Aloperine Alleviates Myocardial Injury Induced by Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion by Activating the ERK1/2/ß-catenin Signaling Pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause severe cardiac damage. Aloperine is a quinolizidine alkaloid found in the leaves and seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L. It has been recognized that aloperine has organ-protective properties; however, its role in cardioprotection is poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of aloperine against myocardial I/R injury in vivo. METHODS: Adult male Sprague‒Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated, control, and aloperine groups. All rats except for the sham-operated rats were subjected to 45 min of myocardial ischemia (by left anterior descending ligation) followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Aloperine (10 mg/kg) was given intravenously at the onset of reperfusion. The cardioprotective effects of aloperine were evaluated by determining infarct size, hemodynamics, histological changes, cardiac biomarkers, and cardiac apoptosis. RESULTS: Aloperine limited infarct size; improved hemodynamics; attenuated myocardial I/R-induced histological deterioration; decreased serum LDH, CK-MB, and α-HBDH levels; and inhibited apoptosis after myocardial I/R injury. Moreover, aloperine stimulated the phosphorylation of ventricular ERK1/2, which is a major module of MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, aloperine increased the ventricular expression levels of ß-catenin. Pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2 diminished aloperine-induced cardioprotection and blocked ERK1/2/ß-catenin signaling. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the cardioprotective effect of aloperine against myocardial I/R injury, which is mediated, at least in part, by the ERK1/2/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

First case report of pustules associated with Escherichia fergusonii in the chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita).

BACKGROUND: Escherichia fergusonii is a common conditionally pathogenic bacterium that infects humans and animals. E. fergusonii has been reported to cause diarrhea, respiratory disease, and septicemia, but it is rarely reported to cause skin infections in animals. E. fergusonii has been isolated from the skin and muscular tissue of Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita). To date, there have been no reports of Chinese pangolins with clinical signs of skin diseases. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report describes the clinical case of a subadult (bodyweight: 1.1 kg) female Chinese pangolin from wild rescue with pustules and subcutaneous suppurative infection due to E. fergusonii in the abdominal skin. Bacterial culture, Biochemical analysis, PCR and histopathology were utilized to identify the bacteria in the pustule puncture fluid and infected tissue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of E. fergusonii-related pustules on a Chinese pangolin. CONCLUSION: This case report presents the first observed skin infection in a Chinese pangolin. E. fergusonii infection should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis of pustules and subcutaneous suppurative skin conditions in Chinese pangolins, and we also provide several recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Salivary microbiome in chronic kidney disease: what is its connection to diabetes, hypertension, and immunity?

BACKGROUND: The association between oral dysbiosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) has gained increasing attention in recent years. Diabetes and hypertension are the most common conditions in CKD. However, a case-control study with matched confounding variables on the salivary microbiome in CKD and the influence of diabetes and hypertension on the microbiome has never been reported. METHODS: In our study, we compared the salivary microbiome profile between patients with CKD and healthy controls (HC) using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and examine its association with diabetes, hypertension, and immunity. RESULTS: We observed that the bacterial community was skewed in the saliva of CKD, with increased Lautropia and Pseudomonas, and decreased Actinomyces, Prevotella, Prevotella 7, and Trichococcus. No difference in the bacterial community between the CKD patients complicated with and without diabetes, and between those with and without hypertension. Prevotella 7 declined in CKD patients with/without hypertension with respect to HC, while Pseudomonas increased in CKD patients with/without hypertension. Pseudomonas was negatively associated with immunoglobin G in CKD patients. Both CKD patients with positive and negative antistreptolysin O had declined Prevotella 7 and Trichococcus compared to HC, whereas increased Pseudomonas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies a distinct bacterial saliva microbiome in CKD patients characterized by alteration in composition. We unravel here that the co-occurrence diseases of diabetes and hypertension are not associated with specific bacterial alterations, suggesting that bacterial dysbiosis in saliva plays a role in renal damage regardless of the occurrence of diabetes and hypertension.

The roles of climate, geography and natural selection as drivers of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in a widespread amphibian Hyla annectans (Anura: Hylidae).

