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1.
Eur J Neurosci ; 2024 Oct 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39421897

RESUMO

Attention is one of the basic cognitive functions sensitive to high altitude, and most studies have focussed on exposure times of approximately 3 years; however, it is unclear how attention changes in migrants who have lived and worked at high altitude for nearly 20 years. We explored the dynamics of attentional networks and neurophysiological mechanisms in migrants over 3-20 years using the Attentional Network Test combined with Electrocardiograph and Electroencephalography and found a consistent quadratic correlation between exposure and executive control efficiency, P3 amplitude and heart rate variability (HRV), with a decrease followed by an increase/relative stability, with approximately 10 years being the breakpoint. However, neither linear nor quadratic trajectories were observed for the alerting and orienting network. Mediation analysis revealed that the P3 amplitude mediated the decrease and increase in executive control efficiency with exposure time depends on the breakpoint. Correlations between HRV and executive control efficiency and P3 amplitude suggest that U-shaped changes in executive control in migrants may be related to body homeostasis maintained by the autonomic nervous system, and that P3 amplitude may serve as a neurophysiological marker of migrants' adaptation/recovery from high-altitude exposure.

2.
Conscious Cogn ; 122: 103697, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38823316

RESUMO

Previous work has established a link between executive attention ability and mind wandering propensity, these studies typically collapse thought reports into a single category of task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs). We have shown that these TUTs can be differentiated by the emotional valence of their content. Awareness of TUTs might also be an important to consider, yet little work has been done on this front. The current study conceptually replicated and extended previous work by investigating the relationship between individual differences in executive attention, emotional valence and awareness of TUTs. Latent variable models indicated that Executive Attention was differentially correlated with emotional valence TUTs. However, only Attention Control was related to frequency of mind wandering with awareness. Intra-individual analyses indicated that negatively valenced TUTs and TUTs that occurred without awareness were associated with worse performance. Considering different dimensions of TUTs can provide a more complete picture of individual differences in mind wandering.


Assuntos
Atenção , Conscientização , Emoções , Função Executiva , Individualidade , Pensamento , Humanos , Conscientização/fisiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Atenção/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Pensamento/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Adolescente
3.
Hum Brain Mapp ; 44(8): 3241-3253, 2023 06 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36971608

RESUMO

Analogical reasoning is important for human. We have found that a short executive attention intervention improved analogical reasoning performance in healthy young adults. Nevertheless, previous electrophysiological evidence was limited for comprehensively characterizing the neural mechanisms underlying the improvement. And although we hypothesized that the intervention improved active inhibitory control and attention shift first and then relation integration, it is still unclear whether there are two sequential cognitive neural activities were indeed changed during analogical reasoning. In the present study, we combined hypothesis with multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to explore the effects of the intervention on electrophysiology. Results showed that in the resting state after the intervention, alpha and high gamma power and the functional connectivity between the anterior and middle in the alpha band could discriminate the experimental group from the active control group, respectively. These indicated that the intervention influenced the activity of multiple bands and the interaction of frontal and parietal regions. In the analogical reasoning, alpha, theta, and gamma activities could also fulfill such discrimination, and furthermore, they were sequential (alpha first, theta, and gamma later). These results directly supported our previous hypothesis. The present study deepens our understanding about how executive attention contributes to higher-order cognition.


Assuntos
Cognição , Resolução de Problemas , Adulto Jovem , Humanos , Resolução de Problemas/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Atenção
4.
J Exp Child Psychol ; 213: 105256, 2022 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34384946

RESUMO

Evidence is mixed regarding whether and why bilingual children might be advantaged in the development of executive functions. Five preregistered hypotheses regarding sources of a bilingual advantage were tested with data from 102 Spanish-English bilingual children and 25 English monolingual children who were administered a test of executive attention, the flanker task, at 7, 8, and 9 years of age. Measures of the children's early and concurrent bilingual exposure and their concurrent English and Spanish skill were available from a larger longitudinal study in which these children participated. Tests of the preregistered hypotheses yielded null findings: The bilingual children's executive attention abilities were unrelated to their amount of early exposure to mixed input, to balance in their early dual language exposure, to balance in their concurrent exposure, to their degree of bilingualism, or to their combined Spanish + English vocabulary score. English vocabulary score was a positive significant correlate of executive attention among the bilingual children, but those bilingual children above the group median in English vocabulary did not outperform the monolingual children when the comparison was adjusted for nonverbal IQ. These findings suggest that a language learning ability may explain the association between bilingualism and executive function. Because the best statistical approach to testing for effects on differences is a matter of dispute, all analyses were conducted with both a difference score and a residual gain score as the outcome variable. The central findings, but not all findings, were the same with both approaches.


