Gene-environment transactions between peer cigarette use, parental supervision, and Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation.

INTRODUCTION: The initiation and continued use of tobacco products constitute an ongoing source of preventable disease that continues to pose a significant risk to global adolescent health. Scarce research has sought to explore the influences of two well-known environmental risk factors, parental supervision and peer cigarette use, on genetic and environmental contributions to adolescent cigarette use, especially in non-Western populations. METHODS: Following 602 Chinese twin pairs (52% female, N = 1204) from early to middle adolescence at two-time points (Mage = 12 and 15) from 2006 to 2009 and using multivariate biometric modeling, this study examined gene-environment interplay (i.e., gene-environment correlation and interaction) between perceived parental supervision, peer cigarette use, and adolescent cigarette smoking initiation. RESULTS: From early to middle adolescence, genetic influences on cigarette smoking initiation became more pronounced, whereas shared environmental influences that promote similarity between family members diminished. Genetic factors primarily explained the links between parental supervision and cigarette smoking initiation in mid-adolescence. Peer cigarette use displayed stronger associations with and moderating potential in adolescent cigarette smoking initiation than parental supervision. High levels of peer cigarette use amplified genetic risk for cigarette smoking initiation in mid-adolescence. CONCLUSIONS: Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation involves dynamic gene-environment transactions primarily with peer processes over development. Mid-adolescence constitutes a developmental period wherein underlying genetic risk for cigarette smoking initiation is particularly sensitive to peer influences. Targeted interventions aimed at reducing Chinese adolescent cigarette smoking initiation should focus on peer processes during this developmental period.

Unequal childhoods in China: Parental education and children's time use.

Drawing on Lareau's binary conceptualization of parenting as concerted cultivation and accomplishment of natural growth, we examine how parental background determines the degree to which the two parenting practices are realized in China. To do so, we examine how parental education shapes children's weekly time use patterns on planned activities (academic and nonacademic) and unplanned activities. Using multi-level mixed-effects linear models based on the 2014 China Education Panel Survey, we find that parental education is positively associated with concerted cultivation, with children spending more hours on both planned academic and nonacademic activities, and negatively associated with accomplishment of natural growth, with children spending more hours on unplanned activities. The link between parental education and children's time use patterns is partly explained by parents' educational expectations for their children, parental supervision, parental support, and economic investments on education.

Risk factors of in-home unintentional injuries among 0-6-year-old children in Changsha city of China: a cross-sectional survey based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory.

BACKGROUND: In-home unintentional injuries (IUIs) seriously threatened children's safety. Three factors, including risky behaviors, parental supervision, and home environmental risks, have been identified as major causes for IUIs. Studies considering the interrelations between the three were limited and no relative studies has been carried out among Chinese children. The purpose of this study is to fully explore the influences of behavioral, supervisory and environmental risk factors on IUIs and their associations among Chinese children on the bases of our self-developed scales. METHODS: Through stratified cluster sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with 798 parents of children aged 0 ~ 6 years in Changsha, China. Social demographics and IUIs history in the past year were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Three IUI-related scales, which had been developed and validated by our team, aimed to measure risks from children behavior, parental supervision and in-home environment. Structural equation models were constructed to analyze the relationship of these factors and their influences on IUIs using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 22.0. RESULTS: Seven hundred ninety-eight parents were surveyed in total, and 33.58% of them reported with IUIs history of their children. X2/df, goodness-of-fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) and the root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) for the model of the whole children were 4.832, 0.879, 0.856 and 0.069 respectively, indicating an acceptable level of model fit. Direct influences were discovered between risky behaviors and children's IUIs. Home environmental risks indirectly exerted impacts on IUIs by the mediating effect of risky behaviors, while the significant effect of parental supervision only existed in children aged 4-6 and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Risky behaviors played a mediating role in IUIs among children. Supervision and environmental risks affected IUIs indirectly by the exposure to risky behaviors. Parental supervision may not be able to offset the risks posed by the environmental and behavioral factors, so effective IUIs prevention strategies should focus on behavioral and environmental interventions, with appropriate supervision strategies based on the age and sex characteristics of the child.

Comparison of compliance with care procedures performed by orthokeratology wearers and their parents and factors affecting compliance.

