"Leave us alone": 'right to the city' of street vendors along Main North 1 Road, Maseru, Lesotho.

This article explores the lived daily experiences of street vendors operating along the Main North 1 Road in the CBD of Maseru, Lesotho. This exploration considers how street vendors access and negotiate a claim for the right to the street. The challenges confronting these vendors in their daily hustling, including COVID-19 restrictions, are also examined. A narrative inquiry research design informs this article with data collected from interviews with purposively selected street vendors from Maseru. This primary data was triangulated with document analysis to increase the validity of the findings. The findings highlight strategies employed by vendors in Maseru that include integrating with the formal enterprises, diversifying their trades, resisting and frustrating certain decisions by the local authorities, and contributing to urban blight. A framework for interrogating and understanding street vending and its nuances is postulated based on the findings from Maseru. The article strongly appeals to the authorities to find more benign ways of integrating street vending into the production of cities.

Quantitative versus qualitative risk assessment of meat and its products: what is feasible for Sub-Saharan African countries?

Prevalent risks in meat value-chains of sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are increasingly attributed to microbial rather than chemical hazards. Resource constraints and lack of capacity has limited the utilization of risk assessment tools in the instituting of food controls to mitigate the risks. The review sought to bring to light the focus of risk assessment studies in SSA while generating evidence of feasible options to further the contribution of this component in risk mitigation. The informal street vending sector emerges as a priority in the meat value chain with a vendor population that are unwilling to abandon it. Campylobacter and Staphylococcus aureus are prevalent risks that have bedeviled this sector. However, limited risk assessment studies with capacity to inform proper food controls for the sector have been done. Evidence in place indicate that the incorporation of qualitative aspects in quantitative approaches serve as less-costly and effective ways of generating risk estimates. Limitations of capacity and gaps in epidemiological data are also circumvented. Considering that the street-vending sector is robust and its dynamics of operation are not fully in the picture of policy actors; incorporation of a participatory approach that combines qualitative and quantitative aspects of risk assessment is highly recommended.

Toward street vending in post COVID-19 China: Social networking services information overload and switching intention.

With the progress of epidemic containment, the Chinese government has relaxed its regulatory policies on street vending, hoping to help people who have lost their livelihoods and to assist in the restoration of social and economic order. In response, Chinese people poured into the stall economy, especially individual peddlers, with great expectations for street vending. Street vending has become a hot topic on Chinese social network sites (SNSs). Based on the push-pull-mooring framework, SNS information overload theory was introduced and combined with the actual situations of street vending in China, and a structural equation model was established to study factors affecting individual Chinese peddlers' intention to engage in street vending and the effects of SNS information overload on these factors. Results revealed that perceived policy benefits, subjective norms, and switching cost perceptions of individual peddlers were positive factors affecting their intention to engage in street vending. SNS information overload positively affected individual peddlers' dissatisfaction with their original business model, anxieties over their livings, perception of policy benefits, and subjective norms but negatively affected individual peddlers' perception of switching costs.

Assessing climate change and urban poverty in the context of the COVID 19 lockdowns: Rethinking personality and societal challenges in Zimbabwe.

The study explored the challenges urbanites faced due to climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic. Urban vulnerability ills such as food insecurity, poverty and malnutrition have increased as climate change and COVID-19 jointly affect societies. Urban residents have resorted to urban farming and street vending as coping strategies. COVID-19 protocols and strategies for social distancing have compromised the urban poor livelihoods. Due to lockdown protocols such as curfew, closure of businesses, and the limited number of people doing certain activities, the urban poor often compromised lockdown rules to earn a living. The study used document analysis to gather data on climate change and poverty amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic journals, newspaper articles, books and information from various reliable websites were used for data collection. Content and thematic analysis were used to analyse data, while data triangulation from various sources enhanced data reliability and trustworthiness. The study found that climate change increased food insecurity in urban areas. Low agricultural output and climate change impacts compromised food availability and affordability for urbanites. The COVID-19 protocols increased financial constraints on urbanites as lockdown restrictions negatively impacted income from formal and informal jobs. The study recommends looking beyond the virus for prevention strategies to improve poor peoples' livelihoods. Countries must develop response strategies to cushion the urban poor from climate change and the COVID-19 impact. Developing countries are urged to sustainably adapt to climate change through scientific innovation to promote people's livelihoods.