The role of geological events and Pleistocene climatic fluctuations as drivers of current patterns of genetic variation in extant species has been a topic of continued interest among evolutionary biologists. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies of widely distributed species are still rare, especially from Asia. Using geographically extensive sampling of many individuals and a large number of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we studied the phylogeography and historical demography of Hyla annectans populations in southern China. Thirty-five sampled populations were grouped into seven clearly defined genetic clusters that closely match phenotype-based subspecies classification. These lineages diverged 2.32-5.23 million years ago (Ma), a timing that closely aligns with the rapid and drastic uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and adjacent southwest China. Demographic analyses and species distribution models indicate that different populations of this species have responded differently to past climatic changes. In the Hengduan Mountains, most populations experienced a bottleneck, whereas the populations located outside of the Hengduan Mountains have gradually declined in size since the end of the last glaciation. In addition, the levels of phenotypic and genetic divergence were strongly correlated across major clades. These results highlight the combined effects of geological events and past climatic fluctuations, as well as natural selection, as drivers of contemporary patterns of genetic and phenotypic variation in a widely distributed anuran in Asia.

Transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes in the oviduct of Rhacophorus omeimontis provides insights into foam nest construction.

BACKGROUND: The production of foam nests is one of the strategies that has evolved to allow some anuran species to protect their eggs and larvae. Despite considerable knowledge of the biochemical components of and construction behavior leading to anuran foam nests, little is known about the molecular basis of foam nest construction. Rhacophorus omeimontis presents an arboreal foam-nesting strategy during the breeding season. To better understand the molecular mechanism of foam nest production, transcriptome sequencing was performed using the oviduct of female R. omeimontis during the period when foam nest production began and the period when foam nest production was finished. RESULTS: The transcriptomes of six oviduct samples of R. omeimontis were obtained using Illumina sequencing. A total of 84,917 unigenes were obtained, and 433 genes (270 upregulated and 163 downregulated) were differentially expressed between the two periods. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in extracellular space and extracellular region based on Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and in the pathways of two-component system, cell adhesion molecules, steroid hormone biosynthesis and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Specifically, genes encoding lectins, surfactant proteins and immunity components were highly expressed when the foam nest construction began, indicating that the constituents of foam nests in R. omeimontis were likely a mixture of surfactant, lectins and immune defense proteins. During the period when foam nest production was finished, genes related to lipid metabolism, steroid hormone and immune defense were highly expressed, indicating their important roles in regulating the process of foam nesting. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides a rich list of potential genes involved in the production of foam nests in R. omeimontis. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of foam nest construction and will facilitate further studies of R. omeimontis.

Self-reported sleep duration and daytime napping are associated with renal hyperfiltration in general population.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Renal hyperfiltration (RHF) has emerged as a novel marker of early renal damage in various conditions such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Aberrant sleep duration and excessive daytime napping may affect the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, the association between sleep duration, daytime napping, and renal hyperfiltration was assessed. SETTING: This study was conducted in three communities in China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16,119 community volunteers (5735 males and 10,384 females) aged 40-65 years without CKD were included for the study. METHODS AND RESULTS: Participants with short sleep duration (<6 h/day) or long sleep duration (≥10 h/day) were at a significantly increased risk of renal hyperfiltration. The fully adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 2.112 (1.107, 4.031) and 2.071 (1.504, 2.853), respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, those who took naps longer than 1.5 h per day had a higher risk of renal hyperfiltration compared with those without napping (OR 1.400, 95% CI 1.018-1.924). Further joint analysis indicated that participants with long sleep duration (≥10 h/day) had a more than twofold increased risk of RHF regardless of nap status compared with those who slept 8-9 h per day without daytime napping. The association between sleep duration or daytime napping and RHF could not be explained by the influence of sleep quality. Additional subgroup analysis showed long sleep duration (≥9 h/day) and long daytime napping (≥1.5 h) were associated with an increased risk of RHF among individuals with good sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Sleep duration less than 6 h/day or more than 10 h/day and long daytime napping tend to be associated with an increased risk of renal hyperfiltration in middle-aged general population, and this relationship was independent of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or poor sleep quality.

Geologic events coupled with Pleistocene climatic oscillations drove genetic variation of Omei treefrog (Rhacophorus omeimontis) in southern China.

