Ultrasound-assisted annealing treatment to improve physicochemical and digestive properties of banana flour.

BACKGROUND: Banana flour can provide a solution to people with gluten intolerance, as it is gluten-free. Native banana flour may have limited functionality in certain applications. In this study, banana flour was modified by ultrasonic (US) and annealing (ANN) treatments at four incubation time spans, namely 12, 24, 36 and 72 h, separately or combined sequentially (US-ANN) to enhance the physicochemical and digestive properties. RESULTS: US led to exposed granular surfaces and damaged non-starch components. Both treatments, at extended incubation time, increased crystallinity, resulting in a narrower starch gelatinization temperature range. The swelling power was significantly lower for ANN and US-ANN compared to US alone, providing a delay of gelatinization temperature. However, none of the treatments affected the gelatinization enthalpy. Furthermore, US increased peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and setback whereas the opposite results were obtained for ANN and US-ANN. Additionally, US prior to ANN significantly increased the resistant starch (RS) content for annealing times over 24 h, especially for the US-ANN treatment for 72 h, which provided the highest RS content (49.3%) compared to ANN treatment for 72 h (44.0%) and native flour (36.3%). CONCLUSIONS: US prior to ANN treatment offers an alternative method to improve the functional and digestive properties of banana flour, extending the range of applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The microstructure and property of Al-Si alloy improved by the Sc-microalloying and Y2O3 nano-particles.

The effect of Sc-microalloying and Y2O3 nano-particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Al-5.5Si alloy is studied by means of optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, hardness test and tensile test. The influence of annealing treatment on the microstructure and properties of the Al-Si alloys is also investigated as well. The results show that the addition of Sc and Y2O3 nano-particles could significantly improve the mechanical property of the Al-Si alloy. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of Al-Si-Sc/Y2O3 alloy are improved by around 45 and 71%, respectively, when compared to that of the Al-Si alloy. The effect of the nanosized particles (precipitated and added) on strengthening and deformation of Al-Si alloy is analyzed and discussed in detail. The results of annealing treatment indicate that the change in mechanical property of the Al-Si-Sc alloy during annealing treatment is mainly associated with the precipitation of the secondary Si phase.

Effect of Co and Gd Additions on Microstructures and Properties of FeSiBAlNi High Entropy Alloys.

FeSiBAlNi (W5), FeSiBAlNiCo (W6-Co), and FeSiBAlNiGd (W6-Gd) high entropy alloys (HEAs) were prepared using a copper-mold casting method. Effects of Co and Gd additions combined with subsequent annealing on microstructures and magnetism were investigated. The as-cast W5 consists of BCC solid solution and FeSi-rich phase. The Gd addition induces the formation of body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) solid solutions for W6-Gd HEAs. Whereas, the as-cast W6-Co is composed of the FeSi-rich phase. During annealing, no new phases arise in the W6-Co HEA, indicating a good phase stability. The as-cast W5 has the highest hardness (1210 HV), which is mainly attributed to the strengthening effect of FeSi-rich phase evenly distributed in the solid solution matrix. The tested FeSiBAlNi-based HEAs possess soft magnetism. The saturated magnetization and remanence ratio of W6-Gd are distinctly enhanced from 10.93 emu/g to 62.78 emu/g and from 1.44% to 15.50% after the annealing treatment, respectively. The good magnetism of the as-annealed W6-Gd can be ascribed to the formation of Gd-oxides.

A Facile Strategy for the Preparation of N-Doped TiO2 with Oxygen Vacancy via the Annealing Treatment with Urea.

Although titanium dioxide (TiO2) has a wide range of potential applications, the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 is limited by both its limited photoresponse range and fast recombination of the photogenerated charge carriers. In this work, the preparation of nitrogen (N)-doped TiO2 accompanied by the introduction of oxygen vacancy (Vo) has been achieved via a facile annealing treatment with urea as the N source. During the annealing treatment, the presence of urea not only realizes the N-doping of TiO2 but also creates Vo in N-doped TiO2 (N-TiO2), which is also suitable for commercial TiO2 (P25). Unexpectedly, the annealing treatment-induced decrease in the specific surface area of N-TiO2 is inhibited by the N-doping and, thus, more active sites are maintained. Therefore, both the N-doping and formation of Vo as well as the increased active sites contribute to the excellent photocatalytic performance of N-TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Our work offers a facile strategy for the preparation of N-TiO2 with Vo via the annealing treatment with urea.

