increased the abundance of Kupffer cells with an M1-predominant phenotype in mice. Interestingly, at the molecular level, we also observed a concomitant increase in expression of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and reduced autophagy in the NAFLD mice. We also observed hypermethylation at the promotor regions of autophagy genes (LC3B, ATG-5, and ATG-7). Furthermore, the pharmacological inhibition of DNMT1 by using DNA hypomethylating agents (azacitidine and zebularine) restored Kupffer cell autophagy, M1/M2 polarization, and therefore prevented the progression of NAFLD. We report the presence of a link between epigenetic regulation of autophagy gene and macrophage polarization switch. We provide the evidence that epigenetic modulators restore the lipid-induced imbalance in macrophage polarization, therefore preventing the development and progression of NAFLD.

L-Methionine accentuates anti-tumor action of Gefitinib in Gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma: Role of EGFR/ERK/AKT signaling and histone H3K36me2 alteration.

Adenocarcinoma, the predominant subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), poses a significant clinical challenge due to its prevalence and aggressive nature. Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor is often susceptible to development of resistance despite being the preferred treatment option for NSCLC. In this study, we investigated the potential of L-Methionine in enhancing the cytotoxicity of Gefitinib and preventing resistance development. In vitro experiment employing the H1975 cell line demonstrated a notable enhancement in cytotoxic efficacy when L-Methionine (10 mM) was combined with Gefitinib, as indicated by a substantial reduction in IC50 values (155.854 ± 1.87 µM vs 45.83 ± 4.83 µM). Complementary in vivo investigations in a lung cancer model corroborated these findings. Co-administration of L-Methionine (100 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) with Gefitinib (15 mg/kg) for 21 days exhibited marked improvements in therapeutic efficacy, which was observed by macroscopic and histopathological assessments. Mechanistic insights revealed that the enhanced cytotoxicity of the combination stemmed from the inhibition of the EGFR, modulating the downstream cascade of ERK/AKT and AMPK pathways. Concurrently inhibition of p-AMPK-α by the combination also disrupted metabolic homeostasis, leading to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, L-Methionine, functioning as a methyl group donor, elevated the expression of H3K36me2 (an activation mark), while reducing the p-ERK activity. Our study provides the first evidence supporting L-Methionine supplementation as a novel strategy to enhance Gefitinib chemosensitivity against pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Synthesis and mechanistic study of Aß42 C-terminus domain derived tetrapeptides that inhibit Alzheimer's Aß-aggregation-induced neurotoxicity.

Amyloid plaque formation in the brain is mainly responsible for the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Structure-based peptides have gained importance in recent years, and rational design of the peptide sequences for the prevention of Aß-aggregation and related toxicity is imperative. In this study, we investigate the structural modification of tetrapeptides derived from the hydrophobic C-terminal region of Aß42 "VVIA-NH2" and its retro-sequence "AIVV-NH2." A preliminary screening of synthesized peptides through an MTT cell viability assay followed by a ThT fluorescence assay revealed a peptide 13 (Ala-Ile-Aib-Val-NH2) that showed protection against Aß-aggregation and associated neurotoxicity. The presence of the α-helix inducer "Aib" in peptide 13 manifested the conformational transition from cross-ß-sheets to α-helical content in Aß42. The absence of fibrils in electron microscopic analysis suggested the inhibitory potential of peptide 13. The HRMS, DLS, and ANS studies further confirmed the inhibitory activity of 13, and no cytotoxicity was observed. The structure-based peptide described herein is a promising amyloid-ß inhibitor and provides a new lead for the development of AD therapeutics.