"Show them how they treat us": Legal violence in the everyday lives of street vendors.

Since the 1930s, street vending in Los Angeles has been classified as a misdemeanor, punishable by jail time and fines. The Los Angeles Street Vendor Campaign (LASVC)-a coalition of Brown and Black street vendors and social justice organizations-succeeded in decriminalizing street vending. Drawing on data collected from 2013 to 2020 and utilizing ethnographic and digital humanities methods, this paper spotlights fifteen Black and Brown street-vendor leaders of the LASVC. Combined street-vendor leader narratives reveal how laws and enforcement practices undermined their ability to stay free, remain housed, and keep families and vending communities together. This paper differentiates between state-sanctioned legal violence, which led to dispossession and family separation, and community-sanctioned legal violence to demonstrate how laws that criminalize street vendors make them targets for other forms of violence, namely surveillance by co-ethnics. Legal violence often occurs simultaneously and cumulatively adds extra levels of precarity for street vendors.

Desde la década de 1930, vender en la calle en Los Ángeles se ha clasificado como delito menor sancionable con pena de cárcel y multas. Con sus esfuerzos, la Los Angeles Street Vendor Campaign (LASVC), una coalición de vendedores ambulantes negros y de otros grupos racializados y organizaciones de justicia social, ha logrado descriminalizar la venta en la calle. Partiendo de datos recopilados entre 2013 y 2020 y usando métodos etnográficos y digitales de las humanidades, este trabajo destaca a quince líderes entre los vendedores de la calle negros y de otros grupos racializados de la coalición LASVC. Las narrativas combinadas de estos líderes revelan cómo las leyes y las prácticas policiacas minaron su capacidad de permanecer libres, con techo y con una unidad familiar y comunitaria. Este trabajo distingue la violencia legal sancionada por el estado que condujo a desposesión y separación familiar de la violencia legal sancionada por la comunidad para demostrar cómo las leyes que criminalizan a los vendedores ambulantes los convierte en blanco de otras formas de violencia, específicamente de vigilancia por personas de la misma etnia. La violencia legal a menudo ocurre simultáneamente y añade niveles acumulativos de precariedad para los vendedores de la calle.

The Impact of Urban Culture on Street Vending: A Path Model Analysis of the General Public's Perspective.

This study examined the relationship between urban culture and street vending. Prior research on this topic is limited and inconclusive. Therefore, we have proposed an integrated model to test the positive effect of urban culture on street vending using multiple mediations of consumption patterns, resistance, and microfinance. We tested a sample of 425 responses that reflect the public opinion in Baghdad, Iraq. These responses were collected between September and November 2018. A partial least squares-based structural equation modeling is employed to test the validity of measurement models and the significance of the entire structural model, predictive power, and mediation analysis. We found that resistance mediates the effect of urban culture on street vending; low-income consumption and resistance sequentially mediate the effect of urban culture on street vending, while resistance mediates the effect of a lack of microfinance on street vending. The direct impact of culture on street vending is not significant, and a lack of microfinance positively influences the pervasiveness of trading on streets. This study contributes to the extant literature as it proposed and tested a novel and comprehensive model to analyze the relationship between urban culture and street vending, simultaneously examining the effects of culture, consumption, resistance, and microfinance on street vending.

Time Distances to Residential Food Amenities and Daily Walking Duration: A Cross-Sectional Study in Two Low Tier Chinese Cities.

Recent studies indicate the accepted concept of using land-use mix (LUM) to promote physical activity is ineffective and even counteractive in the Chinese context. Before considering LUM as a whole, different amenity types need to be respectively analyzed in relation to various functions and demands. This study aims to examine the specific associations between food-related amenities and perceived daily walking duration (WD) in small Chinese cities. Two interviewer-administered questionnaire surveys (n = 354) were conducted in Yuncheng and Suihua between 2017 and 2018. Logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of WD with seven different categories of food outlet at three levels of walking distance. The associations were further explored by food environment diversity and through two age groups. With the exception of café/tea house, the other six food outlets were positively associated with WD. After adjusting for socioeconomic variables, the associations of grocery store and supermarket weakened. Higher levels of food environment diversity were associated with a longer WD. Among the age groups, food outlets were more associated with older adults' WD. This novel quantitative study suggests that increasing the number and heterogeneity of food-related amenities (including mobile street vendors) within a neighborhood can enhance physical activity in small Chinese cities.