Microstructural and Textural Evolution of Cold-Drawn Mg-Gd Wires during Annealing Treatment.

In addition to cold drawing, the process of annealing is also essential in the preparation of Mg-4.7 wt%Gd (G4.7) alloy wires. The effect of annealing treatment on the recrystallized microstructure and texture of cold-drawn G4.7 wires was investigated. The results demonstrate that the uniformity and regularity of the recrystallized grains, as well as the annealing texture, impact the follow-up cold drawing performance. When the as-drawn G4.7 wires were annealed at 375 °C, the recrystallized grains were refined, accompanied by uniformity and regularity. Accordingly, the G4.7 wire had a good subsequent drawing deformability, with a maximum accumulative true strain (ATS) of 144%. Additionally, the evolution of the microstructure was consistent with the evolution of the texture. While annealing at a lower temperature (325 °C), the {0002} basal texture of the G4.7 wire was weak, forming the main texture component <101¯0>//DD (the drawing direction). With the increase in temperature, the basal texture was gradually strengthened and the texture component transformed from <101¯0>//DD to a recrystallized texture based on <112¯0>//DD. Even under high-temperature annealing, the G4.7 wire was still affected by the cold-drawn deformation texture and could not fully recover to the as-extruded texture, thus causing a decrease in the subsequent drawing performance.

Microstructure and Friction Properties of AlCrTiVNbx High-Entropy Alloys via Annealing Manufactured by Vacuum Arc Melting.

To enhance the friction and wear properties of alloys, AlCrTiVNbx high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with various Nb contents were prepared using the arc melting technique and then annealed at 1000 °C for 2 h. The microstructure and hardness changes in the AlCrTiVNbx (x = 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) HEAs after casting and annealing were studied via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy and the Vickers hardness test. The MFT-EC400 ball disc reciprocating friction and wear tester was used to investigate the wear resistance of the HEAs before and after annealing. The results show that the annealed AlCrTiVNbx HEAs changed from a single-phase structure to a multi-phase structure, and the content of the face-center cubic (FCC) phase and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase further increases with the increase in Nb content. The hardness value of the annealed HEAs is greatly enhanced compared with the casting state, and the hardness of the Nb0.5 HEA is increased from 543 HV to 725 HV after annealing. The wear resistance of the alloys after the annealing treatment is also greatly improved, among which Nb0.5 has the best wear resistance. The average friction coefficient of Nb0.5 is 0.154 and the wear rate is 2.117 × 10-5 mm3/(N·m). We believe that the precipitation strengthening after the annealing treatment and the lubrication effect of the FCC phase are the reasons for the significant improvement in wear resistance. The morphology of the samples indicates that the wear mechanism of the alloy includes adhesive wear, abrasive wear and a certain degree of oxidation wear.

Grain Manipulation by Annealing Treatment Realizes High-Performance N-Type Bi2Te2.4Se0.6 Thermoelectric Material and Device.

Bi2Te3-based materials play a crucial role in solid cooling and power generation, but the rapidly deteriorated ZT with rising temperatures above 450 K severely limits further applications. Here, this paper reports a novel preparation method of annealing treatment for molten ingot, which can enhance the thermoelectric performance of n-type Bi2Te2.4Se0.6 in a wide temperature range. Instead of conventional halides, copper is adopted to regulate the carrier concentration and grain size to optimal levels. During the process of annealing at 573 K for 4 h, the number of twins significantly increases and the grains of Cu-doped samples become larger and more oriented. These optimizations lead to higher carrier mobility with similar carrier concentration compared with the sample without heat treatment. The synergistic effects of Cu doping and annealing treatment realize a high average ZT of 0.89 within 300-600 K in n-type Cu0.02Bi2Te2.4Se0.6. Combined with p-type (Bi,Sb)2Te3, the fabricated thermoelectric device exhibits a high conversion efficiency of 6.9% at a temperature difference of 300 K. This study suggests that annealing treatment is a simple and effective scheme to promote the applications of n-type Bi2(Te,Se)3 in a wide temperature range.