l-Methionine potentiates anticancer activity of Sorafenib by epigenetically altering DUSP3/ERK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cancer-related cause of death worldwide. Although Sorafenib is the standard systemic therapy for treating HCC, but it develops resistance very quickly, leading to poor prognosis. The current study was planned to explore the effect of l-methionine on the anticancer activity of Sorafenib in HCC. Ten millimolar of l-methionine treatment significantly reduced the IC50 of Sorafenib from 5.513 ± 0.171 to 0.8095 ± 0.0465 µM in HepG2 cell line. It also resulted in concomitant increase in oxidative stress and deactivation of ERK/AMPK/AKT pathway. Additionally, it also resulted in the increased expression of dual specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3). In a rat model of sorafenib-resistant HCC induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (100 mg/L/day) and Sorafenib (10 mg/kg), l-methionine (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) supplementation overcame the drug resistance, as indicated by the reduced formation of surface tumor nodules, prevention of cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia and inflammation, and improved animal survival. Furthermore, l-methionine in combination with Sorafenib also inhibited AMPK/AKT and ERK pathway. At chromatin level, l-methionine supplementation prevented global methylation of H3K27me3, an inactivation mark, and demethylation of H3K36me2, an activation mark. Interestingly, our findings suggest that inhibition of the ERK pathway via increased activity of DUSP3 is epigenetically regulated. Besides, chromatin immunoprecipitation data exhibited augmented H3K36me2 (an activation mark) levels on the DUSP3 promoter region. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report that l-methionine supplementation improves the chemosensitivity in Sorafenib-resistant HCC via modulating the epigenetic landscape and can be a potential therapeutic strategy.

Synthesis and mechanistic study of ultrashort peptides that inhibits Alzheimer's Aß-aggregation-induced neurotoxicity.

Misfolding/aggregation of ß-amyloid peptide lead to the formation of toxic oligomers or accumulation of amyloid plaques, which is a seminal step in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite continuous efforts in the development of therapeutic agents, the cure for AD remains a major challenge. Owing to specific binding affinity of structure-based peptides, we report the synthesis of new peptide-based inhibitors derived from the C-terminal sequences, Aß38-40 and Aß40-42. Preliminary screening using MTT cell viability assay and corroborative results from ThT fluorescence assay revealed a tripeptide showing significantly effective inhibition towards Aß1-42 aggregation and induced toxicity. Peptide 3 exhibited excellent cell viability of 94.3 % at 2 µM and of 100 % at 4 µM and 10 µM. CD study showed that peptide 3 restrict the conformation transition of Aß1-42 peptide towards cross-ß-sheet structure and electron microscopy validated the absence of Aß aggregates as indicated by the altered morphology of Aß1-42 in the presence of peptide 3. The HRMS-ESI, DLS and ANS studies were performed to gain mechanistic insights into the effect of inhibitor against Aß aggregation. This Aß-derived ultrashort motif provides impetus for the development of peptide-based anti-AD agents.

MicroRNA-721 regulates gluconeogenesis via KDM2A-mediated epigenetic modulation in diet-induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant gluconeogenesis is considered among primary drivers of hyperglycemia under insulin resistant conditions, with multiple studies pointing towards epigenetic dysregulation. Here we examine the role of miR-721 and effect of epigenetic modulator laccaic acid on the regulation of gluconeogenesis under high fat diet induced insulin resistance. RESULTS: Reanalysis of miRNA profiling data of high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice model, GEO dataset (GSE94799) revealed a significant upregulation of miR-721, which was further validated in invivo insulin resistance in mice and invitro insulin resistance in Hepa 1-6 cells. Interestingly, miR-721 mimic increased glucose production in Hepa 1-6 cells via activation of FOXO1 regulated gluconeogenic program. Concomitantly, inhibition of miR-721 reduced glucose production in palmitate induced insulin resistant Hepa 1-6 cells by blunting the FOXO1 induced gluconeogenesis. Intriguingly, at epigenetic level, enrichment of the transcriptional activation mark H3K36me2 got decreased around the FOXO1 promoter. Additionally, identifying targets of miR-721 using miRDB.org showed H3K36me2 demethylase KDM2A as a potential target. Notably, miR-721 inhibitor enhanced KDM2A expression which correlated with H3K36me2 enrichment around FOXO1 promoter and the downstream activation of the gluconeogenic pathway. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-721 in high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice resulted in restoration of KDM2A levels, concomitantly reducing FOXO1, PCK1, and G6PC expression, attenuating gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, and improving glucose tolerance. Interestingly, the epigenetic modulator laccaic acid also reduced the hepatic miR-721 expression and improved KDM2A expression, supporting our earlier report that laccaic acid attenuates insulin resistance by reducing gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSION: Our study unveils the role of miR-721 in regulating gluconeogenesis through KDM2A and FOXO1 under insulin resistance, pointing towards significant clinical and therapeutic implications for metabolic disorders. Moreover, the promising impact of laccaic acid highlights its potential as a valuable intervention in managing insulin resistance-associated metabolic diseases.