BACKGROUND: Pleistocene climatic oscillations and historical geological events may both influence current patterns of genetic variation, and the species in southern China that faced unique climatic and topographical events have complex evolutionary histories. However, the relative contributions of climatic oscillations and geographical events to the genetic variation of these species remain undetermined. To investigate patterns of genetic variation and to test the hypotheses about the factors that shaped the distribution of this genetic variation in species of southern China, mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) and nine microsatellite loci of the Omei tree frog (Rhacophorus omeimontis) were amplified in this study. RESULTS: The genetic diversity in the populations of R. omeimontis was high. The phylogenetic trees reconstructed from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes and the Bayesian genetic clustering analysis based on microsatellite data both revealed that all populations were divided into three lineages (SC, HG and YN). The two most recent splitting events among the lineages coincided with recent geological events (including the intense uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, QTP and the subsequent movements of the Yun-Gui Plateau, YGP) and the Pleistocene glaciations. Significant expansion signals were not detected in mismatch analyses or neutrality tests. And the effective population size of each lineage was stable during the Pleistocene. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, complex geological events (the recent dramatic uplift of the QTP and the subsequent movements of the YGP) and the Pleistocene glaciations were apparent drivers of the rapid divergence of the R. omeimontis lineages. Each diverged lineages survived in situ with limited gene exchanges, and the stable demographics of lineages indicate that the Pleistocene climatic oscillations were inconsequential for this species. The analysis of genetic variation in populations of R. omeimontis contributes to the understanding of the effects of changes in climate and of geographical events on the dynamic development of contemporary patterns of genetic variation in the species of southern China.

Creating coordination-based cavities in a multiresponsive supramolecular gel.

Creating cavities in varying levels, from molecular containers to macroscopic materials of porosity, have long been motivated for biomimetic or practical applications. Herein, we report an assembly approach to multiresponsive supramolecular gels by integrating photochromic metal-organic cages as predefined building units into the supramolecular gel skeleton, providing a new approach to create cavities in gels. Formation of discrete O-Pd2 L4 cages is driven by coordination between Pd(2+) and a photochromic dithienylethene bispyridine ligand (O-PyFDTE). In the presence of suitable solvents (DMSO or MeCN/DMSO), the O-Pd2 L4 cage molecules aggregate to form nanoparticles, which are further interconnected through supramolecular interactions to form a three-dimensional (3D) gel matrix to trap a large amount of solvent molecules. Light-induced phase and structural transformations readily occur owing to the reversible photochromic open-ring/closed-ring isomeric conversion of the cage units upon UV/visible light radiation. Furthermore, such Pd2 L4 cage-based gels show multiple reversible gel-solution transitions when thermal-, photo-, or mechanical stimuli are applied. Such supramolecular gels consisting of porous molecules may be developed as a new type of porous materials with different features from porous solids.

Linear Dependence of Photoluminescence in Mixed Ln-MOFs for Color Tunability and Barcode Application.

Multicolored photoluminescence tuning in a single-phase material has invaluable potential in display and security applications. By deliberate design of a multifunctional antenna ligand and precise control of mixed metal ionic compositions in lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs), we achieved dichromatic fine-tuning among red, green, or blue primary colors through growth of a series of isomorphous Ln-MOF crystals·solvents of formula [LnnLn'1-n(TTP)2·H2O]Cl3 (Ln = Ln' = Eu, Tb, and Gd, 1-3; Ln = Eu, Ln' = Tb, 4-8; Ln = Gd, Ln' = Eu, 9-11; Ln = Gd, Ln' = Tb, 12-14; 0 < n < 1; TTP = 1',1″-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(methylene)tris(pyridine-4(1H)-one)). The linear dependence of the emissions were analyzed, and the mathematical matrix models were established, which are useful to control the synthetic conditions and to predict the color chromaticity coordinates under varied excitation wavelengths. The potential relevance of these multicolored photoluminescent Ln-MOFs to barcoded materials was demonstrated.