PURPOSE: To compare the levels of compliance with care routines of orthokeratology (ortho-k) wearers and their parents and to identify factors affecting compliance in a hospital setting in Chengdu, China. METHODS: Patients who had worn ortho-k lenses for at least one month were invited to participate in a survey on compliance. Wearers or their parents were required to complete a questionnaire to determine their compliance with hand hygiene, ortho-k lenses and accessory care procedures. RESULTS: A total of 200 wearers, 78 male wearers and 122 female wearers, median age 12 (range 8-18) years were enrolled. Except for use of lens solution, the percentage of participants reporting total compliance with all procedures did not differ significantly between lens wearers and their parents. However, compliance for some items was significantly higher when performed by parents p < 0.001-0.01). 'Eye care practitioner provided instructions' was a significant protective factor for most procedures (p < 0.001-0.04). Age and sex were significant risk factors for some items (p < 0.001-0.04; p = 0.03-0.04, respectively), with girls having higher compliance than boys. 'Parental supervision' was a significant protective factor for some items (p = 0.02-0.04) when wearers performed the procedures themselves. When parents performed lens care procedures, only 'eye care practitioner provided instructions' was a significant variable (p = 0.001-0.04). CONCLUSION: Some degree of non-compliance was noted in the majority of ortho-k wearers, particularly for the care of the lens case and suction holder. Compliance with care of some items was higher when performed by parents. Regular reinforcement of care procedures by practitioners is important, especially for older and male lens wearers. Parental supervision is necessary when children perform lens care procedures themselves, even for older wearers.

The nexus between gender, parental supervision, and opioid misuse among justice-involved adolescents.

Justice-involved adolescents (JIA) are at higher risk for opioid misuse (OM) and opioid-related overdose than nonoffending adolescents. Untreated OM can lead to severe consequences (e.g., trauma), which may be harsher for female JIA. Therefore, examining risk and protective factors, such as parental supervision, is essential to identify factors that may impact OM. The current study used a statewide, cross-sectional dataset including 79,960 JIA from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice. Stratified logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results indicated that JIA who experienced sporadic or inadequate supervision had 2.14 and 3.54 higher odds, respectively, of misusing opioids compared to JIA who experienced consistent supervision. Female JIA who experienced sporadic or inadequate supervision had 2.23 and 3.70 higher odds, respectively, of misusing opioids. Results suggest parental supervision is an important protective factor that should be considered in developing prevention and treatment efforts that serve JIA who misuse opioids, especially females.

Association of screen time with parent-reported cognitive delay in preschool children of Kerala, India.

BACKGROUND: Screen use is increasing rapidly among preschool children and excess screen use in these children has been associated with cognitive side effects and speech delay. We undertook this study to estimate the risk associated with screen time in children, parental supervision, and parent-reported cognitive development among preschool children aged 2-5 years. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done between July 2019 and January 2020 involving parents of all students aged 2-5 years, attending 2 kindergarten schools in Thiruvalla using a self-administered questionnaire. Parents also used the Werner David Development pictorial scale (WDDPS), a screening tool to report cognitive development. The schools were sampled based on convenience. RESULTS: Of the 189 children included in the study, 89.4% had excess screen use (> 1 h per day) and the average use was 2.14 h. 45.0% of parents supervised screen use inconsistently (self-reported). Meal-time screen use (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3-10.8), receiving screen on demand (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.2-11.3), and using devices other than computers (OR 6.5, 95% CI 1.6-26.8) were significantly associated with excess screen use in pre-school children. Similarly, those children with inconsistently supervised screen time were significantly more likely to have suspected deficits in attention (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-8.2), intelligence (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.3-13.3), and social skills (OR 15.3, 95% CI 1.9-121.2), compared to children whose screen use was consistently supervised. CONCLUSION: Screen time in the majority of preschool children is above the recommended limits, and inconsistent supervision by parents was seen in almost half of the study participants. Inconsistently supervised screen time is associated with suspected cognitive delays in children.

Ethnic differences in bullying victimization and psychological distress: A test of an ecological model.

This study examines ethnic differences in the prevalence of bullying victimization by peers as well as the associations between bullying victimization and psychological distress with relevant ecological factors including parental supervision, school support, and community safety. The study utilized the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) Adolescents Data, which was collected in the United States using a multi-stage stratified sampling design with a Random Digit-Dial method. The final study sample contained a total of 2367 adolescents, comprised of 48.7% Whites, followed by 35.8% Latinos, 11.1% Asians, and 4.4% African Americans. About 49.3% were males with an overall mean age of 14.6 (sd = 1.7). Results showed that there were significant differences in rates of bullying victimization among the four surveyed ethnic subgroups of adolescents. Black adolescents reported the highest and Asian adolescents the lowest level of victimization. The results of the SEM test using the calibration sample revealed an adequate fit to the data (CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.04, Δχ2/Δdf = 2.99). Separate model tests with the four subgroups of adolescents revealed good fits with the subsample data with the exception of the subsample of African Americans. Additionally, results show that factors associated with psychological distress vary widely among the White, Latino and Asian subgroups.

