RESUMO
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and other genotoxic stresses induce bulky DNA lesions, which threaten genome stability and cell viability. Cells have evolved two main repair pathways to remove such lesions: global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER). The modes by which these subpathways recognize DNA lesions are distinct, but they converge onto the same downstream steps for DNA repair. Here, we first summarize the current understanding of these repair mechanisms, specifically focusing on the roles of stalled RNA polymerase II, Cockayne syndrome protein B (CSB), CSA and UV-stimulated scaffold protein A (UVSSA) in TC-NER. We also discuss the intriguing role of protein ubiquitylation in this process. Additionally, we highlight key aspects of the effect of UV irradiation on transcription and describe the role of signaling cascades in orchestrating this response. Finally, we describe the pathogenic mechanisms underlying xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome, the two main diseases linked to mutations in NER factors.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Cockayne , Humanos , Síndrome de Cockayne/genética , Síndrome de Cockayne/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Reparo do DNA , Dano ao DNA , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismoRESUMO
Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) is initiated by the stalling of elongating RNA polymerase II (RNAPIIo) at DNA lesions. The ubiquitination of RNAPIIo in response to DNA damage is an evolutionarily conserved event, but its function in mammals is unknown. Here, we identified a single DNA damage-induced ubiquitination site in RNAPII at RPB1-K1268, which regulates transcription recovery and DNA damage resistance. Mechanistically, RPB1-K1268 ubiquitination stimulates the association of the core-TFIIH complex with stalled RNAPIIo through a transfer mechanism that also involves UVSSA-K414 ubiquitination. We developed a strand-specific ChIP-seq method, which revealed RPB1-K1268 ubiquitination is important for repair and the resolution of transcriptional bottlenecks at DNA lesions. Finally, RPB1-K1268R knockin mice displayed a short life-span, premature aging, and neurodegeneration. Our results reveal RNAPII ubiquitination provides a two-tier protection mechanism by activating TC-NER and, in parallel, the processing of DNA damage-stalled RNAPIIo, which together prevent prolonged transcription arrest and protect against neurodegeneration.
Assuntos
Reparo do DNA/fisiologia , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , DNA/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA/fisiologia , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , RNA Polimerase II/genética , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
Homologous recombination (HR) helps maintain genome integrity, and HR defects give rise to disease, especially cancer. During HR, damaged DNA must be aligned with an undamaged template through a process referred to as the homology search. Despite decades of study, key aspects of this search remain undefined. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to demonstrate that Rad54, a conserved Snf2-like protein found in all eukaryotes, switches the search from the diffusion-based pathways characteristic of the basal HR machinery to an active process in which DNA sequences are aligned via an ATP-dependent molecular motor-driven mechanism. We further demonstrate that Rad54 disrupts the donor template strands, enabling the search to take place within a migrating DNA bubble-like structure that is bound by replication protein A (RPA). Our results reveal that Rad54, working together with RPA, fundamentally alters how DNA sequences are aligned during HR.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , DNA/genética , Recombinação Homóloga/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , Dano ao DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Hidrólise , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Alinhamento de Sequência/métodosRESUMO
Genomic instability in disease and its fidelity in health depend on the DNA damage response (DDR), regulated in part from the complex of meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11), ATP-binding cassette-ATPase (RAD50), and phosphopeptide-binding Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein 1 (NBS1). The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex forms a multifunctional DDR machine. Within its network assemblies, MRN is the core conductor for the initial and sustained responses to DNA double-strand breaks, stalled replication forks, dysfunctional telomeres, and viral DNA infection. MRN can interfere with cancer therapy and is an attractive target for precision medicine. Its conformations change the paradigm whereby kinases initiate damage sensing. Delineated results reveal kinase activation, posttranslational targeting, functional scaffolding, conformations storing binding energy and enabling access, interactions with hub proteins such as replication protein A (RPA), and distinct networks at DNA breaks and forks. MRN biochemistry provides prototypic insights into how it initiates, implements, and regulates multifunctional responses to genomic stress.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/química , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/química , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Transdução de Sinais , Telômero/metabolismoRESUMO