[Methylation in Promoter Region of SLC6A2 Gene in Heart Failure Patients and Its Correlation with Qi Deficiency/Blood Stasis Syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the methylation status in promoter region of norepinephrine transporter gene (NET, SLC6A2) in heart failure ( HF) patients and its correlation with qi deficiency/blood stasis syndrome (QDS/BSS). METHODS: Thirty-six patients with heart failure (NYHA classification III to IV) were recruited in the study (as the heart failure group) and their scores of QDS/BSS were evaluated. Besides, a healthy elderly group (30 cases) and a healthy youth group (30 cases) were also set up. They were recruited from Physical Examination Center of Fujian Provincial Hospital. Pyrosequencing was applied to detect the methylation in promoter region of SLC6A2 gene, and the total methylation index (MTI) of CpG island was calculated. The correlation between the methylation status in promoter region of SLC6A2 and scores of QDS/BSS was assessed using Pearson and Partial analyses. Risk factors were screened and adjusted using Logistic regression. RESULTS: By one-factor analysis of variance, the total MTI in the HF group (219.72% ± 54.03%) was obviously higher than that in the healthy elderly group (194.47% ± 34.92%) and the healthy youth group (161.60% ± 41.11%) (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the total MTI was higher in the healthy elderly group than in the healthy youth group (P < 0.01). By covariance analysis , after controlling age and BMI, the total MTI was higher in the HF group than in the healthy elderly group (P = 0.041), while it was higher in the healthy elderly group than in the healthy youth group (P = 0.016). Age was found to play an essential role in affecting MTI of SLC6A2 gene promoter region among the 3 groups (F = 16.447, P = 0.01). The total MTI was quite lower in the healthy youth group. Results of Partial correlation analysis showed MTI was positively correlated with scores of qi deficiency and blood stasis respectively (r = 0.494 and 0.419 respectively, both P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed after adjusting confounding factors, the relative risk (OR value) of total MTI of SLC6A2 gene in promoter region was 1.038 (95% CI, 1.006 to 1.071, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormally elevated methylation of the promoter region of SLC6A2 gene is one of risk factors for HF. In addition, the degree of methylation of the promoter region of SLC6A2 gene was positively correlated with the severity of QDS/BSS.

[Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of berberine and jateorhizine in Coptidis Rhizoma powder and their monomeric compounds in type 2 diabetic rats].

This article focused on a comparative analysis on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of berberine (BER) and jateorhizine(JAT) in Coptidis Rhizoma powder (HL-P) and their monomeric compounds (BER + JAT, BJ) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats to explore the beneficial. effect of HL-P in the treatment of T2D. The T2D rats were treated with HL-P, BER, JAT and BJ, respectively for 63 d. The pharmacokinetic parameters, dynamic changes in blood glucose level and blood lipid values were measured. The results showed that, compared with other corresponding group, t(max), T(½ka) of BER and JAT in HL-P group were reduced, while C(max), AUC(inf), AUC(last), V(L)/F were significantly increased; compared with model group, blood glucose levels were decreased significantly in HL-P group since the 18th day, while those in BER or BJ group were reduced since the 36th day, however, blood glucose levels showed no obvious changes in JAT group; compared with model group, FFA values in all treatment group were decreased significantly. Moreover, TG, HDL and LDL value in HL-P group, LDL value in BER group and HDL value in BJ group were improved significantly. The above results showed that Coptidis Rhizoma powder showed excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics and excellent activity of lowering blood glucose and lipid. It provided a scientific basis for oral application of Coptidis Rhizoma powder in the treatment of T2D.

Stepwise assembly of Pd(6)(RuL(3))(8) nanoscale rhombododecahedral metal-organic cages via metalloligand strategy for guest trapping and protection.

Stepwise synthesis of nanosized Pd-Ru heteronuclear metal-organic cages from predesigned redox- and photo-active Ru(II)-metalloligand and naked Pd(II) ion is described. The resulting cage shows rhombododecahedral shape and contains a 5350 Å(3) cavity and 12 open windows, facilitating effective trapping of both polar and nonpolar guest molecules. Protection of photosensitive guests against UV radiation is studied.

Lactoferrin inhibits apoptosis through insulin-like growth factor I in primary rat osteoblasts.

AIM: Excessive apoptosis of osteoblasts is the major cause of low bone mass, and bovine lactoferrin (bLF), an iron-binding glycoprotein, might protect osteoblastic cells from apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic action of bLF in rat osteoblasts in vitro. METHODS: Primary rat osteoblasts were incubated in the presence of varying concentrations of bLF for 24 h. The expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) was measured uisng RT-PCR and Western blotting. Cell apoptosis was examined with flow cytometry. siRNAs targeting IGF-I was used in this study. RESULTS: Treatment of bLF (0.1-1000 µg/mL) dose-dependently increased the expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR in the osteoblasts. Treatment with bLF (10, 100 µg/mL) markedly inhibited the osteoblast apoptosis (with the rate of total apoptosis of 70% at 10 µg/mL), but the high concentration of bLF (1000 µg/mL) significantly promoted the osteoblast apoptosis. Knockdown of the IGF-I gene in osteoblasts with siRNA markedly increased the osteoblast apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Lactoferrin (10 and 100 µg/mL) effectively inhibits apoptosis of primary rat osteoblasts by upregulating IGF-I expression.