Development and characterization of fused human arginase I for cancer therapy.

Recombinant human arginase I (rhArg I) have emerged as a potential candidate for the treatment of varied pathophysiological conditions ranging from arginine-auxotrophic cancer, inflammatory conditions and microbial infection. However, rhArg I have a low circulatory half-life, leading to poor pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, which necessitating the rapid development of modifications to circumvent these limitations. To address this, polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated-rhArg I variants are being developed by pharmaceutical companies. However, because of the limitations associated with the clinical use of PEGylated proteins, there is a dire need in the art to develop rhArg I variant(s) which is safe (devoid of limitations of PEGylated counterpart) and possess increased circulatory half-life. In this study, we described the generation and characterization of a fused human arginase I variant (FHA-3) having improved circulatory half-life. FHA-3 protein was engineered by fusing rhArg I with a half-life extension partner (domain of human serum albumin) via a peptide linker and was produced using P. pastoris expression system. This purified biopharmaceutical (FHA-3) exhibits (i) increased arginine-hydrolyzing activity in buffer, (ii) cofactor - independency, (iii) increased circulatory half-life (t1/2) and (iv) potent anti-cancer activity against human cancer cell lines under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Synthesis, biological evaluation and mechanistic studies of 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)morpholine-benzimidazole hybrids as a new structural class of antimicrobials.

In spite of several attempts to develop newer pharmacophores as potential antimicrobial agents, the benzimidazole scaffold is still considered as one of the most sought after structural component towards the design of compounds that act against a wide spectrum of microbes. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a new structural class of 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)morpholine-benzimidazole hybrids as antimicrobial agents. The most potent analog, 6g shows IC50 of 1.3 µM, 2.7 µM, 10.8 µM, 5.4 µM and 10.8 µM against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Interestingly 6g exhibits selectivity towards the cryptococcal cells with fungicidal behavior. Propidium iodide uptake study shows permeabilization of pathogenic cells in the presence of 6g. Flow cytometric analysis confirms that cell death is predominantly due to apoptosis. Moreover, electron microscopic analysis specifies that it shrinks, disrupts and initiate pore(s) formation in the cell membrane leading to cell lysis.

Synthetic amino acids-derived peptides target Cryptococcus neoformans by inducing cell membrane disruption.

We investigated synthetic amino acid-based approach to design short peptide-based antibiotics. Tautomerically restricted, amphiphilic 1-aryl-l-histidines along with hydrophobic tryptophan were utilized to synthesize the designed peptides. l-Trp-l-His(1-biphenyl)-NHBzl (12e, IC50 = 1.91 µg/mL; MIC = 3.46 µg/mL) and l-His[1-(4-n-butylphenyl)]-l-Trp-l-His[1-(4-n-butylphenyl)]-NHBzl (16d, IC50 = 1.36 µg/mL; MIC = 2.46 µg/mL) produced potency against Cryptococcus neoformans. Peptides with moderate antibacterial activities (IC50s = 4.40-8.80 µg/mL) were also identified. The mechanism of action and cellular changes revealed that membrane disruption due to interactions of the positively charged peptides with the negatively charged membrane of the cryptococcal cells result in permeabilization, leading to pore formation. The internal localization of the peptides instigated the interactions with DNA causing fragmentation of the genetic material, which together with membrane disruption led to cell death. Flow cytometric analysis points to cells death by apoptotic pathway. Time kill kinetics and synergistic study confirmed the fungicidal nature and synergism with amphotericin B.

Lipid-induced monokine cyclophilin-A promotes adipose tissue dysfunction implementing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in zebrafish and mice models of obesity.