Research on the Cold Rolling Process, Microstructure and Properties of 305 Austenitic Stainless Steel Thin Strips.

Austenitic stainless steel has high toughness and plasticity; however, it tends to exhibit low yield strength, which severely limits the widespread application of this steel. It can be strengthened by cold working; however, this will cause many defects in the structure. Therefore, annealing treatment must be carried out before use. In this paper, the effects of annealing treatment at different temperatures and times on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-rolled 305 stainless steel sheet were studied and the theoretical mechanism was further analyzed to provide better theoretical guidance for production and application. It was found that the microstructure grains obtained by annealing at 850 °C for 30 s were finer and more uniform, and the mechanical properties were also the best, which met the requirements of strong plasticity. Therefore, the rolling and annealing experiments could be carried out again under this annealing condition, and the requirements of the finished product could be finally obtained. At this time, the thickness of the plate was about 0.15 mm, the yield strength was 1238 MPa, and the permeability was below 1.02, which met the production requirements of the metal mask plate.

Effect of annealing treatment on the physicochemical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of different types of starch.

Annealing treatment on the physicochemical properties and hydrolysis of maize, potato and pea starch were investigated in present study. Results indicated that annealing treatment did not change the morphology of the starch. However, the relative crystallinity of maize and potato starch showed a peak trend as the annealing time extended, while pea starch showed a lower relative crystallinity. Besides, all the annealed starch showed a decrease in peak viscosity and an increase in pasting time. Little difference in the rapidly digestive starch (RDS) and resistant starch (RS) contents of annealed maize starch and pea starch were observed after annealing, while annealed potato starch (72 h) showed an increased RS content (23.37 ± 5.36 %) and a decreased RDS content (52.60 ± 6.14 %), respectively. The obtained results may provide a better understanding of the physicochemical properties and enzymatic hydrolysis of annealed starch with different semi crystalline type.

Optoelectrical Properties of Hexamine Doped-Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite under Different Grain-Shape Crystallinity.

The crystallinity properties of perovskite influence their optoelectrical performance in solar cell applications. We optimized the grain shape and crystallinity of perovskite film by annealing treatment from 130 to 170 °C under high humidity (relative humidity of 70%). We found that the grain size, grain interface, and grain morphology of the perovskite are optimized when the sample was annealed at 150 °C for 1 h in the air. At this condition, the perovskite film is composed of 250 nm crystalline shape grain and compact inter-grain structure with an invincible grain interface. Perovskite solar cells device analysis indicated that the device fabricated using the samples annealed at 150 °C produced the highest power conversion efficiency, namely 17.77%. The open circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) of the device are as high as 1.05 V, 22.27 mA/cm2, and 0.76, respectively. Optoelectrical dynamic analysis using transient photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies reveals that (i) carrier lifetime in the champion device can be up to 25 ns, which is almost double the carrier lifetime of the sample annealed at 130 °C. (ii) The interfacial charge transfer resistance is low in the champion device, i.e., ~20 Ω, which has a crystalline grain morphology, enabling active photocurrent extraction. Perovskite's behavior under annealing treatment in high humidity conditions can be a guide for the industrialization of perovskite solar cells.

Effects of Debranching Conditions and Annealing Treatment on the Formation of Starch Nanoparticles and Their Physicochemical Characteristics.

Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) have unique attributes that make them suitable for specific applications. In this study, we assessed the optimum conditions for the fabrication of SNPs from the rice starches of low- (TCSG2) and medium-amylose rice lines (TK11) using pullulanase debranching combined with annealing treatment and evaluated their physicochemical and digestion properties. The highest crystalline SNP percent recoveries of 15.1 and 11.7% were obtained from TK11 and TCSG2, respectively, under the following debranching conditions: 540-630 NPUN/g, pH 5.0, 60 °C, and 12 h. The percent recovery of the crystalline SNPs by the combined modification of the debranching and the annealing treatment with an extended annealing incubation prepared from TK11 and TCSG2 was significantly increased to 25.7 and 23.8%, respectively. The modified starches from TK11 had better percent recovery of the crystalline SNPs than those from TCSG2. They exhibited a higher weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and a broader/bimodal molecular weight distribution with a higher polydispersity (PDI) (Mw = 92.76-92.69 kDa; PDI = 4.4) than those from TCSG2 (Mw = 7.13-7.15 kDa; PDI = 1.7). Compared to the native counterparts, the color analyses showed that the modified starches from TK11 and TCSG2 exhibited decreased brightness (L*)/whiteness index (WI) values with marked color difference values (∆E) ranging between 6.32 and 9.39 and 10.67 and 11.32, respectively, presumably due to the protein corona formed on the surface of SNPs which induced the browning reaction during the treatments. The pasting properties revealed that the modified starches displayed restricted swelling power with extremely low pasting viscosities, reflecting that they were highly thermally stable. The modified starches, especially those treated with an extended annealing incubation, exhibited marked decreases in the rate and extent of digestion and estimated glycemic index due to the honeycomb-like agglomerates comprising an assembly of densely packed SNPs. The results could provide helpful information for the preparation and characterization of the crystalline SNPs for potential applications such as emulsion stabilizers for Pickering emulsion and health-promoting ingredients.

Improvement in Switching Characteristics and Bias Stability of Solution-Processed Zinc-Tin Oxide Thin Film Transistors via Simple Low-Pressure Thermal Annealing Treatment.

In this study, we used a low-pressure thermal annealing (LPTA) treatment to improve the switching characteristics and bias stability of zinc-tin oxide (ZTO) thin film transistors (TFTs). For this, we first fabricated the TFT and then applied the LPTA treatment at temperatures of 80 °C and 140 °C. The LPTA treatment reduced the number of defects in the bulk and interface of the ZTO TFTs. In addition, the changes in the water contact angle on the ZTO TFT surface indicated that the LPTA treatment reduced the surface defects. Hydrophobicity suppressed the off-current and instability under negative bias stress because of the limited absorption of moisture on the oxide surface. Moreover, the ratio of metal-oxygen bonds increased, while the ratio of oxygen-hydrogen bonds decreased. The reduced action of hydrogen as a shallow donor induced improvements in the on/off ratio (from 5.5 × 103 to 1.1 × 107) and subthreshold swing (8.63 to V·dec-1 and 0.73 V·dec-1), producing ZTO TFTs with excellent switching characteristics. In addition, device-to-device uniformity was significantly improved because of the reduced defects in the LPTA-treated ZTO TFTs.

Thickness, Annealing, and Surface Roughness Effect on Magnetic and Significant Properties of Co40Fe40B10Dy10 Thin Films.

In this study, Co40Fe40B10Dy10 thin films were deposited using a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering technique. The films were deposited on glass substrates with thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nm, and heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace at 100, 200, and 300 °C. Various instruments were used to examine and analyze the effects of roughness on the magnetic, adhesive, and mechanical properties. From the low frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) results, the optimum resonance frequency is 50 Hz, and the maximum χac value tends to increase with the increase in the thicknesses and annealing temperatures. The maximum χac value is 0.18 at a film thickness of 50 nm and an annealing temperature of 300 °C. From the four-point probe, it is found that the resistivity and sheet resistance values decrease with the increase in film deposition thicknesses and higher annealing temperatures. From the magnetic force microscopy (MFM), the stripe-like magnetic domain distribution is more obvious with the increase in annealing temperature. According to the contact angle data, at the same annealing temperature, the contact angle decreases as the thickness increases due to changes in surface morphology. The maximal surface energy value at 300 °C is 34.71 mJ/mm2. The transmittance decreases with increasing film thickness, while the absorption intensity is inversely proportional to the transmittance, implying that the thickness effect suppresses the photon signal. Smoother roughness has less domain pinning, more carrier conductivity, and less light scattering, resulting in superior magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical performance.