Assuntos
Multilinguismo , Atenção , Criança , Humanos , Idioma , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Estudos Longitudinais
5.
Epilepsy Behav ; 118: 107900, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33770613

RESUMO

Exercise may be a strategy for improvement of cognitive deficits commonly present in people with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE). We investigated the relationship between cognition and level of physical exercise in leisure (PEL) in people with IGE who have been seizurefree for at least 6 months (IGE-) as compared to those who have not been seizurefree (IGE+) and healthy controls (HCs). We hypothesized that higher level of physical exercise is associated with better cognitive functioning in patients with IGE and HCs, and that seizure control affects both PEL levels and cognitive functioning in patients with IGE. We recruited 75 participants aged 18-65: 31 people with IGE (17 IGE-, 14 IGE+) and 44 HCs. Participants completed assessments of quality of life (SF-36), physical activity levels (Baecke questionnaire and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)) and cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (HVLT), and flanker task). Group differences (HCs vs. IGE; HCs vs. IGE+ vs. IGE-) were assessed. Pearson correlations examined linear relationships between PEL and cognitive performance. Groups were similar in age and sex. Compared to HCs, patients with IGE had higher body mass index, fewer years of education, and consistently scored worse on all measures except flanker task accuracy on incongruent trials. When examining IGE- and IGE+ subgroups, compared to HCs, both had higher body mass index, and fewer years of education. Healthy controls scored significantly better than one or both of the IGE groups on SF-36 scores, PEL levels, IPAQ activity level, MoCA scores, HVLT learning and long-delay free-recall scores, and flanker task accuracy on congruent trials. Among patients with IGE, there were no significant differences between age of epilepsy onset, duration of epilepsy, number of anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) currently being used, or the group distribution of type of IGE. In the combined sample (IGE+, IGE- and HCs), PEL positively correlated with MoCA scores (Pearson's r = 0.238; p = 0.0397) and with flanker task accuracy on congruent trials (Pearson's r = 0.295; p = 0.0132). Overall, patients with IGE performed worse than HCs on cognitive and physical activity measures, but the cognitive impairments were more pronounced for IGE+, while physical exercise levels were less for patients with IGE regardless of seizure control. While positive relationships between leisure-time PEL and cognitive performance are promising, further investigations into how exercise levels interact with cognitive functioning in epilepsy are needed.


Assuntos
Epilepsia , Qualidade de Vida , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Cognição , Exercício Físico , Humanos , Atividades de Lazer , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Convulsões , Autorrelato , Adulto Jovem
6.
J Pers ; 89(4): 774-785, 2021 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33341948

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Effortful control (EC) is the self-regulatory aspect of temperament that is thought to reflect the efficiency of executive attention (EA). Findings on relationship between EC and performance on EA tasks among adults are still contradictory. This study used a computational approach to clarify whether greater self-reported EC reflects better EA. METHODS: Four hundred twenty-seven healthy subjects completed the Adult Temperament Questionnaires and the Attention Network Task-revised, a conflict resolution task that gauges EA as the flanker effect (FE), that is, the difference in performances between incongruent and congruent trials. Here we also employed a drift-diffusion model in which parameters reflecting the actual decisional process (drift rate) and the extra-decisional time are extracted for congruent and incongruent trials. RESULTS: EC was not correlated with the FE computed with the classic approach, but correlated positively with drift rate for the incongruent trials, even when controlling for the drift rate in the congruent condition and the extra-decisional time in the incongruent condition. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates an association between self-reported EC and EA among adults. Specifically, EC is not associated with overall response facilitation but specifically with a greater ability to make goal-oriented decisions when facing conflicting information.


Assuntos
Função Executiva , Temperamento , Adulto , Humanos , Motivação , Tempo de Reação , Inquéritos e Questionários
7.
Dev Sci ; 23(3): e12918, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31680377