Inactivating mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes impair DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR), leading to chromosomal instability and cancer. Importantly, BRCA1/2 deficiency also causes therapeutically targetable vulnerabilities. Here, we identify the dependency on the end resection factor EXO1 as a key vulnerability of BRCA1-deficient cells. EXO1 deficiency generates poly(ADP-ribose)-decorated DNA lesions during S phase that associate with unresolved DSBs and genomic instability in BRCA1-deficient but not in wild-type or BRCA2-deficient cells. Our data indicate that BRCA1/EXO1 double-deficient cells accumulate DSBs due to impaired repair by single-strand annealing (SSA) on top of their HR defect. In contrast, BRCA2-deficient cells retain SSA activity in the absence of EXO1 and hence tolerate EXO1 loss. Consistent with a dependency on EXO1-mediated SSA, we find that BRCA1-mutated tumors show elevated EXO1 expression and increased SSA-associated genomic scars compared with BRCA1-proficient tumors. Overall, our findings uncover EXO1 as a promising therapeutic target for BRCA1-deficient tumors.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1 , Neoplasias , Humanos , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Recombinação HomólogaRESUMO
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX)-Sae2 nuclease activity is required for the resection of DNA breaks with secondary structures or protein blocks, while in humans, the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) homolog with CtIP is needed to initiate DNA end resection of all breaks. Phosphorylated Sae2/CtIP stimulates the endonuclease activity of MRX/N. Structural insights into the activation of the Mre11 nuclease are available only for organisms lacking Sae2/CtIP, so little is known about how Sae2/CtIP activates the nuclease ensemble. Here, we uncover the mechanism of Mre11 activation by Sae2 using a combination of AlphaFold2 structural modeling of biochemical and genetic assays. We show that Sae2 stabilizes the Mre11 nuclease in a conformation poised to cleave substrate DNA. Several designs of compensatory mutations establish how Sae2 activates MRX in vitro and in vivo, supporting the structural model. Finally, our study uncovers how human CtIP, despite considerable sequence divergence, employs a similar mechanism to activate MRN.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Endodesoxirribonucleases , Endonucleases , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Endonucleases/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/química , Humanos , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Fosforilação , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/metabolismo , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genética , Mutação , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Reparo do DNA , Ativação EnzimáticaRESUMO
In this issue of Molecular Cell, Rotheneder et al.1 elucidate the eukaroytic Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex quaternary architecture, which together with cryo-EM structures of bacterial Mre11-Rad50-DNA complexes,2 resolves the basis for MRN assembly and its broad nuclease specificity regulating DNA double-strand break repair.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , DNA/genética , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genéticaRESUMO
The transition of oxidized 5-methylcytosine (5mC) intermediates into the base excision repair (BER) pipeline to complete DNA demethylation remains enigmatic. We report here that UHRF2, the only paralog of UHRF1 in mammals that fails to rescue Uhrf1-/- phenotype, is physically and functionally associated with BER complex. We show that UHRF2 is allosterically activated by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and acts as a ubiquitin E3 ligase to catalyze K33-linked polyubiquitination of XRCC1. This nonproteolytic action stimulates XRCC1's interaction with the ubiquitin binding domain-bearing RAD23B, leading to the incorporation of TDG into BER complex. Integrative epigenomic analysis in mouse embryonic stem cells reveals that Uhrf2-fostered TDG-RAD23B-BER complex is functionally linked to the completion of DNA demethylation at active promoters and that Uhrf2 ablation impedes DNA demethylation on latent enhancers that undergo poised-to-active transition during neuronal commitment. Together, these observations highlight an essentiality of 5hmC-switched UHRF2 E3 ligase activity in commissioning the accomplishment of active DNA demethylation.
Assuntos
5-Metilcitosina/análogos & derivados , Regulação Alostérica/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genética , Ubiquitinação/genética , Proteína 1 Complementadora Cruzada de Reparo de Raio-X/genética , 5-Metilcitosina/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Desmetilação do DNA , Metilação de DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Ligação Proteica/genéticaRESUMO
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is one of two critical mechanisms utilized in humans to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Unrepaired or incorrect repair of DSBs can lead to apoptosis or cancer. NHEJ involves several proteins, including the Ku70/80 heterodimer, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), X-ray cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), XRCC4-like factor (XLF), and ligase IV. These core proteins bind DSBs and ligate the damaged DNA ends. However, details of the structural assembly of these proteins remain unclear. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of NHEJ supercomplexes that are composed of these core proteins and DNA, revealing the detailed structural architecture of this assembly. We describe monomeric and dimeric forms of this supercomplex and also propose the existence of alternate dimeric forms of long-range synaptic complexes. Finally, we show that mutational disruption of several structural features within these NHEJ complexes negatively affects DNA repair.