Several studies have implicated obesity-induced macrophage-adipocyte cross-talk in adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. However, the molecular cues involved in the cross-talk of macrophage and adipocyte causing insulin resistance are currently unknown. Here, we found that a lipid-induced monokine cyclophilin-A (CyPA) significantly attenuates adipocyte functions and insulin sensitivity. Targeted inhibition of CyPA in diet-induced obese zebrafish notably reduced adipose tissue inflammation and restored adipocyte function resulting in improvement of insulin sensitivity. Silencing of macrophage CyPA or pharmacological inhibition of CyPA by TMN355 effectively restored adipocytes' functions and insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, CyPA incubation markedly increased adipocyte inflammation along with an impairment of adipogenesis, however, mutation of its cognate receptor CD147 at P309A and G310A significantly waived CyPA's effect on adipocyte inflammation and its differentiation. Mechanistically, CyPA-CD147 interaction activates NF-κB signaling which promotes adipocyte inflammation by upregulating various pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression and attenuates adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting PPARγ and C/EBPß expression via LZTS2-mediated downregulation of ß-catenin. Moreover, inhibition of CyPA or its receptor CD147 notably restored palmitate or CyPA-induced adipose tissue dysfunctions and insulin sensitivity. All these results indicate that obesity-induced macrophage-adipocyte cross-talk involving CyPA-CD147 could be a novel target for the management of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Anticryptococcal activity and mechanistic studies of short amphipathic peptides.

Cryptococcus neoformans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, causes cryptococcosis in immunocompromised persons. A series of modified L-histidines-containing peptides are synthesized that exhibit promising activity against C. neoformans. Analog 11d [L-His(2-adamantyl)-L-Trp-L-His(2-phenyl)-OMe] produced potency with an IC50 of 3.02 µg/ml (MIC = 5.49 µg/ml). This peptide is noncytotoxic and nonhaemolytic at the MIC and displays synergistic effects with amphotericin B at subinhibitory concentration. Mechanistic investigation of 11d using microscopic tools indicates cell wall and membrane disruption of C. neoformans, while flow cytometric analysis confirms cell death by apoptosis. This study indicates that 11d exhibits antifungal potential and acts via the rapid onset of action.

Synthetic amino acids-based short amphipathic peptides exhibit antifungal activity by targeting cell membrane disruption.

Availability of a limited number of antifungal drugs created a necessity to develop new antifungals with distinct mode of action. Investigation on a new series of peptides led us to identify Boc-His-Trp-His[1-(4-tert-butylphenyl)] (10g) as the most promising inhibitor exhibiting IC50 value of 4.4 µg/mL against Cryptococcus neoformans. Analog 10g exhibit high selectivity to fungal cells and was nonhemolytic and noncytotoxic at its minimum inhibitory concentration. 10g produced fungicidal effect on growing cryptococcal cells and displayed synergistic effect with amphotericin B. Overall cationic character of 10g resulted in interaction with negatively charged fungal membrane while hydrophobicity enhanced penetration inside the cryptococcal cells causing hole(s) formation and disruption to the membrane as evident by the scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses. Flow cytometric investigation revealed rapid death of fungal cells by apopotic pathway.

Antifungal evaluation and mechanistic investigations of membrane active short synthetic peptides-based amphiphiles.

The quest for new class of peptide-based antibiotics has steered this research towards the design and synthesis of short sequences possessing modified amphiphilic histidine along with hydrophobic tryptophan residues. The new structural class of dipeptides Trp-His(1-Bn)-OMe/NHBn and tripeptides His(1-Bn)-Trp-His(1-Bn)-OMe/NHBn demonstrated promising antifungal and antibacterial activities with membrane lytic action. The illustration of desirable hydrophilic-lipophilic balance appeared in the dipeptide Trp-His[1-(3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)]-NHBn (13d) that produced the most promising antifungal activity with IC50 value of 2.10 µg/mL and MIC = 3.81 µg/mL against C. neoformans and antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and S. aureus with identical IC50 value of 4.40 µg/mL and MIC of 8.0 µg/mL. Peptide 13d did not exhibit cytotoxicity and hemolysis at the MIC value and above. This quintessence amphiphilicity was further corroborated by the mechanistic elucidations, which revealed that, peptide act by utilizing charge and hydrophobicity as the primary characteristic tools. Owing to their fundamental affinity, the negatively charged fungal membrane is enacted upon by the positively charged peptide, whereas the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the peptide allowed penetration into the lipophillic core of the fungal cell membrane. Consequently, the integrity of cell membrane is compromised leading to increased fluidity. The membrane eventually disintegrates thereby creating a hollow pore and appearance of a doughnut into the cell when visualized under SEM. The cell death mechanism and damage to the cell wall and intracellular organelles have been elucidated with the help of flow cytometry, TEM and CLSM studies.