Street vending and waste picking in developing countries: a long-standing hazardous occupational activity of the urban poor.

Uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries has led to widespread urban poverty and increased susceptibility to environmental exposures owing to the hazardous occupational activities of the urban poor. Street vending and waste picking are the dominant works undertaken by the urban poor, and besides the physical hazards, it also exposes them to several pathogens and high levels of air pollutants present in the outdoor environment. The situation has severe consequences for the health of the workers. Eliminating these occupational activities from the urban landscape of developing countries should therefore receive urgent attention from the global health community and governments. In this article, we provide evidence to support this policy recommendation by documenting exposure experiences of the workers, the associated adverse health effects, whilst also outlining measures for addressing the problem sustainably. We conclude that with the adoption of the sustainable development goals (SDG), governments now have a commitment to address poverty and the associated occupational health hazards experienced by the poor through their choices to help achieve the health-related SDG target (3.9) of substantially reducing the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution and contamination by 2030.

Work as a street vendor, associated traffic-related air pollution exposures and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Accra, Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Street vending, a dominant occupation in urban areas of developing countries exposes the vendors to several environmental pollutants. We investigated whether work as street vendor impairs foetal growth and shortens gestational duration, and evaluated to what extent exposure to traffic-related air pollution is responsible for these adverse effects. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers and their newborns accessing postnatal services at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, Ghana in 2010, focusing on 105 street vendors and a reference group of 281 mothers. We categorized exposure to traffic-related air pollution on the basis of street vending activity patterns and traffic density in the working area. RESULTS: Multivariate linear regression analysis adjusting for age, social class, marital status and gravidity of mothers, sex of neonate, and indoor air pollution, indicated a 177 g (95% CI: 324, 31) reduction in birth weight among street vendors. Sensitivity analysis performed by restricting the analysis to term births showed further reductions in birth weight. Generalized linear models adjusting for confounders indicated a 35% (risk ratio (RR)=1.35; 95% CI: 0.87, 2.12) increased risk of LBW, albeit statistically not significant. LBW risk increased in the sensitivity analysis but was also not statistically significant. The risk of PTB was not associated with street vending (RR=1.03; 95% CI: 0.67, 1.58). The exposure-response relations observed were not consistent. Moderate activity patterns and high traffic density jointly was associated with a statistically significant 84% (RR=1.84; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.24) increased risk of LBW. CONCLUSION: Street vending during pregnancy is a determinant of average foetal growth and risk of LBW. More research is required to further quantify their effects on pregnancy outcomes and safeguard maternal and perinatal health in developing countries.

La manta y la vida: El "Sindicato de Vendedores Ambulantes", una experiencia de organización social entre inmigrantes en la ciudad de Barcelona / The blanket and the life: The Street Vendors Union, an experience of social organization among immigrants in the city of Barcelona

La cuestión migratoria es un fenómeno cada vez más relevante en un mundo globalizado donde diariamente se producen desplazamientos e intercambios de personas y mercancías. Sin embargo, esta libertad de movimientos no se aplica para todas las personas igual. Mientras los estados reducen las restricciones para los desplazamientos turísticos y el comercio mundial, los migrantes del Sur global encuentran cada vez más impedimentos legales para desplazarse a los países económicamente más desarrollados y poder iniciar allí sus proyectos de vida al encontrarse em una situación administrativa irregular. En este contexto, la venta ambulante irregular constituye na alternativa para obtener unos ingresos y acceder posteriormente a un trabajo cualificado. Sin embargo, la condición de alegalidad de la actividad y de los migrantes que la desarrollan, genera una situación de vulnerabilidad entre aquellos que la practican. En este articulo, a través de una entrevista con un representante del Sindicato Popular de Vendedores Ambulantes Top Manta de Barcelona, conoceremos algunas de las estrategias colectivas de respuesta que han ideado los vendedores ambulantes irregulares para defender su derecho a trabajar y acceder a la condición de ciudadanía que les es negada.