RESUMO

Executive Function (EF) and Effortful Control (EC) have traditionally been viewed as distinct constructs related to cognition and temperament during development. More recently, EF and EC have been implicated in top-down self-regulation - the goal-directed control of cognition, emotion, and behavior. We propose that executive attention, a limited-capacity attentional resource subserving goal-directed cognition and behavior, is the common cognitive mechanism underlying the self-regulatory capacities captured by EF and EC. We addressed three related questions: (a) Do behavioral ratings of EF and EC represent the same self-regulation construct? (b) Is this self-regulation construct explained by a common executive attention factor as measured by performance on cognitive tasks? and (c) Does the executive attention factor explain additional variance in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems to behavioral ratings of self-regulation? Measures of performance on complex span, general intelligence, and response inhibition tasks were obtained from 136 preadolescent children (M = 11 years, 10 months, SD = 8 months), along with self- and parent-reported EC, and parent-reported EF, and ADHD problems. Results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that behavioral ratings of EF and EC measured the same self-regulation construct. Cognitive tasks measured a common executive attention factor that significantly explained 30% of the variance in behavioral ratings of self-regulation. Executive attention failed to significantly explain additional variance in ADHD problems beyond that explained by behavioral ratings of self-regulation. These findings raise questions about the utility of task-based cognitive measures in research and clinical assessment of self-regulation and psychopathology in developmental samples.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Atenção/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Criança , Cognição/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Autocontrole , Temperamento/fisiologia
8.
Dev Sci ; 22(2): e12756, 2019 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30257077

RESUMO

Interventions including social scaffolding and metacognitive strategies have been used in educational settings to promote cognition. In addition, increasing evidence shows that computerized process-based training enhances cognitive skills. However, no prior studies have examined the effect of combining these two training strategies. The goal of this study was to test the combined effect of metacognitive scaffolding and computer-based training of executive attention in a sample of typically developing preschoolers at the cognitive and brain levels. Compared to children in the regular training protocol and an untrained active control group, children in the metacognitive group showed larger gains on intelligence and significant increases on an electrophysiological index associated with conflict processing. Moreover, changes in the conflict-related brain activity predicted gains in intelligence in the metacognitive scaffolding group. These results suggest that metacognitive scaffolding boosts the influence of process-based training on cognitive efficiency and brain plasticity related to executive attention.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Metacognição , Encéfalo , Criança , Cognição/fisiologia , Eletrofisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Inteligência , Masculino
9.
Cogn Behav Ther ; 48(4): 311-321, 2019 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30117379

RESUMO

The majority of individuals exposed to trauma do not go on to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); thus, researchers have sought to identify individual difference variables that make one particularly susceptible to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Trait anxiety is one individual difference variable implicated in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Following from cognitive theories of anxiety and extant data, the purpose of the present study was to examine executive attention as a moderator of the relation between trait anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms, particularly hyperarousal symptoms, among undergraduate women reporting trauma exposure (N = 88). As predicted, executive attention moderated the association between trait anxiety and hyperarousal symptoms, such that there was a significantly weaker relation as executive attention increased. Study results further support the potential buffering effect of executive attention in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms, as well as the possible importance of targeting executive attention following trauma exposure.


Assuntos
Ansiedade/psicologia , Nível de Alerta , Atenção , Ferimentos e Lesões/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto Jovem
10.
Learn Behav ; 46(3): 281-293, 2018 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29313237

RESUMO

Executive functions (EF) have been studied extensively in children and adults. However, EF tasks for young children can be difficult to administer and interpret. Espy (1997, Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 495-499) designed the Shape School task to measure inhibition and switching in preschool-aged children. Shape School presents cartoon-like characters that children must flexibly name by their color, their shape, or both, depending on cues that indicate the appropriate rule. Shape School has been found to be age sensitive as well as predictive of performance on other EF tasks. We presented a computerized analogue of Shape School to seven rhesus macaques. Monkeys were trained to categorize characters by color or shape, or to inhibit this response, depending on whether the characters had eyes open, eyes closed, or wore hats. Monkeys performed above chance on the inhibition and switching components of the task. Long runs of a single classification rule and long runs of noninhibition trials had no significant impact on performance when the rule changed or inhibition was required. This nonverbal adaptation of Shape School can measure EF in nonhuman animals and could be used in conjunction with other EF tasks to provide a clearer picture of both human and nonhuman executive functions.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Formação de Conceito/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Animais , Inibição Psicológica , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Estimulação Luminosa
11.
Child Psychiatry Hum Dev ; 49(6): 956-965, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29752662

RESUMO

This is a first study that investigated the relationships between executive attention-as an important aspect of emotion regulation-and state empathy and sympathy in ODD/CD boys with (N = 31) and without (N = 18) comorbid anxiety disorder (7-12 years). Empathic reactions were evoked using three sadness-inducing film clips. One clip was highly evocative involving a bear cub losing his mother, whilst two other clips were mildly evocative involving children in common childhood situations. Self-reports of empathy and sympathy were collected and executive attention was assessed with a performance task. Poor executive attention skills were associated with less empathy and sympathy, particularly in ODD/CD boys with anxiety and under conditions of a highly evocative stimulus. Our findings support the view that different mechanisms may be involved in empathy problems of ODD/CD children.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/psicologia , Atenção/fisiologia , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Empatia/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/complicações , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Transtornos de Deficit da Atenção e do Comportamento Disruptivo/complicações , Criança , Transtorno da Conduta/complicações , Humanos , Masculino
12.
Infant Child Dev ; 27(2)2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29731695