The effect of educational programs based on the theory of planned behavior on parental supervision in students' television watching.

BACKGROUND: Excessive and uncontrolled television watching by children predisposes them to some risks such as developmental, social and psychological disorders. Parents play an important role in nurturing their children and controlling the factors affecting their health. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of health education programs on parents' supervision skills to control their children's television watching habits based on the theory of planned behavior. METHODS: One hundred twenty parents of the students at the first and fifth grades of primary school were randomly divided into an intervention and a control group. Data were collected by a self-report questionnaire at the beginning of and one month after intervention. An educational intervention was implemented for the case group parents, who were divided into four 15-member groups, in the form of three 45-60 minute sessions with focus group discussions. Moreover, the parents were provided with children and television booklet. Data were entered into SPSS-16 and were analyzed using Chi-square, paired t test, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. RESULTS: After the intervention, significant changes were detected in the intervention group with respect to the mean hours of watching television (from 6.74±2.02 to 4.28±2.40; p= 0.039), knowledge scores (from 5.8±2.1 to 7.7±1.9; p= 0.001), attitude towards less television watching (from 35.5±11.5 to 48.4±8.9; p=0.003), subjective norms (from 11.8±8.1 to 24.5±8.6; p>0.001) and behavioral intention (from 18.6±7.4 to 31.8±5.1; p=0.001). CONCLUSION: The results revealed that educational interventions based on the theory of planned behavior are capable of changing knowledge, attitude, subjective norm and intention of parents towards controlling and monitoring their children's television watching and can improve the performance of parental control and reduce the hours of TV watching by children. Therefore, this pattern is suggested for reforming the nurturing skills of parents about other behavioral problems of their children.

A Hierarchical Factor Model of Executive Functions in Adolescents: Evidence of Gene-Environment Interplay.

Executive functions (EF) are a complex set of neurodevelopmental, higher-ordered processes that are especially salient during adolescence. Disruptions to these processes are predictive of psychiatric problems in later adolescence and adulthood. The objectives of the current study were to characterize the latent structure of EF using bifactor analysis and to investigate the independent and interactive effects of genes and environments on EF during adolescence. Using a representative young adolescent sample, we tested the interaction of a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and parental supervision for EF through hierarchical linear regression. To account for the possibility of a hierarchical factor structure for EF, a bifactor analysis was conducted on the eight subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functions System (D-KEFS). The bifactor analysis revealed the presence of a general EF construct and three EF subdomains (i.e., conceptual flexibility, inhibition, and fluency). A significant 5-HTTLPR by parental supervision interaction was found for conceptual flexibility, but not for general EF, fluency or inhibition. Specifically, youth with the L/L genotype had significantly lower conceptual flexibility scores compared to youth with S/S or S/L genotypes given low levels of parental supervision. Our findings indicate that adolescents with the L/L genotype were especially vulnerable to poor parental supervision on EF. This vulnerability may be amenable to preventive interventions.

International note: parenting, academic achievement and problem behaviour among Chinese adolescents.

In light of differing findings regarding the relations between parenting and adolescent academic/behavioural outcomes and the dearth of such research in a Chinese context, we conducted research to examine the relationship between parental supervision/attachment and academic achievement/problem behaviour among mainland Chinese adolescents. In the study, 636 Grade 11 students completed a questionnaire comprising parenting and problem behaviour variables complemented by academic achievement (GPA) data drawn from school records. The study found that the relations between parenting (parental supervision and attachment) and Chinese adolescents' academic and behavioural outcomes are very weak.

Low Self-Control and Delinquent Behavior Among Caribbean Youths: The Moderating Role of Parental Supervision.

Delinquent behavior represents a serious concern in the Caribbean. In order to provide insights useful for explaining deviant behavior among youths in Caribbean countries, this study examines the importance of self-control and parental supervision as predictors of deviant behavior. The study assesses direct as well as interaction effects of both variables. For the study, data from Guyana, St. Kitts and Nevis and St. Lucia were analyzed. The sample included 1,140 juveniles aged between 10 and 19 years. The results of regression analyses showed that self-control was a significant predictor of delinquent behavior. It was also found that the provision of parental supervision was able to mitigate the impact of low self-control on delinquency. This finding applied to males as well as females in the sample.