A questão da migração é um fenômeno cada vez mais relevante em um mundo globalizado, onde diariamente ocorrem deslocamentos e intercâmbio de pessoas e bens diariamente. No entanto, essa liberdade de movimento não se aplica a todas as pessoas igualmente. Embora os estados reduzam as restrições aos deslocamentos turísticos e ao comércio mundial, os migrantes do Sul global encontram a cada vez mais impedimentos legais para deslocar- se a países economicamente mais desenvolvidos e iniciar seus projetos de vida lá por encontrarem ­ se em uma situação administrativa irregular. Nesse contexto, a venda como ambulante de forma irregular constitui uma alternativa para obter renda e acessar posteriormente trabalhos qualificados. Todavia, a condição de irregularidade da atividade e dos migrantes que a desenvolvem produz uma situação de vulnerabilidade entre os que a praticam. Neste artigo, através de uma entrevista com um representante do Sindicato Popular de Vendedores Ambulantes Top Manta de Barcelona, busca ­ se conhecer algumas das estratégias de resposta coletiva que os vendedores ambulantes irregulares planejaram para defender seu direito ao trabalho e acessar a condição de cidadania negada.

The migration issue is an increasingly relevant phenomenon in a globalized world where displacement and exchanges of people and goods occur daily. However, this freedom of movement does not apply to all people equally. While states reduce restrictions on tourist displacements and world trade, migrants from the Global South are facing impediments to move through more economically developed countries and to start their life projects there because of their irregular administrative situation. In that context, street vending becomes an alternative to get an income and get qualified work. However, the unregulated condition of the activity creates a situation of vulnerability among the migrants who practice it. In this article, we conduct an interview with a representative of the Union of Top Manta Street Vendors of Barcelona in order to know some of the collective response strategies that irregular street vendors have devised to defend their right to work and access to citizenship.

Pesquisa de coliformes e Staphylococcus aureus em salsichas de sanduiches tipo passaporte comercializados por ambulantes em Maceió, AL

O estilo de vida dos consumidores mudou nos últimos anos, e a tendência ao consumo de alimentos de preparo fácil e rápido é cada vez maior. As salsichas tipo hot dog de carne bovina e aves merecem destaque devido a sua aceitabilidade e praticidade. Entretanto, os embutidos cárneos são alimentos suscetíveis à contaminação microbiana, o que reduz seu prazo de validade e os torna um potencial veículo de patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus aureus em salsichas hot dog utilizadas em sanduíches tipo "passaporte" comercializados por ambulantes na cidade de Maceió-AL. Analisaram-se 20 amostras de salsichas hot dog adquiridas por meio do sanduíche tipo passaporte comercializadas por ambulantes. A enumeração de coliformes a 35 e a 45 ºC foi realizada pela Técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Das 20 amostras analisadas, 15 (75%) apresentaram positividade para coliformes termotolerantes e 12 amostras (60%) para S. aureus. Este resultado indica deficiência nos procedimentos de higiene durante o processamento dos alimentos, comprometendo sua qualidade e constituindo um risco ao consumidor

Consumers way of life has change in the past years, and the habit to consume easy and fast made food is increasing each time. The hot dog type of sausage made of beef and poultry deserve focus due to its acceptance and practicality. However, sausages are food susceptible to microbial contamination, which reduces its expiration date and makes them a potential pathogen vehicle. This study aims to investigate the presence of thermotolerant coliforms and staphylococcus aureus in hot dog sausages used in "passaporte" type of sandwiches sold by street vendors in Maceio-AL. The study analyzed 20 samples of hot dog sausages acquired with street vendors. The counting of coliforms at 35 and at 45o C was made through the Most Probable Number Technich (NMP). Of the 20 samples, 15 (75%) showed positive result for termotolerant coliforms and 12 (60%) for S. aureus. The study concludes that the hygienic-sanitary conditions in the foods are precarious and may cause contamination and deterioration of the food, compromising its quality and being a rick to consumers

Pesquisa de coliformes e Staphylococcus aureus em salsichas de sanduiches tipo passaporte comercializados por ambulantes em Maceio, AL