RESUMO

Executive attention, the attention necessary to reconcile conflict among simultaneous attentional demands, is vital to children's daily lives. This attention develops rapidly as the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal areas mature during early and middle childhood. However, the developmental course of executive attention is not uniform amongst children. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the role of individual differences in the development of executive attention by exploring the concurrent and longitudinal contributions to its development at 8 years of age. Executive attention was predicted by concurrent measures of frontal electroencephalography, lab-based performance on a conflict task, and parent report of attention. Longitudinally, 8-year-old executive attention, was significantly predicted by a combination of 4-year old frontal activity, conflict task performance, and parent report of attention focusing, but not with an analogous equation replacing attention focusing with attention shifting. Together, data demonstrate individual differences in executive attention.

13.
Brain Cogn ; 116: 17-28, 2017 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28582665

RESUMO

Despite claims concerning biological mechanisms sub-serving infant attention, little experimental work examines its underpinnings. This study examines how candidate polymorphisms from the cholinergic (CHRNA4 rs1044396) and dopaminergic (COMT rs4680) systems, respectively indicative of parietal and prefrontal/anterior cingulate involvement, are related to 6-month-olds' (n=217) performance during a visual expectation eye-tracking paradigm. As previous studies suggest that both cholinergic and dopaminergic genes may influence susceptibility to the influence of other genetic and environmental factors, we further examined whether these candidate genes interact with one another and/or with early caregiving experience in predicting infants' visual attention. We detected an interaction between CHRNA4 genotype and observed maternal sensitivity upon infants' orienting to random stimuli and a CHRNA4-COMT interaction effect upon infants' orienting to patterned stimuli. Consistent with adult research, we observed a direct effect of COMT genotype on anticipatory looking to patterned stimuli. Findings suggest that CHRNA4 genotype may influence susceptibility to other attention-related factors in infancy. These interactions may account for the inability to establish a link between CHRNA4 and orienting in infant research to date, despite developmental theorizing suggesting otherwise. Moreover, findings suggest that by 6months, dopamine, and relatedly, the prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate, may be important to infant attention.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Interação Gene-Ambiente , Comportamento Materno/fisiologia , Orientação Espacial/fisiologia , Receptores Nicotínicos/genética , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino
14.
J Pediatr Psychol ; 42(8): 837-845, 2017 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28340050

RESUMO

Objective: Executive attention is impaired following sleep loss in school-aged children, adolescents, and adults. Whether naps improve attention relative to nap deprivation in preschool-aged children is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare executive attention in preschool children following a nap and an interval of wake. Method: Sixty-nine children, 35-70 months of age, completed a Flanker task to assess executive attention following a nap and an equivalent interval of wake. Results: Overall, accuracy was greater after the nap compared with the wake interval. Reaction time(s) did not differ between the nap and wake intervals. Results did not differ between children who napped consistently and those who napped inconsistently, suggesting that naps benefit executive attention of preschoolers regardless of nap habituality. Conclusions: These results indicate that naps enhance attention in preschool children. As executive attention supports executive functioning and learning, nap promotion may improve early education outcomes.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Sono , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
15.
Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback ; 41(2): 157-64, 2016 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26683198

RESUMO

The electrophysiological changes after a single session of neurofeedback training (↑SMR/↓Theta) and its effects on executive attention during a dichotic listening test with forced attentional procedures were measured in a sample of 20 healthy women. A pre-post moment test double blind design, with the inclusion of a group receiving sham neurofeedback, allowed for minimization of alien influences. The interaction of Moment × Group was significant, indicating an enhancement of SMR band after the real neurofeedback. The dichotic listening scores were correlated with the amplitude of Beta band in baseline conditions. The performance on the forced left attentional condition in dichotic listening was significantly improved and correlated positively with the post-training enhancement of the SMR band. The sham neurofeedback group also improved DL scores, so a clear affirmation about the benefits of neurofeedback training over cognitive performance could not be unambiguously established. It is concluded that the protocol showed a good independence and acceptable trainability in modifying the EEG results, but there was limited interpretability regarding cognitive outcomes.