The Increasing Prevalence of Children Home Alone in Ghana: The Importance of Considering Regional Inequalities.

Research from industrialized settings has linked inadequate child supervision with various negative consequences. Nevertheless, empirical research in lower- and middle-income countries about correlates of inadequate child supervision has been scarce. The few studies that exist tended to focus on individual- and household-level factors, and reported associations that are not significant or in mixed directions depending on the context. Structural factors are left underexplored, but taking a more macro-level lens in settings with high regional disparities can hold the key to explaining increases in prevalence of inadequate child supervision. Exploring the evolution over time of child supervision practices can also enrich this explanation. We use data from two rounds of Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys to examine factors associated with children left home alone, and employ regional analysis using strata-level mixed effects. We found that in Ghana, the prevalence of children left home alone without adult supervision increased by 8.5% between 2011 and 2018 - an increase of more than 500,000 children over seven years. Statistical analyses suggest that variation between regions likely are associated with the growth of inadequate child supervision in this country. Future research should pay closer attention to how structural conditions, proxied by regions, can serve as either barriers or facilitators to adequate child supervision practices, helping shed light on residual variance unexplained by individual- and household-level factors. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12187-023-10038-w.

Building the Foundation of Aquatic Literacy in 4-6 Years-Old Children: A Systematic Review of Good Pedagogical Practices for Children and Parents.

Children between the ages of 4-6 years represent the population most affected by drowning accidents, while their early involvement in physical activity, and more specifically in aquatic activities is a key factor in their future physical life journey. The systematic review's purpose was to identify aspects in the intervention's studies with children and/or their parents that had a significant impact on the Aquatic Literacy (AL) dimensions mentioned as motor, psychological, affective, and cognitive. The PICO method was used to define the research question and PRISMA checklist searched for articles in nine databases: Cochrane, Embase, ERIC, ProQuest, PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria were: (1) English language, (2) primary research, (3) population of 4-6 year old children or their parents, (4) intervention study design, and (5) results related to at least one of the AL domains. The strength of evidence and the risk of bias were assessed. Results showed relatively poor number of studies for such a vulnerable population regarding the drowning risk (n = 8 for parents and n = 14 for children intervention). Studies did not show a consensus on which educational approach was more beneficial than others. Concerning parental education, results were rather homogeneous, especially concerning the theoretical frameworks employed and the relevancy to include parents in swimming programs. The development of pedagogical tools for promotion and evaluation, based on the AL theoretical framework, could help to clarify the question of "how to teach" children to prevent drowning and engage young children in long-term physical activities.

Left-Behind Status and Bullying in Chinese Rural Children: The Roles of Parental Supervision and Support and Friends in Puppy Love.

Bullying behaviors, as exhibited by left-behind children (LBC) in China, occur commonly. Parental supervision and support, as well as friendship networks, have previously been verified as crucial aspects in determining the bullying behaviors of LBC. However, evidence of the interactive effect of these vital factors is sparse, and puppy love, which is inevitable among school-age children, is seldom investigated. The current study aimed to examine the roles of parental supervision and support as well as peers in puppy love in LBC bullying behaviors by means of a moderated mediation model. The data were derived from 28 counties/districts across China. We used data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) of 3,252 junior high school students. A moderated mediation model was conducted by PROCESS procedure in Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) and the bootstrapping method was performed for inference test. The moderated mediation analysis showed that left-behind status was associated with bullying behaviors displayed by school-age students. Parental supervision and support mediated this association; furthermore, the mediation effects were dependent on the number of friends in puppy love. In particular, as the number of friends in puppy love increased, the mediating effect of parental supervision weakened, whereas the mediating effect of parental support became stronger. These results revealed the importance of parental support and supervision and peers in puppy love in shaping bullying behaviors among LBC. Future bullying prevention and intervention should promote parental supervision and support among LBC in rural China, especially those with many friends in puppy love.

Parental Supervision: Predictive Variables of Positive Involvement in Cyberbullying Prevention.