Assuntos
DNA Ligase Dependente de ATP/ultraestrutura , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/ultraestrutura , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/ultraestrutura , Complexos Multiproteicos/ultraestrutura , Apoptose/genética , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Dano ao DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades/genética , DNA Ligase Dependente de ATP/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Humanos , Autoantígeno Ku/genética , Autoantígeno Ku/ultraestrutura , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Fosforilação/genéticaRESUMO
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for maintenance of genome integrity. Rad51 paralogs fulfill a conserved but undefined role in HR, and their mutations are associated with increased cancer risk in humans. Here, we use single-molecule imaging to reveal that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51 paralog complex Rad55-Rad57 promotes assembly of Rad51 recombinase filament through transient interactions, providing evidence that it acts like a classical molecular chaperone. Srs2 is an ATP-dependent anti-recombinase that downregulates HR by actively dismantling Rad51 filaments. Contrary to the current model, we find that Rad55-Rad57 does not physically block the movement of Srs2. Instead, Rad55-Rad57 promotes rapid re-assembly of Rad51 filaments after their disruption by Srs2. Our findings support a model in which Rad51 is in flux between free and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)-bound states, the rate of which is controlled dynamically though the opposing actions of Rad55-Rad57 and Srs2.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Recombinação Homóloga , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Adenosina Trifosfatases/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , DNA Fúngico/genética , DNA Fúngico/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Genes Reporter , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/genética , Proteínas de Fluorescência Verde/metabolismo , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Mutação , Ligação Proteica , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Proteína Vermelha FluorescenteRESUMO
Targeting poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) is currently explored as a therapeutic approach to treat various cancer types, but we have a poor understanding of the specific genetic vulnerabilities that would make cancer cells susceptible to such a tailored therapy. Moreover, the identification of such vulnerabilities is of interest for targeting BRCA2;p53-deficient tumors that have acquired resistance to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) through loss of PARG expression. Here, by performing whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 drop-out screens, we identify various genes involved in DNA repair to be essential for the survival of PARG;BRCA2;p53-deficient cells. In particular, our findings reveal EXO1 and FEN1 as major synthetic lethal interactors of PARG loss. We provide evidence for compromised replication fork progression, DNA single-strand break repair, and Okazaki fragment processing in PARG;BRCA2;p53-deficient cells, alterations that exacerbate the effects of EXO1/FEN1 inhibition and become lethal in this context. Since this sensitivity is dependent on BRCA2 defects, we propose to target EXO1/FEN1 in PARPi-resistant tumors that have lost PARG activity. Moreover, EXO1/FEN1 targeting may be a useful strategy for enhancing the effect of PARG inhibitors in homologous recombination-deficient tumors.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53 , Humanos , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , Dano ao DNA , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/genética , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Endonucleases Flap/genética , Endonucleases Flap/metabolismo , Endonucleases Flap/uso terapêutico , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genéticaRESUMO
Enzymatic processing of DNA underlies all DNA repair, yet inappropriate DNA processing must be avoided. In vertebrates, double-strand breaks are repaired predominantly by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which directly ligates DNA ends. NHEJ has the potential to be highly mutagenic because it uses DNA polymerases, nucleases, and other enzymes that modify incompatible DNA ends to allow their ligation. Using frog egg extracts that recapitulate NHEJ, we show that end processing requires the formation of a "short-range synaptic complex" in which DNA ends are closely aligned in a ligation-competent state. Furthermore, single-molecule imaging directly demonstrates that processing occurs within the short-range complex. This confinement of end processing to a ligation-competent complex ensures that DNA ends undergo ligation as soon as they become compatible, thereby minimizing mutagenesis. Our results illustrate how the coordination of enzymatic catalysis with higher-order structural organization of substrate maximizes the fidelity of DNA repair.