Assuntos
Método Duplo-Cego , Neurorretroalimentação , Atenção , Testes com Listas de Dissílabos , Eletroencefalografia , Humanos
16.
Psychol Med ; 45(12): 2633-46, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26234806

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Research with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders). METHOD: We examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting. RESULTS: Findings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Atenção , Comportamento Infantil/fisiologia , Função Executiva , Análise de Variância , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Brasil , Criança , Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Psicologia da Criança
17.
Neurocase ; 21(4): 413-7, 2015.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24814960

RESUMO

Prior research on developmental dyslexia using Stroop tasks with young participants has found increased interference in participants with dyslexia relative to controls. Here we extend these findings to adult participants, and introduce a novel test of Stroop incongruity, whereby the color names appeared on an object colored in the incongruent color. The results imply that impaired inhibitory and executive attentional mechanisms are still deficient in adults with dyslexia and that other forms of attentional mechanisms, such as object-based attention, might also be impaired in dyslexia. Dyslexia arises not only from deficits in phonological processing, but from attentional mechanisms as well.


Assuntos
Dislexia/diagnóstico , Dislexia/psicologia , Teste de Stroop , Adulto , Atenção , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Desempenho Psicomotor , Tempo de Reação , Percepção Visual , Adulto Jovem
18.
Brain Cogn ; 100: 49-59, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26473554

RESUMO

The amplitudes of the N2 and P3 components of event-related potentials (ERPs) may be influenced by personality traits such as impulsivity, and male/female differences may also have an effect. However, few studies have assessed the interaction between personality traits and the sex of the subject in these components. Therefore, in this study we evaluated sex differences in the amplitudes of the N2 and P3 ERP components during a continuous performance task, and their relation to impulse control. Twenty-seven healthy participants were asked to perform an AX-type continuous performance task, also known as a Go/Nogo task, during electroencephalographic recording. Participants then completed the Barratt impulsiveness scale (version 11; BIS-11), and the effortful control (EC) scale to self-report personality measures related to impulse control. We found that in the Nogo condition, males showed significantly larger N2 amplitudes than females in the frontal area. Interestingly, Nogo-N2 amplitudes were positively correlated with BIS-attentional subscale scores, but were negatively correlated with EC-attentional subscale scores, and both correlations were observed only in males. These results suggest that attentional aspects of impulse control modulate Nogo-N2 amplitude only in males. This modulatory effect may be related to a sex-specific inhibitory control mechanism acting during early stimulus evaluation.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Potenciais Evocados/fisiologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/fisiologia , Inibição Psicológica , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Caracteres Sexuais , Eletroencefalografia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Adulto Jovem
19.
J Exp Child Psychol ; 139: 83-98, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26094240

RESUMO

Attention allocation, updating working memory, and language processing are interdependent cognitive tasks related to the focused direction of limited resources, refreshing and substituting information in the current focus of attention, and receiving/sending verbal communication, respectively. The current study systematically examined the relationship among executive attention, working memory executive skills, and language abilities while adjusting for individual differences in short-term memory. School-age children completed a selective attention task requiring them to recall whether a presented shape was in the same place as a previous target shape shown in an array imposing a low or high working memory load. Results revealed a selective attention cost when working above but not within memory span capacity. Measures of general working memory were positively related to overall task performance, whereas language abilities were related to response time. In particular, higher language skills were associated with faster responses under low load conditions. These findings suggest that attentional control and storage demands have an additive impact on working memory resources but provide only limited evidence for a domain-general mechanism in language learning.


Assuntos
Atenção/fisiologia , Idioma , Memória de Curto Prazo/fisiologia , Criança , Cognição/fisiologia , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Masculino , Rememoração Mental/fisiologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia
20.
Hum Brain Mapp ; 35(3): 954-63, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23307487

RESUMO

Using functional neuroimaging techniques two aspects of functional integration in the human brain have been investigated, functional connectivity and effective connectivity. In this study we examined both connectivity types in parallel within an executive attention network during rest and while performing an attention task. We analyzed the predictive value of resting-state functional connectivity on task-induced effective connectivity in patients with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy elderly. We found that in healthy elderly, functional connectivity was a significant predictor for effective connectivity, however, it was frequency-specific. Effective top-down connectivity emerging from prefrontal areas was related with higher frequencies of functional connectivity (e.g., 0.08-0.15 Hz), in contrast to effective bottom-up connectivity going to prefrontal areas, which was related to lower frequencies of functional connectivity (e.g., 0.001-0.03 Hz). In patients, the prediction of effective connectivity by functional connectivity was disturbed. We conclude that functional connectivity and effective connectivity are interrelated in healthy brains but this relationship is aberrant in very early AD.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Conectoma/métodos , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Idoso , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Antígenos Virais , Atenção/fisiologia , Conectoma/instrumentação , Progressão da Doença , Função Executiva/fisiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sintomas Prodrômicos , Prognóstico , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Descanso/fisiologia
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