Ring-Modified Histidine-Containing Cationic Short Peptides Exhibit Anticryptococcal Activity by Cellular Disruption.

Delineation of clinical complications secondary to fungal infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis, and the concurrent emergence of multidrug resistance in large population subsets necessitates the need for the development of new classes of antifungals. Herein, we report a series of ring-modified histidine-containing short cationic peptides exhibiting anticryptococcal activity via membrane lysis. The N-1 position of histidine was benzylated, followed by iodination at the C-5 position via electrophilic iodination, and the dipeptides were obtained after coupling with tryptophan. In vitro analysis revealed that peptides Trp-His[1-(3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)-5-iodo]-OMe (10d, IC50 = 2.20 µg/mL; MIC = 4.01 µg/mL) and Trp-His[1-(2-iodophenyl)-5-iodo)]-OMe (10o, IC50 = 2.52 µg/mL; MIC = 4.59 µg/mL) exhibit promising antifungal activities against C. neoformans. When administered in combination with standard drug amphotericin B (Amp B), a significant synergism was observed, with 4- to 16-fold increase in the potencies of both peptides and Amp B. Electron microscopy analysis with SEM and TEM showed that the dipeptides primarily act via membrane disruption, leading to pore formation and causing cell lysis. After entering the cells, the peptides interact with the intracellular components as demonstrated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

In Vivo Anticancer Evaluation of 6b, a Non-Covalent Imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-Based Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor against Human Xenograft Tumor in Nude Mice.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are validated therapeutic agents against EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the associated critical side effects of these agents are inevitable, demanding more specific and efficient targeting agents. Recently, we have developed and reported a non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based EGFR inhibitor (6b), which showed promising inhibitory activity against the gefitinib-resistant H1975(L858R/T790M) lung cancer cell line. In the present study, we further explored the 6b compound in vivo by employing the A549-induced xenograft model in nude mice. The results indicate that the administration of the 6b compound significantly abolished the growth of the tumor in the A549 xenograft nude mice. Whereas the control mice bearing tumors displayed a declining trend in the survival curve, treatment with the 6b compound improved the survival profile of mice. Moreover, the histological examination showed the cancer cell cytotoxicity of the 6b compound was characterized by cytoplasmic destruction observed in the stained section of the tumor tissues of treated mice. The immunoblotting and qPCR results further signified that 6b inhibited EGFR in tissue samples and consequently altered the downstream pathways mediated by EGFR, leading to a reduction in cancer growth. Therefore, the in vivo findings were in corroboration with the in vitro results, suggesting that 6b possessed potential anticancer activity against EGFR-dependent lung cancer. 6b also exhibited good stability in human and mouse liver microsomes.

Design and Synthesis of Non-Covalent Imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-Based Inhibitors of EGFR and Their Anti-Cancer Assessment.

A series of 30 non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were designed and synthesized. EGFR inhibitory assessment (against wild type) data of compounds revealed 6b, 7h, 7j, 9a and 9c as potent EGFRWT inhibitors with IC50 values of 211.22, 222.21, 193.18, 223.32 and 221.53 nM, respectively, which were comparable to erlotinib (221.03 nM), a positive control. Furthermore, compounds exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity when tested against cancer cell lines harboring EGFRWT; A549, a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), HCT-116 (colon), MDA-MB-231 (breast) and gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell line H1975 harboring EGFRL858R/T790M. In particular, compound 6b demonstrated significant inhibitory potential against gefitinib-resistant H1975 cells (IC50 = 3.65 µM) as compared to gefitinib (IC50 > 20 µM). Moreover, molecular docking disclosed the binding mode of the 6b to the domain of EGFR (wild type and mutant type), indicating the basis of inhibition. Furthermore, its effects on redox modulation, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle analysis and cell death mode in A549 lung cancer cells were also reported.

Synthesis and evaluation of new 1,2,4-oxadiazole based trans- acrylic acid derivatives as potential PPAR-alpha/gamma dual agonist.