From an increasingly early age, parents face the challenge of educating their sons and daughters to act in the world of offline and online relationships. If for professional educators it is not proving easy, the involvement and guidance of parents in their children's use of the internet seems to be a complex and unexplored challenge. This work aims to analyse the variables that influence digital education and determine a predictive model of positive parental involvement. This study was done with a representative sample consisting of five hundred and ninety-six families (596), representing the parents of children from schools with similar socio-cultural indexes. To do this, and using self-report instruments convertible into independent scales, four predictor variables were analysed: (1) parental knowledge of cyberbullying; (2) perception of parental competence in this regard; (3) parental perception of online risks; and (4) the attribution of parental responsibility in digital education. A structural equations model (SEM) examined the predictive value of these variables with respect to positive parental involvement. The structural equations model confirmed direct and mediated relationships between the independent and mediating variables on the dependent variable: parental supervision. The results indicate that positive parental involvement can be predicted from higher scores in parental knowledge of cyberbullying, perception of parental competence, risk adjustment, and attribution of parental responsibility.

Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: Findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vietnam implemented numerous measures to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 among school students, including study-at-home/self-quarantine. During the study-at-home period, adolescents may engage in more video gaming than usual, potentially contributing to gaming disorder. However, the regionally-representative prevalence of gaming disorder and its association with parenting practice and discipline practice have not been described. We assessed the prevalence of gaming disorder among Vietnamese adolescents during the initial 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associations between gaming disorder and parenting practice and discipline practice. METHODS: We conducted a school-based, self-administered cross-sectional survey of 2,084 students in Hanoi, Vietnam (response rate = 97.1%). The survey included standardized instruments translated from English to Vietnamese. We performed multilevel logistic regressions to assess the associations between parenting practice, discipline practice, and gaming disorder. RESULTS: The prevalence of gaming disorder among the respondents was 11.6%. Healthy parent-child relationship was protective against gaming disorder (Adj OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.21, 0.62). Non-supervision, non-discipline, violent discipline were positively associated with gaming disorder. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: We found associations between gaming disorder and parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and parental discipline. Future interventional studies should consider assessing the effect of fostering healthy parent-child relationships and appropriate discipline on the occurrence or prognosis of gaming disorders.

Do Fruit and Vegetable Policies, Socio-Environmental Factors, and Physical Activity Influence Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Adolescents?

PURPOSE: Several factors are known to influence the intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) among adolescents. However, few studies have examined the role that FV policies and associated factors (such as availability of food at home, parental support, and physical activity) play on consumption of FV, particularly among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHOD: Adolescent data (except for FV policy status) were obtained from the Global School-based Student Health Survey from 2004 to 2013. Information on FV policies was obtained from government ministries, World Health Organization databases, Scopus, and PubMed. Countries were designated as having the policy if the policy was issued at least a year before Global School-based Student Health Survey data collection (n = 13 LMICs). Countries without FV policies were based on the absence of a policy between 2004 and 2013 (n = 11 LMICs). The total analytic sample included 89,843 adolescents from 24 countries. RESULTS: Logistic regression models revealed a positive association between the presence of FV policy and the adequate consumption of FV (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.74-2.40; p-value < .001). Parental supervision was positively associated with sufficient intake of FV (AOR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.42-1.84; p-value < .001). Physical activity was also positively associated with adolescents consuming ≥5 servings of FV daily (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.13-1.50; p-value < .001). CONCLUSION: Adolescents' physical environment (presence of FV policies, unavailability of food), social environment (parental connectedness, supervision, and bonding), and physical activity behavior are all significant predictors of adolescents' intake of FV.

[Validation and transcultural adaptation to spanish of the "Parental Supervision Attributes Profile Questionnaire"]. / Validación y adaptación transcultural al español del Parental Supervision Attributes Profile questionnaire: método de medición de la supervisión parental.

OBJECTIVE: Child accidents are the most important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric age. The degree of parental supervision is a factor that can influence, among others, in these accidents. The aim of this study was to validate and cross-culturally adapt to Spanish the questionnaire Parental Supervision Attributes Profile Questionnaire (PSAPQ) as a method of measuring the degree of parental supervision. METHODS: Forward and back-translation methodology was applied using 4 bilingual spanish-english people to obtain version 1.0 of the questionnaire. Subsequently, the questionnaire was reviewed by a committee of experts, obtaining version 1.1, which was provided to 149 parents of children between 2-5 years old, randomly obtained, who attended consultation for the well child visits in several health centers in the province of Valencia. For the statistical study, the internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach's α test and the test-retest reliability using Pearson correlations. RESULTS: A very good internal consistency was obtained, with Cronbach's α values greater than 0.7 in three of the four subscales that make up the test, with the remaining being 0.68. The reliability obtained was excellent, with values with Pearson correlations close to or higher than 0.7 for all subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The PSAPQ translated and validated into spanish shows very good psychometric results with respect to the original, so it can be said that an adequate instrument has been obtained to objectively measure one of the possible risk factors of child accidents.