Intestinal absorption of berberine and 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine and their effects on sugar absorption in rat small intestine.

The intestinal absorption of berberine (Ber) and its structural modified compound 8-hydroxy dihydroberberine (Hdber) was compared, and their effects on the intestinal absorption of sugar by perfusion experiment were investigated in order to reveal the mechanism of low dose and high activity of Hdber in the treatment of hyperglycemia. The absorption of Hdber and Ber in rat small intestine was measured by in situ perfusion. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the concentrations of Hdber and Ber. In situ perfusion method was also used to study the effects of Hdber and Ber on sugar intestinal absorption. Glucose oxidase method and UV spectrophotometry were applied to examine the concentrations of glucose and sucrose in the perfusion fluid. The results showed that the absorption rate of Ber in the small intestine was lower than 10%, but that of Hdber was larger than 70%. Both Hdber and Ber inhibited the absorption of glucose and sucrose at the doses of 10 and 20 µg/mL. However, Hdber presented stronger activity than Ber (P<0.01). It is suggested that Hdber is absorbed easily in rat small intestine and that its inhibitory effect on the absorption of sugar is better than Ber.

Relationship between Renying pulse augmentation index and Cunkou pulse condition in different blood pressure groups.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between Renying pulse (carotid) augmentation index (AI) and Cunkou pulse condition in different blood pressure groups, and the clinical significance of Renying and Cunkou pulse parameters to reflect vascular function. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with essential hypertension (EH) and 52 individuals with normal blood pressure (control group) between September 2010 and January 2012 were included in this study. Renying pulse AI was examined by a new diagnostic tool (ALOKA ProSound Alpha 10)--wave intensity (WI) that is calculated as the product of the derivatives of the simultaneously recorded blood pressure changes (dP/dt) and blood-flow-velocity changes (dU/dt), while Cunkou pulse condition was detected by DDMX-100 Pulse Apparatus in both EH and control groups. A multifactorial correlation analysis was performed for data analysis. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounding variables, in the EH group, AI was positively correlated with t5, w2/t (r(t5) = 0.225, P < 0.05; r(w2/t) = 0.230, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with h5, h5/h1 and w2 (r(h5) = -0.393, P < 0.01; r(h5)/h1) = -0.444, P < 0.01; r(w2) = -0.389, P < 0.01). In the control group, AI was positively correlated with t3, t4, t5 and w1 (r(t3) = 0.595, P < 0.01; r(t4) = 0.292, P < 0.05; r(t5) = 0.318, P < 0.05; r(w1) = 0.541, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with h1, h2, h3, Ad and A (r(h1) = -0.368, P < 0.05; r(h2) = -0.330, P < 0.05; r(h3) = -0.327, P < 0.05; rAd = -0.322, P < 0.05; rA = -0.410, P < 0.01). In the total sample group (EH plus control group, n = 138), AI was positively correlated with t, t5, w1 and w2t (r(t) = 0.257, P < 0.01; r(t5) = 0.266, P < 0.01; r(w1) = 0.184, P < 0.05; r(w2/t) = 0.210, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with h5, h5/h1, w2 and Ad (r(h5) = -0.230, P < 0.01; r(h5/h1) = -0.218, P < 0.05; r(w2) = -0.267, P < 0.01; rAd = -0.246, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to model the relationship (F = 7.887, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Renying pulse AI can effectively predict arterial stiffness in synchrony with the manifestations of Cunkou pulse in elderly patients with hypertension. Cunkou pulse apparatus is a valuable tool for evaluating AI in clinical practice. The close correlations reported above reflect the holistic concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

A review on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of sophocarpine.