Copper Nanocomposites In Situ Formed from Metallic Glasses for an Efficient Catalytic Performance.

Metallic glasses (MGs) with the unique long-range disordered and short-range ordered atomic structure have attracted extensive attention in the field of environmental catalysis due to their advanced catalytic capability. Herein, CuZr-based MGs are first proven to exhibit superior catalytic performance toward the degradation of organic pollutants compared to the annealed ribbons with different crystal structures; many Cu nanocomposites are gradually in situ precipitated on the surface of the ribbons. The enhanced catalytic behavior is mainly attributed to the random atomic packing structure accelerating electron transport and providing sufficient active sites. On the other hand, the active species, for example, ·OH, ·O2-, and Cu(III), are generated through an activation reaction between Cu/Cu2O nanocomposites and H2O2 molecules for the catalytic degradation process. Additionally, further investigation indicated that CuZr-based MGs also present superior stability and durability along with an approximate 96% degradation efficiency within 10 min at the 10th run. This research can successfully explain why MGs have a little higher catalytic reactivity than their crystalline counterparts, and more importantly, it will provide a new strategy for the preparation of catalytic materials for wastewater treatment.

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Electrical Properties of ZTO Thin-Film Transistors.

A high-performance ZnSnO (ZTO) thin-film transistor (TFT) was fabricated, with ZTO deposited by rf magnetron sputtering. XPS was used to analyze and study the effects of different annealing temperatures on the element composition and valence state of ZTO films. Then, the influence mechanism of annealing treatment on the electrical properties of ZTO thin films was analyzed. The results show that, with an increase in annealing temperature, the amount of metal bonding with oxygen increases first and then decreases, while the oxygen vacancy decreases first and then increases. Further analysis on the ratio of Sn2+ is presented. Electrical results show that the TFT annealed at 600 °C exhibits the best performance. It exhibits high saturation mobilities (µSAT) up to 12.64 cm2V-1s-1, a threshold voltage (VTH) of -6.61 V, a large on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 1.87 × 109, and an excellent subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.79 V/Decade.

3D Porous MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Prepared by Alkaline-Induced Flocculation for Supercapacitor Electrodes.

2D layered MXene (Ti3C2Tx) with high conductivity and pseudo-capacitance properties presents great application potential with regard to electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, the self-restacking and agglomeration phenomenon between Ti3C2Tx layers retards ion transfer and limits electrochemical performance improvement. In this study, a 3D porous structure of Ti3C2Tx was obtained by adding alkali to a Ti3C2Tx colloid, which was followed by flocculation. Alkaline-induced flocculation is simple and effective, can be completed within minutes, and provides 3D porous networks. As 3D porous network structures present larger surface areas and more active sites, ions transfer accelerates, which is crucial with regard to the improvement of the superior capacitance and rate performance of electrodes. The sample processed with KOH (K-a-Ti3C2Tx) exhibited a high capacity of approximately 300.2 F g-1 at the current density of 1 A g-1. The capacitance of the samples treated with NaOH and LiOH is low. In addition, annealing is essential to further improve the capacitive performance of Ti3C2Tx. After annealing at 400 °C for 2 h in a vacuum tube furnace, the sample treated with KOH (K-A-Ti3C2Tx) exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of approximately 400.7 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1, which is considerably higher than that of pristine Ti3C2Tx (228.2 F g-1). Furthermore, after 5000 charge-discharge cycles, the capacitance retention rate reached 89%. This result can be attributed to annealing, which can further remove unfavourable surface groups, such as -F or -Cl, and then improve conductivity capacitance and rate performance. This study can provide an effective approach to the preparation of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.

Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Polyether-Ether-Ketone Nanocomposites and Analysis of the Mechanical and Electrical Conductivity Performance.

