A nosocomial measles outbreak in Italy, February-April 2017.

We describe a nosocomial outbreak of measles that occurred in an Italian hospital during the first months of 2017, involving 35 persons and including healthcare workers, support personnel working in the hospital, visitors and community contacts. Late diagnosis of the first case, support personnel not being promptly recognised as hospital workers and diffusion of the infection in the emergency department had a major role in sustaining this outbreak.

Human gyrovirus DNA in human blood, Italy.

Human gyrovirus (HGyV) is a recent addition to the list of agents found in humans. Prevalence, biologic properties, and clinical associations of this novel virus are still incompletely understood. We used qualitative PCRs to detect HGyV in blood samples of 301 persons from Italy. HGyV genome was detected in 3 of 100 solid organ transplant recipients and in 1 HIV-infected person. The virus was not detected in plasma samples from healthy persons. Furthermore, during observation, persons for whom longitudinal plasma samples were obtained had transient and scattered presence of circulating HGyV. Sequencing of a 138-bp fragment showed nucleotide identity among all the HGyV isolates. These results show that HGyV can be present in the blood of infected persons. Additional studies are needed to investigate possible clinical implications.

Role of hematopoietic cells in the maintenance of chronic human torquetenovirus plasma viremia.

Many aspects of the life cycle of torquetenoviruses (TTVs) are essentially unexplored. In particular, it is still a matter of speculation which cell type(s) replicates the viruses and maintains the generally high viral loads found in the blood of infected hosts. In this study, we sequentially measured the TTV loads in the plasma of four TTV-positive leukemia patients who were strongly myelosuppressed and then transplanted with haploidentical hematopoietic stem cells. The findings provide clear quantitative evidence for an extremely important role of hematopoietic cells in the maintenance of TTV viremia.

Efficacy of Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab and Casirivimab/Imdevimab in Preventing Progression to Severe COVID-19 and Role of Variants of Concern.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of hospitalization or death in patients infected by SARS-CoV2 variants of concern (VOCs) receiving combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bamlanivimab/etesevimab or casirivimab/imdevimab. METHODS: Observational prospective study conducted in two Italian hospitals (University Hospital of Pisa and San Donato Hospital, Arezzo) including consecutive outpatients with COVID-19 who received bamlanivimab/etesevimab or casirivimab/imdevimab from March 20th to May 10th 2021. All patients were at high risk of COVID-19 progression according to FDA/AIFA recommendations. Patients were divided into two study groups according to the infecting viral strain (VOCs): Alpha and Gamma group. The primary endpoint was a composite of hospitalization or death within 30 days from mAbs infusion. A Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the primary outcome in the overall population. RESULTS: The study included 165 patients: 105 were infected by the VOC Alpha and 43 by the VOC Gamma. In the Alpha group, no differences in the primary endpoint were observed between patients treated with bamlanivimab/etesevimab or casirivimab/imdevimab. Conversely, in the Gamma group, a higher proportion of patients treated with bamlanivimab/etesevimab met the primary endpoint compared to those receiving casirivimab/imdevimab (55% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.013). On multivariate Cox-regression analysis, the Gamma variant and days from symptoms onset to mAbs infusion were factors independently associated with higher risk of hospitalization or death, while casirivimab/imdevimab was protective (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.83, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: In patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant, bamlanivimab/etesevimab should be used with caution because of the high risk of disease progression.

Collaborative national multicenter for the identification of conversion factors from copies/mL to international units/mL for the normalization of HCMV DNA load.

The present multicentric (n = 11 laboratories) study aimed to identify conversion factors from copies/mL to international units (IU)/mL for the normalization of HCMV DNA load using the first WHO International Standard for HCMV nucleic acid amplification techniques and to enhance interlaboratory agreement of HCMV DNA quantification methods. Study protocols for whole blood and plasma (extraction and amplification) were performed to calculate conversion factors from HCMV DNA copy number to IU. The greatest variability was observed in samples with lower HCMV concentrations (3.0 Log10) in both biological matrices. Overall, 73.1% (206/282) of whole blood and 82.2% (324/394) of plasma samples analyzed fell within an acceptable variation range (±0.5 Log10 difference). An average of 0.64 (range 0.21-1.17) was the conversion factor calculated for the HCMV whole blood panel and 0.82 (range 0.39-2.2) for the HCMV plasma panel.

Cyclovirus Vietnam DNA in immunodeficient patients.