Diabetes is a ubiquitously a metabolic disorder and life-threatening disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the class of nuclear receptors which acts as transcription factors to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists tend to corroborate the functions of both thiazolidinediones and fibrates and they hold substantial promise for ameliorating the type 2 diabetic treatments and providing potential therapeutic diabetic interventions. New 1,2,4-oxadiazole based trans- acrylic acid derivatives compounds possessing aryl/methylene linker in between pharmacophore head and lipophilic tail for dual PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists are studied. AutoDock Vina used for potential PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists and 6 compounds 9a, 9g, 9 m, 9n, 9o, and 9r were identified comparable to PPAR gamma agonist Pioglitazone on the basis of their affinity scores and further their in-silico toxicity and in-silico ADME properties. The selected compounds showed better-calculated lipophilicity (iLogP) was found to be 0.92 to 3.19. Compound 9n and 9a were found to be most potent on both PPAR alpha and gamma receptors with EC50 of 0.07 ± 0.0006 µM, 0.06 ± 0.0005 µM and 0.781 ± 0.008 µM, 3.29 µM ± 0.03 respectively as better to pioglitazone having EC50 of 32.38 ± 0.2 and 38.03 ± 0.13 for both receptors. The in-vivo evaluation found to reduce the plasma glucose level and total cholesterol level significantly in diabetic rats compared to pioglitazone at 5 mg/kg/day dose for 7 days of treatment. Thus, trans- acrylic acid derivatives can be further developed as oral therapeutic agents for diabetic interventions as PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonists.

Metformin attenuates cardiovascular and renal injury in uninephrectomized rats on DOCA-salt: Involvement of AMPK and miRNAs in cardioprotection.

Hypertension is associated with major cardiovascular (CV) and renal complications. The molecular intricacy by which hypertension leads to end organ damage is not known. To address this, we aimed to determine the effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) -salt (sodium chloride)-induced hypertension on the alterations in renin-angiotensin system, leading to CV and renal dysfunction in uninephrectomized male Sprague Dawley rats. MicroRNAs involved in this were also not yet explored. Metformin was used to delineate the role of AMPK in mitigating the hypertension-induced CV and renal dysfunction. Administering DOCA and offering saline to uninephrectomized rats, induced hypertension and associated abnormalities of diastolic dysfunction, CV and renal hypertrophy and fibrosis via activating local renin angiotensin system. Western blotting and RT-qPCR analysis of diseased heart revealed decreased SERCA2, p-AMPK, miR-146a, miR-99b and increased miR-155 and metformin administered, at dose of 300 mg/kg/day, for a period of 8 weeks prevented CV and renal damage. To our knowledge, we are the first to show that involvement of epigenetic alterations at microRNA level might be responsible for hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction and metformin reverses these alterations.

Metformin Improves Metabolic Memory in High Fat Diet (HFD)-induced Renal Dysfunction.

Recently, we have shown that high fat diet (HFD) in vivo and in vitro generates metabolic memory by altering H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 on the promoter of FOXO1 (transcription factor of gluconeogenic genes) (Kumar, S., Pamulapati, H., and Tikoo, K. (2016) Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 422, 233-242). Here we checked the hypothesis whether concomitant diet reversal and metformin could overcome HFD-induced metabolic memory and renal damage. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered insulin-resistant by feeding high fat diet for 16 weeks. Then the rats were subjected to diet reversal alone and along with metformin for 8 weeks. Biochemical and histological markers of insulin resistance and kidney function were measured. Blood pressure and in vivo vascular reactivity to angiotensin II (200 ng kg-1) were also checked. Diet reversal could improve lipid profile but could not prevent renal complications induced by HFD. Interestingly, metformin along with diet reversal restored the levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. In kidney, metformin increased the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and decreased inflammatory markers (COX-2 and IL-1ß) and apoptotic markers (poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase 3). Metformin was effective in lowering elevated basal blood pressure and acute change in mean arterial pressure in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). It also attenuated tubulointerstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis induced by HFD feeding in kidney. Here we report, for the first time, that metformin treatment overcomes metabolic memory and prevents HFD-induced renal damage.