High-performance polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is highly desirable for a plethora of engineering applications. The incorporation of conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into PEEK can impart electrical conductivity to the otherwise non-conductive matrix, which can further expand the application realm for PEEK composites. However, a number of physical properties, which are central to the functionalities of the composite, are affected by the complex interplay of the crystallinity and presence of the nanofillers, such as CNTs. It is therefore of paramount importance to conduct an in-depth investigation to identify the process that optimizes the mechanical and electrical performance. In this work, PEEK/CNTs composites with different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) content ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 wt% are prepared by a parallel twin-screw extruder. The effects of CNTs content and annealing treatment on the crystallization behavior, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the PEEK/CNTs composites are investigated in detail. A non-isothermal crystallization kinetics test reveals a substantial loss in the composites' crystallinity with the increased CNTs content. On the other hand, mechanical tests show that with 5.0 wt% CNTs content, the tensile strength reaches a maximum at 118.2 MPa, which amounts to a rise of 30.3% compared with the neat PEEK sample after annealing treatment. However, additional annealing treatment decreases the electrical conductivity as well as EMI shielding performance. Such a decrease is mainly attributed to the relatively small crystal size of PEEK, which excludes the conductive fillers to the boundaries and disrupts the otherwise conductive networks.

Effects of Double-Stage Annealing Parameters on Tensile Mechanical Properties of Initial Aging Deformed GH4169 Superalloy.

This study takes large size samples after hot-upsetting as research objects and aims to investigate the optimization double-stage annealing parameters for improving the mechanical properties of hot-upsetting samples. The double-stage annealing treatments and uniaxial tensile tests for hot-upsetting GH4169 superalloy were finished firstly. Then, the fracture mode was also studied. The results show that the strength of hot-upsetting GH4169 superalloy can be improved by the double-stage annealing treatment, but the effect of annealing parameters on the elongation of GH4169 alloy at high temperature and room temperature is not significant. The fracture mode of annealed samples at high-temperature and room-temperature tensile tests is a mixture of shear fracture and quasi-cleavage fracture while that of hot-upsetting sample is a shear fracture. The macroscopic expressions for the two fracture modes belong to ductile fracture. Moreover, it is also found that the improvement of strength by the double-stage annealing treatment is greater than the single-stage annealing treatment. This is because the homogeneity of grains plays an important role in the improvement of strength for GH4169 superalloy when the average grain size is similar. Based on a comprehensive consideration, the optimal annealing route is determined as 900 °C × 9-12 h(water cooling) + 980 °C × 60 min(water cooling).

Influence of Intermediate Annealing Treatment on the Kinetics of Bainitic Transformation in X37CrMoV5-1 Steel.

Intermediate annealing treatment (IAT) is a new process that accelerates the bainitic transformation in steels. This stimulation is crucial, especially in the prolonged production of nanobainitic steels. Among other recognised methods, it seems to be an effective and economical process. However, there are very few research works in this area. The objective of this study was to collate microstructural changes caused by IAT with differences in the kinetics of the subsequent bainitic transformation in the X37CrMoV5-1 tool steel. Differential dilatometry, LM and SEM microscopic observations, EDS and XRD analysis, and computer simulations were used to investigate the effect of IAT on the kinetics of bainitic transformation. The study has revealed that introducing an additional isothermal heating stage immediately after austenitising significantly affects the kinetics of bainitic transformation-it can accelerate or suppress it. The type and strength of the effect depends on the concentration, distribution, and morphology of the precipitations that occurred during IAT.

Annealing treatment of amylose and amylopectin extracted from rice starch.

Annealing behavior of amylose and amylopectin was unclear. In this work, high purity amylose and amylopectin were extracted from rice starch, and structural properties of the retrograded rice starch, amylose, and amylopectin before and after annealing treatment were explored. It was found that the purity of the amylose and amylopectin was 95.64% ±â€¯2.69% and 94.98% ±â€¯0.97%, respectively. Their molecular weight was (2.93 ±â€¯0.21) × 106 Da and (5.90 ±â€¯0.13) × 107 Da, respectively. Besides, the relative crystallinities and ratios of 1047 cm-1/1022 cm-1 of the retrograded rice starch and amylose were significantly increased by annealing treatment, while that of retrograded amylopectin did not change. These results clarified that amylose was more sensitive to annealing treatment than amylopectin, and amylose was more responsible for annealing of starch than amylopectin. The findings contributed to a better understanding of the annealing behavior of starch.