O estilo de vida dos consumidores mudou nos últimos anos, e a tendência ao consumo de alimentos de preparo fácil e rápido é cada vez maior. As salsichas tipo hot dog de carne bovina e aves merecem destaque devido a sua aceitabilidade e praticidade. Entretanto, os embutidos cárneos são alimentos suscetíveis à contaminação microbiana, o que reduz seu prazo de validade e os torna um potencial veículo de patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar coliformes termotolerantes e Staphylococcus aureus em salsichas hot dog utilizadas em sanduíches tipo "passaporte" comercializados por ambulantes na cidade de Maceió-AL. Analisaram-se 20 amostras de salsichas hot dog adquiridas por meio do sanduíche tipo passaporte comercializadas por ambulantes. A enumeração de coliformes a 35 e a 45°C foi realizada pela Técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP). Das 20 amostras analisadas, 15 (75%) apresentaram positividade para coliformes termotolerantes e 12 amostras (60%) para S. aureus. Este resultado indica deficiência nos procedimentos de higiene durante o processamento dos alimentos, comprometendo sua qualidade e constituindo um risco ao consumidor.

Consumers way of life has change in the past years, and the habit to consume easy and fast made food is increasing each time. The hot dog type of sausage made of beef and poultry deserve focus due to its acceptance and practicality. However, sausages are food susceptible to microbial contamination, which reduces its expiration date and makes them a potential pathogen vehicle. This study aims to investigate the presence of thermotolerant coliforms and staphylococcus aureus in hot dog sausages used in "passaporte" type of sandwiches sold by street vendors in Maceio-AL. The study analyzed 20 samples of hot dog sausages acquired with street vendors. The counting of coliforms at 35 and at 45o C was made through the Most Probable Number Technich (NMP). Of the 20 samples, 15 (75%) showed positive result for termotolerant coliforms and 12 (60%) for S. aureus. The study concludes that the hygienic-sanitary conditions in the foods are precarious and may cause contamination and deterioration of the food, compromising its quality and being a rick to consumers.

Mercado de trabalho, informalidade e comércio ambulante em São Paulo / The labor market, informality and street vendors in Sao Paulo / Mercado de trabajo, informalidad y comercio ambulante en São Paulo

O objetivo central deste artigo é caracterizar e analisar a evolução da quantidade e o perfil dos trabalhadores no comércio ambulante da cidade de São Paulo, na primeira década de 2000. A base empírica é composta por séries da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego (PED) na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, realizada pela Fundação Seade. Os dados revelam que, em 2009, havia cerca de 100.000 comerciantes de rua trabalhando na capital paulista, número bem menor do que o verificado em 2004 (133.000 pessoas). Essa significativa redução deve ser atribuída à melhoria do mercado de trabalho metropolitano depois de 2004, expressa pela queda do desemprego. Não obstante a heterogeneidade dos comerciantes de rua, foi possível identificar um perfil predominante desses trabalhadores: são homens, de cor branca, de idade madura, com precária escolaridade, chefes de domicílios pobres e moradores há bastante tempo na cidade.

The main objective of this paper is to characterize and analyze the evolution in the numbers and profiles of persons working as street vendors in the city of São Paulo during the 2000s. The empirical base is composed of series from the Employment and Unemployment Survey (Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego) for the São Paulo Metropolitan Region. The data revealed that there were 100,000 vendors working on the streets of São Paulo in 2009, far fewer than the 133,000 counted in 2004. This significant reduction can be attributed to the improvement of the metropolitan labor market as of 2004, characterized by a fall in unemployment. Despite the heterogeneity of street vendors, a predominant profile of these workers could be identified: they are generally male, white, of mature age, with low levels of education, heads of poor households and long-time residents of the city.

El objetivo central de este artículo es caracterizar y analizar la evolución de la cantidad y el perfil de los trabajadores en el comercio ambulante de la ciudad de São Paulo, en la primera década del 2000. La base empírica se compone de series de la Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego (PED) en la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, realizada por la Fundação Seade. Los datos revelan que, en 2009, había cerca de 100.000 comerciantes callejeros trabajando en la capital paulista, número bastante menor que el verificado en el 2004 (133.000 personas). Esta significativa reducción debe atribuirse a la mejora del mercado de trabajo metropolitano después del 2004, que se expresa por la reducción del desempleo. A pesar de la heterogeneidad de los comerciantes ambulantes fue posible identificar un perfil predominante de dichos trabajadores: son hombres, de color blanco, de edad madura, con precaria escolaridad, jefes de hogares pobres y que viven hace bastante tiempo en la ciudad.