Expression and genomic integration of transgenes after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of mature barley embryos.

Mature embryos in tissue cultures are advantageous because of their abundance and rapid germination, which reduces genomic instability problems. In this study, 2-day-old isolated mature barley embryos were infected with 2 Agrobacterium hypervirulent strains (AGL1 and EHA105), followed by a 3-day period of co-cultivation in the presence of L-cystein amino acid. Chimeric expression of the b-glucuronidase gene (gusA) directed by a viral promoter of strawberry vein banding virus was observed in coleoptile epidermal cells and seminal roots in 5-day-old germinated seedlings. In addition to varying infectivity patterns in different strains, there was a higher ratio of transient b-glucuronidase expression in developing coleoptiles than in embryonic roots, indicating the high competency of shoot apical meristem cells in the mature embryo. A total of 548 explants were transformed and 156 plants developed to maturity on G418 media after 18-25 days. We detected transgenes in 74% of the screened plant leaves by polymerase chain reaction, and 49% of these expressed neomycin phosphotransferase II gene following AGL1 transformation. Ten randomly selected T0 transformants were analyzed using thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction and 24 fragments ranged between 200-600 base pairs were sequenced. Three of the sequences flanked with transferred-DNA showed high similarity to coding regions of the barley genome, including alpha tubulin5, homeobox 1, and mitochondrial 16S genes. We observed 70-200-base pair filler sequences only in the coding regions of barley in this study.

Insulin resistance and coronary flow velocity reserve in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular problems are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) as a marker of endothelial dysfunction, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) as a marker of subclinical organ damage and insulin resistance (IR) as a cardiovascular risk factor in patients with ADPKD. METHODS: Twenty-two normotensive ADPKD patients with well-preserved renal function and 19 healthy subjects were included in the study. Creatinine clearances were calculated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. The homeostasis model of IR (HOMA-IR) was used to measure IR. CIMT was measured by high-resolution vascular ultrasound. CFVR was calculated as the ratio of hyperaemic to baseline diastolic peak velocities by echocardiography. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding age, gender, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. However, CIMT and HOMA-IR were significantly increased and CFVR was significantly decreased in patients with ADPKD compared with healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of decreased CFVR, increased CIMT and increased IR suggest that cardiovascular risk is elevated even in the early stages of ADPKD.

[Facial edema as an earlier presenting sign of giant cell arteritis. Possible relationship with angioedema]. / Gesichtsödem als Frühsymptom einer Riesenzellarteriitis. Mögliche Beziehung zum Angioödem.

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic granulomatous vasculitis of unknown etiology occurring in the elderly. New-onset headache, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, temporal artery abnormalities on physical examination, visual symptoms and associated polymyalgia rheumatica represent the most typical and frequent features of the disease. However, facial edema is being more commonly recognized as a presenting symptom that may herald the disease. We present a case with facial edema as initial symptom and discuss if this rare symptom of GCA is due to hereditary or acquired angioedema.

Frequency, Extent, and Correlates of Superficial Siderosis and Ependymal Siderosis in Premature Infants with Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage: An SWI Study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage is a common complication of prematurity. An underrecognized complication of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage is superficial siderosis, and the clinical consequences of superficial siderosis are not well-known. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, anatomic distribution, and severity of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis in premature infants with germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage using SWI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we included 88 patients across all grades of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage who underwent MR imaging at term-equivalent age. Images were evaluated for the presence, distribution, and severity of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis. The agreement among T1, T2, and SWI sequences was examined. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients had brain stem superficial siderosis, and 79 patients had ependymal siderosis. The presence, extent, and severity of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis were closely related to the grade of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage and intraventricular hematoma volume. Brain stem superficial siderosis had a stronger correlation with intraventricular hemorrhage than with cerebellar hemorrhage. Compared with SWI, T1 and T2 sequences detected only small proportions of patients with superficial siderosis (12.5% and 6.9%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis is very high in preterm infants with germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage when assessed by SWI at term-equivalent age. The presence and extent of superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis are closely related to germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage grade and intraventricular hematoma volume. Additional prospective studies using SWI are needed to clearly determine the clinical consequences of germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage with superficial siderosis and ependymal siderosis.

A case of isolated Nocardia asteroides brain abscess in a kidney transplant recipient.

UNLABELLED: Because of the immunosuppressive drugs used after organ transplantation, there is an increased rate of certain infections and malignancies. Nocardia brain abscess is a rare condition, seen most commonly among immunocompromised patients. It may be confused with intracranial tumors and requires long-term combined antibiotic therapy after drainage. CASE REPORT: A patient who underwent renal transplantation because of end-stage renal disease of unknown origin was shown to have a nocardial brain abscess while she was taking immunosuppressive drugs. The patient was given combined antibiotics and the abscess drained surgically. After 2 months, antibiotic therapy was continued with one drug. Neither a complication nor clinical or radiological sequelae occurred in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: When central nervous system findings are observed in renal transplant recipients, nocardial brain abscess must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Recommended treatment duration is 6 to 12 months with frequent imaging.