Assuntos
Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades , Instabilidade Genômica , Animais , DNA Ligases/genética , DNA Ligases/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/genética , Proteína Quinase Ativada por DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Feminino , Autoantígeno Ku/genética , Autoantígeno Ku/metabolismo , Modelos Genéticos , Complexos Multiproteicos , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/genética , Diester Fosfórico Hidrolases/metabolismo , Imagem Individual de Molécula , Fatores de Tempo , Proteínas de Xenopus/genética , Proteínas de Xenopus/metabolismo , Xenopus laevisRESUMO
The mTOR pathway integrates both extracellular and intracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cell metabolism, growth, survival, and stress responses. Neurotropic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), also rely on cellular AKT-mTORC1 signaling to achieve viral latency. Here, we define a novel genotoxic response whereby spatially separated signals initiated by extracellular neurotrophic factors and nuclear DNA damage are integrated by the AKT-mTORC1 pathway. We demonstrate that endogenous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) mediated by Topoisomerase 2ß-DNA cleavage complex (TOP2ßcc) intermediates are required to achieve AKT-mTORC1 signaling and maintain HSV-1 latency in neurons. Suppression of host DNA-repair pathways that remove TOP2ßcc trigger HSV-1 reactivation. Moreover, perturbation of AKT phosphorylation dynamics by downregulating the PHLPP1 phosphatase led to AKT mis-localization and disruption of DSB-induced HSV-1 reactivation. Thus, the cellular genome integrity and environmental inputs are consolidated and co-opted by a latent virus to balance lifelong infection with transmission.
Assuntos
DNA Topoisomerases Tipo II/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 1/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/genética , Latência Viral/genética , Animais , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Dano ao DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/genética , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/virologia , Fosforilação , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genéticaRESUMO
Abnormal processing of stressed replication forks by nucleases can cause fork collapse, genomic instability, and cell death. Despite its importance, it is poorly understood how the cell properly controls nucleases to prevent detrimental fork processing. Here, we report a signaling pathway that controls the activity of exonuclease Exo1 to prevent aberrant fork resection during replication stress. Our results indicate that replication stress elevates intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), leading to activation of CaMKK2 and the downstream kinase 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Following activation, AMPK directly phosphorylates Exo1 at serine 746 to promote 14-3-3 binding and inhibit Exo1 recruitment to stressed replication forks, thereby avoiding unscheduled fork resection. Disruption of this signaling pathway results in excessive ssDNA, chromosomal instability, and hypersensitivity to replication stress inducers. These findings reveal a link between [Ca2+]i and the replication stress response as well as a function of the Ca2+-CaMKK2-AMPK signaling axis in safeguarding fork structure to maintain genome stability.
Assuntos
Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/genética , Quinase da Proteína Quinase Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/genética , Cálcio/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Proteínas 14-3-3/genética , Proteínas 14-3-3/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por AMP/metabolismo , Animais , Sinalização do Cálcio/genética , Quinase da Proteína Quinase Dependente de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/genética , Quinase 1 do Ponto de Checagem/metabolismo , Cromatina/química , Cromatina/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Osteoblastos/citologia , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismoRESUMO
Genetic recombination in all kingdoms of life initiates when helicases and nucleases process (resect) the free DNA ends to expose single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhangs. Resection regulation in bacteria is programmed by a DNA sequence, but a general mechanism limiting resection in eukaryotes has remained elusive. Using single-molecule imaging of reconstituted human DNA repair factors, we identify phosphorylated RPA (pRPA) as a negative resection regulator. Bloom's syndrome (BLM) helicase together with exonuclease 1 (EXO1) and DNA2 nucleases catalyze kilobase-length DNA resection on nucleosome-coated DNA. The resulting ssDNA is rapidly bound by RPA, which further stimulates DNA resection. RPA is phosphorylated during resection as part of the DNA damage response (DDR). Remarkably, pRPA inhibits DNA resection in cellular assays and in vitro via inhibition of BLM helicase. pRPA suppresses BLM initiation at DNA ends and promotes the intrinsic helicase strand-switching activity. These findings establish that pRPA provides a feedback loop between DNA resection and the DDR.