BACKGROUND: Cyclovirus Vietnam (CyCV-VN) is a CyCV detected in 2013 from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with neurological disorders. Information on prevalence, pathogenesis and disease association of CyCV-VN is still very patchy. OBJECTIVES AND STUDY DESIGN: In this study, we have used a PCR assay targeting the Rep gene to investigate the prevalence of CyCV-VN infection in blood and CSF samples of 346 Italian subjects. RESULTS: Overall, 7% of blood samples were positive for CyCV-VN while the virus was not detected in any of the CSF samples. The prevalence of CyCV-VN was relatively high in HIV positive patients (21%), modest in patients with HBV or HCV infection (6%), and low in transplant recipient patients (2%). Positive patients showed low levels of CyCV-VN viremia. The virus was not detected in serum samples from healthy individuals. Longitudinal analysis of serum samples obtained from selected patients showed a stable or transient presence of circulating CyCV-VN. CONCLUSIONS: The present study is the first to demonstrate CyCV-VN DNA circulation in Italy and to cast light on some biological aspects of this novel virus of men.

Rapid increase in total torquetenovirus (TTV) plasma viremia load reveals an apparently transient superinfection by a TTV of a novel group 2 genotype.

An apparently transient infection by a superimposed torquetenovirus (TTV) in a subject who already carried three different genotypes of the virus is described. The superinfection induced a rapid increase in the plasma TTV load and a decline in immunocomplexed virus. The superinfecting TTV was a novel group 2 genotype.

Associations between nasal torquetenovirus load and spirometric indices in children with asthma.

Fifty-nine children with well-controlled, mild to moderate persistent asthma were studied for the presence and load of torquetenovirus (TTV) in nasal fluid. Rates of TTV positivity and mean nasal TTV loads were not dissimilar to those observed in the general population and in a group of 30 age- and residence-matched healthy control children without a history of asthmatic disease. However, in the children with asthma, 3 important indices of lung function--forced expiratory flow (FEF) in which 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FVC) is expired (FEF(25%-75%)), forced expiratory volume in 1 s/FVC, and FEF(25%-75%)/FVC--showed an inverse correlation with nasal TTV load. Furthermore, signs of reduced airflow were more frequent in the children with asthma who had high nasal TTV loads (> or =6 log(10) DNA copies/mL of nasal fluid) than they were in those who had low nasal TTV loads (<6 log(10) DNA copies/mL of nasal fluid), despite similar therapy regimens. In contrast, the control children showed no associations between nasal TTV load and the spirometric indices. Levels of eosinophil cationic protein in sputum were also greater in the children with asthma who had higher nasal viral burdens than they were in those who had lower nasal viral burdens. These findings are the first report of TTV infection status in children with asthma and suggest that TTV might be a contributing factor in the lung impairment caused by this condition.

Correlation between Torque tenovirus infection and serum levels of eosinophil cationic protein in children hospitalized for acute respiratory diseases.

Children with bronchopneumonia have considerably higher Torque tenovirus (TTV) loads than do children with milder acute respiratory diseases (ARDs). Moreover, in children with ARDs, high TTV loads correlate with low percentages of circulating CD3+ and CD4+ T cells and with elevated percentages of B cells, suggesting that TTV might be immunomodulatory. Here, we show that, in children with ARDs, the presence of TTV and TTV load correlate with concentrations of serum eosinophil cationic protein. The possible mechanisms whereby TTV infection might lead to augmented activity of eosinophils and the implications for pathogenesis are discussed.

Relationship of TT virus and Helicobacter pylori infections in gastric tissues of patients with gastritis.

Blood and gastric tissue biopsies of 34 patients with gastritis were tested for the presence of TT virus (TTV), a ubiquitous virus found in the blood of most humans. Thirty-one of these patients were TTV positive, and 27 patients had virus in both tissues. In addition, 13 of the patients who had TTV in gastric tissue were Helicobacter pylori positive. There was an association of higher TTV titers in gastric tissues of patients who were H. pylori positive than in those in whom the bacterium could not be detected. Furthermore, this association was stronger in H. pylori-positive patients with the presence of the cagA protein. Of 10 specimens in which genogroup determination was carried out in the gastric corpus, 5/5 that were H. pylori positive showed the presence of TTV genogroup 3, while for those that were H. pylori negative, 5/5 showed the presence of genogroup 1t. By contrast, genogroup 1 was found in the corpus of only one H. pylori-positive patient, and genogroup 3 in only one H. pylori-negative patient. The histological severity of gastritis did correlate significantly with loads in the gastric tissues. There was no significant difference in TTV titer in blood of patients regardless of H. pylori infection status. These findings pique interest in clarifying the role of TTV, alone or in association with H. pylori infection, in the pathogenesis of gastritis.