Sarcopenia assessment project in the nursing homes in Turkey.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) are geriatric syndromes leading to physical disability, poor quality of life and death. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO in nursing homes in Turkey and to define local disparities for diagnosing sarcopenia and SO. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This cross-sectional multicenter study was performed in 711 patients in 14 nursing homes. Comprehensive geriatric assessment tests, handgrip strength and calf circumference (CC) measurements were carried out. Sarcopenia was both defined by handgrip strength and CC criteria. RESULTS: According to handgrip strength measurement, 483 (68%) of patients were sarcopenic (male: 72%, female: 63.8%), 228 were non-sarcopenic. The prevalence of SO was 22% (13.7% in men, 30.2% in women). Patients (82.5%) who were diagnosed as sarcopenic by the handgrip strength test were not sarcopenic according to CC sarcopenia criteria. Therefore, we tried to determine the optimal CC value for diagnosing sarcopenia in our population. CONCLUSIONS: Both sarcopenia and SO were prevalent among Turkish nursing home elderly residents. Most of the patients with sarcopenia were obese or overweight. We showed that diagnosing sarcopenia with CC measurement underestimated the sarcopenia prevalence assessed by handgrip strength. So we concluded that, although different assessment methods are recommended for the diagnosis of sarcopenia local disparities should be considered.

Thalidomide attenuates learning and memory deficits induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin in rats.

Neuroinflammatory responses caused by amyloid ß (Aß) peptide deposits are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thalidomide has a significant anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting TNF-α, which plays role in Aß neurotoxicity. We investigated the effect of thalidomide on AD-like cognitive deficits caused by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Intraperitoneal thalidomide was administered 1 h before the first dose of STZ and continued for 21 days. Learning and memory behavior was evaluated on days 17, 18 and 19, and the rats were sacrificed on day 21 to examine histopathological changes. STZ injection caused a significant decrease in the mean escape latency in passive avoidance and decreased improvement of performance in Morris water maze tests. Histopathological changes were examined using hematoxylin-eosin and Bielschowsky staining. Brain sections of STZ treated rats showed increased neurodegeneration and disturbed linear arrangement of cells in the cortical area compared to controls. Thalidomide treatment attenuated significantly STZ induced cognitive impairment and histopathological changes. Thalidomide appears to provide neuroprotection from the memory deficits and neuronal damage induced by STZ.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Endothelial dysfunction (ED), insulin resistance (IR), and inflammation are risk factors for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD patients may have increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and decreased coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was introduced as a marker to determine inflammation in various disorders. We aimed to investigate the relationship between NLR and IR, CFVR, CIMT, and the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in normotensive ADPKD patients. Twentynine ADPKD patients (age 38.8 ± 10.2 years; 8 men and 21 women) and 19 healthy controls (age 33.8 ± 7.4 years; 8 men and 11 women) were included in this cross-sectional study. CFVR was calculated with echocardiography as the ratio of hyperemic to baseline diastolic peak coronary flow velocities. CIMT was measured in the distal common carotid artery by using a 10-MHz linear echocardiography probe. HOMA-IR was calculated NLR was calculated as the ratio of the neutrophil and lymphocyte counts. Age, sex, body mass index, and levels of glucose, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), microalbuminuria, and creatinine clearance were similar between ADPKD patients and healthy subjects. NLR, CIMT, LVMI, and HOMA-IR were significantly higher and CFVR values were significantly lower in patients with ADPKD compared to that in healthy subjects. NLR showed positive correlation with CIMT, HOMA, insulin, glucose, and HDL cholesterol levels, while it was inversely correlated with CFVR and albumin level in all subjects. In patients with ADPKD, NLR showed positive correlation with HDL cholesterol level and inverse correlation with LVMI and albumin level. NLR that was found to be increased in patients with ADPKD may be a readily available marker of inflammation and ED.

Assessment of adrenal functions in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease and extrarenal manifestations may be observed in many organ systems. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis was not evaluated extensively in patients with ADPKD. We aimed to evaluate this axis in these patients. METHODS: Twenty two patients with ADPKD and 27 healthy subjects were enrolled. Basal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels and cortisol and DHEA responses to low dose short adrenocorticotropin stimulation test were assessed. Correlation analyses of these parameters with glomerular filtration rates (GFR), renal volumes and pain characteristics in patients with ADPKD were performed. RESULTS: Patients with ADPKD had higher basal cortisol levels (12.1 ± 3.4 vs. 9.6 ± 4.3 µg/dL, p=0.033), and higher basal cortisol/DHEAS ratios (0.073 ± 0.05 vs. 0.045 ± 0.02, p=0.015) compared to controls. None of the subjects had inadequate response to adrenocorticotropin stimulation. Patients with ADPKD had lower delta cortisol (absolute increase between peak and basal) levels (10.3 ± 2.8 vs. 12.6 ± 4.2 µg/dL, p=0.026) compared to controls. Subgroup analysis showed that significant differences existed only between female patients and female controls. There was no significant correlation between cortisol levels and renal volumes or GFR. A significant correlation was found only between delta cortisol and pain frequency in female patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ADPKD had higher basal cortisol levels, higher basal cortisol/DHEAS ratios and lower delta cortisol levels compared to controls, indicating promptly stimulated zona fasciculata function. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and to investigate possible underlying mechanisms.