Sophocarpine is a natural compound that belongs to the quinolizidine alkaloid family, and has a long history of use and widespread distribution in traditional Chinese herbal medicines such as Sophora alopecuroides L., Sophora flavescens Ait., and Sophora subprostrata. This article aims to summarize the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of sophocarpine, evaluate its potential pharmacological effects in various diseases, and propose the necessity for further research and evaluation to promote its clinical application. A large number of studies have shown that it has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiviral, antiparasitic, anticancer, endocrine regulatory, and organ-protective effects as it modulates various signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and AMPK pathways. The distribution of sophocarpine in the body conforms to a two-compartment model, and sophocarpine can be detected in various tissues with a relatively short half-life. Although the pharmacological effects of sophocarpine have been confirmed, toxicity and safety assessments and reports on molecular mechanisms of its pharmacological actions have been limited. Given its significant pharmacological effects and potential clinical value, further research and evaluation are needed to promote the clinical application of sophocarpine.

Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of Green Leaf Volatiles and Aroma in Six Vitis vinifera L. Cultivars during Berry Maturation in the Chinese Loess Plateau Region.

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are important in giving grape a fresh and green aroma. But the changes in GLVs during the phenological development of grapevines are not well known. This study analyzed the GLVs and transcription levels of associated biosynthetic genes in six grape species from the Loess Plateau region at five stages of maturation. Thirteen GLVs were detected, showing unique patterns for each grape type at various growth phases. The primary components in six grapes were (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, and hexanal. With the exception of Cabernet Franc in 2019, the overall GLV contents of the six types generally increased during growth and development, peaking or stabilizing at harvest. And Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Gernischt, and Cabernet Sauvignon exhibited higher total contents among the varieties. PLS-DA analysis revealed 3-hexenal's high VIP scores across two years, underscoring its critical role in grape variety classification. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the levels of hexanal, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, nonanal, and (E, E)-2,6-nonadienal and the expression of VvHPL and VvAAT genes in the LOX-HPL pathway. Specifically, VvHPL emerges as a potential candidate gene responsible for species-specific differences in GLV compounds. Comprehending the changing patterns in the biosynthesis and accumulation of GLVs offers viticulturists and enologists the opportunity to devise targeted strategies for improving the aromatic profile of grapes and wines.

Impact of coexisting type 2 diabetes mellitus on the urinary microbiota of kidney stone patients.

Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) commonly complicates kidney stone disease (KSD). Our objective is to investigate the variations in the urinary microbiota between individuals with KSD alone and those with KSD plus T2DM. This exploration could have implications for disease diagnosis and treatment strategies. Methods: During lithotripsy, a ureterscope was employed, and 1 mL of urine was collected from the renal pelvis after bladder disinfection. Sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable region was performed using the 16S rRNA and Illumina Novaseq platform. Results: The Shannon index showed a significant decrease in the KSD plus T2DM group compared to the KSD-only group (false discovery rate = 0.041). Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) demonstrated a distinct bacterial community in the KSD plus T2DM group compared to the KSD-only group (false discovery rate = 0.027). The abundance of Sphingomonas, Corynebacterium, and Lactobacillus was significantly higher in the KSD plus T2DM group than in the KSD-only group (false discovery rate < 0.05). Furthermore, Enhydrobacter, Chryseobacterium, and Allobaculum were positively correlated with fasting blood glucose and HbA1c values (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The urinary microbiota in the renal pelvis exhibits differences between patients with KSD plus T2DM and those with KSD alone. Further studies employing animal models are necessary to validate these distinctions, potentially paving the way for therapeutic developments based on the urinary microbiota.

Evolution of green leaf volatile profile and aroma potential during the berry development in five Vitis vinifera L. Cultivars.

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), play important roles in the green and fresh aroma characteristics of grape berries. The evolution of GLV profiles regarding the varietal difference during grapevine phenological ripening is not well understood. This study generated the GLV profiles of five Vitis vinifera L. cultivars ('Cabernet Sauvignon,' 'Cabernet Franc,' 'Cabernet Gernischt,' 'Chardonnay,' and 'Sauvignon Blanc') at five ripening stages. GLVs were distinctive at different E-L stages for each grape variety. (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol, and hexanal were the dominant components in all mature berries. In terms of total GLV content, all varieties reached the maximum at maturity in the 2019 vintage, and the total GLV content was higher in mature Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. In the 2020 vintage, the total GLV content in Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc berries rapidly accumulated at veraison and peaked before harvest. The present results could help winemakers create a good balance of wine aroma.