OBJETIVO: Los accidentes infantiles son la causa prevenible más importante de morbi-mortalidad en edad pediátrica. El grado de supervisión parental es un factor que puede influir, entre otros, en su aparición. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar y adaptar transculturalmente al español el cuestionario Parental Supervision Attributes Profile Questionnaire (PSAPQ) como método de medida del grado de supervisión de los padres a sus hijos. METODOS: Se empleó una metodología de traducción/retrotraducción mediante 4 personas bilingües (españolinglés), obteniéndose la versión 1.0 del cuestionario. Posteriormente, fue revisada por un comité de expertos, obteniéndose la versión 1.1, que se proporcionó a 149 padres de niños de entre 2-5 años, reclutados de forma aleatoria, que acudían a las revisiones del programa de salud infantil de diversos centros de salud de la provincia de Valencia. En el estudio estadístico se analizó la consistencia interna mediante el test alfa de Cronbach y la fiabilidad test-retest mediante correlaciones de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo buena consistencia interna, con valores de alfa de Cronbach mayores de 0,7 en tres de las cuatro subescalas que forman el test. En la restante se consiguió un valor de 0,68. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, se obtuvieron correlaciones de Pearson cercanas o superiores a 0,7 para todas las subescalas. CONCLUSIONES: El PSAPQ traducido y validado al idioma español muestra muy buenos resultados psicométricos respecto al original, por lo que se puede afirmar que se ha obtenido un instrumento adecuado para medir objetivamente uno de los posibles factores de riesgo de accidentes infantiles.

Crisis in the Family and Positive Youth Development: The Role of Family Functioning.

The family is a very important institution that provides relationships and contexts in which adolescents are included and where the trajectory of positive development can be activated. A family crisis can affect family functioning and endanger adolescent development. Therefore, we aimed to explore the association of crisis in the family with positive youth development (PYD), and further, whether adolescent-perceived family functioning mediates or moderates this relation. The sample consisted of Slovak adolescents (N = 341, 44% boys, mean age = 13.16) who completed questionnaires that included questions on family crisis and joint family activities, the Alabama parenting questionnaire and the Very Short PYD questionnaire in the baseline measurement of the Care4Youth cohort study. We found a positive association of perceived positive parenting (B = 0.51; p < 0.001) and family activities (B = 0.50; p < 0.001) with PYD, whereas crisis in the family (B = -0.42; p = 0.01) and perceived poor supervision (B = -0.30; p < 0.001) were negatively associated with PYD. Using serial mediation model, we found following pathway which connected crisis in the family with PYD: crisis in the family → perceived poor parental supervision → joint family activities → PYD. This implies that family interventions and counselling to support parenting skills, especially parental supervision and family activities, to those with the signs of an ongoing family crisis may help to counteract the negative effect of the family crisis on PYD.

Analyzing Multilevel Factors Underlying Adolescent Smoking Behaviors: The Roles of Friendship Network, Family Relations, and School Environment.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the extent to which friendship network, family relations, and school context are related to adolescent cigarette smoking. Friendship network is measured in terms of delinquent peers; family relations in terms of parental supervision; and school environment in terms of objective (eg, antismoking policy) and subjective (eg, school attachment) characteristics. METHODS: Findings are based on the secondary analysis of the health behavior in school-aged children, 2009-2010. Two-level hierarchical generalized linear models are estimated using hierarchical linear modeling 7. RESULTS: At the student level, ties to delinquent friends is significantly related to higher odds of smoking, while greater parental supervision is associated with lower odds. At the school level, antismoking policy and curriculum independently lower smoking behavior. Better within-class peer relations, greater school attachment, and higher academic performance are also negatively related to smoking. Last, the positive association between delinquent friends and smoking is weaker in schools with a formally enacted antismoking policy. However, this association is stronger in schools with better peer relations. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent smoking behavior is embedded in a broader ecological setting. This research reveals that a proper understanding of it requires comprehensive analysis that incorporates factors measured at individual (student) and contextual (school) levels.