Assuntos
DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , RecQ Helicases/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/genética , Proteína de Replicação A/genética , Sítios de Ligação , DNA Helicases/genética , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Recombinação Homóloga , Humanos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Nucleossomos/química , Nucleossomos/metabolismo , Oligopeptídeos/genética , Oligopeptídeos/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , RecQ Helicases/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/metabolismo , Proteína de Replicação A/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Imagem Individual de MoléculaRESUMO
Transcription is extremely important for cellular processes but can be hindered by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) pausing and stalling. Cockayne syndrome protein B (CSB) promotes the progression of paused RNAPII or initiates transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) to remove stalled RNAPII. However, the specific mechanism by which CSB initiates TC-NER upon damage remains unclear. In this study, we identified the indispensable role of the ARK2N-CK2 complex in the CSB-mediated initiation of TC-NER. The ARK2N-CK2 complex is recruited to damage sites through CSB and then phosphorylates CSB. Phosphorylation of CSB enhances its binding to stalled RNAPII, prolonging the association of CSB with chromatin and promoting CSA-mediated ubiquitination of stalled RNAPII. Consistent with this finding, Ark2n-/- mice exhibit a phenotype resembling Cockayne syndrome. These findings shed light on the pivotal role of the ARK2N-CK2 complex in governing the fate of RNAPII through CSB, bridging a critical gap necessary for initiating TC-NER.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Cockayne , DNA Helicases , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA , Reparo do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli-ADP-Ribose , RNA Polimerase II , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase II/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli-ADP-Ribose/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a Poli-ADP-Ribose/genética , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , DNA Helicases/genética , Síndrome de Cockayne/genética , Síndrome de Cockayne/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Fosforilação , Caseína Quinase II/metabolismo , Caseína Quinase II/genética , Camundongos Knockout , Dano ao DNA , ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/metabolismo , ATPases Associadas a Diversas Atividades Celulares/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Ubiquitinação , Reparo por ExcisãoRESUMO
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm triggers the production of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) as an antiviral host response, and deregulation of the pathways involved can promote inflammatory disease. Here we report a direct cytosolic interaction between the DNA-damage sensor Rad50 and the innate immune system adaptor CARD9. Transfection of dendritic cells with dsDNA or infection of dendritic cells with a DNA virus induced the formation of dsDNA-Rad50-CARD9 signaling complexes for activation of the transcription factor NF-κB and the generation of pro-IL-1ß. Primary cells conditionally deficient in Rad50 or lacking CARD9 consequently exhibited defective DNA-induced production of IL-1ß, and Card9(-/-) mice had impaired inflammatory responses after infection with a DNA virus in vivo. Our results define a cytosolic DNA-recognition pathway for inflammation and a physical and functional connection between a conserved DNA-damage sensor and the innate immune response to pathogens.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/imunologia , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/imunologia , DNA Viral/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/imunologia , Interleucina-1beta/biossíntese , Vaccinia virus/imunologia , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/imunologia , Animais , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Linhagem Celular , Citosol/imunologia , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Ativação Enzimática , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , NF-kappa B/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/biossíntese , Receptor Toll-Like 9/biossíntese , Vaccinia virus/genéticaRESUMO
Cyclosporin A (CsA) induces DNA double-strand breaks in LIG4 syndrome fibroblasts, specifically upon transit through S-phase. The basis underlying this has not been described. CsA-induced genomic instability may reflect a direct role of Cyclophilin A (CYPA) in DNA repair. CYPA is a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPI). CsA inhibits the PPI activity of CYPA. Using an integrated approach involving CRISPR/Cas9-engineering, siRNA, BioID, co-immunoprecipitation, pathway-specific DNA repair investigations as well as protein expression interaction analysis, we describe novel impacts of CYPA loss and inhibition on DNA repair. We characterise a direct CYPA interaction with the NBS1 component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex, providing evidence that CYPA influences DNA repair at the level of DNA end resection. We define a set of genetic vulnerabilities associated with CYPA loss and inhibition, identifying DNA replication fork protection as an important determinant of viability. We explore examples of how CYPA inhibition may be exploited to selectively kill cancers sharing characteristic genomic instability profiles, including MYCN-driven Neuroblastoma, Multiple Myeloma and Chronic Myelogenous Leukaemia. These findings propose a repurposing strategy for Cyclophilin inhibitors.
Assuntos
Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Ciclofilina A , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11 , Proteínas Nucleares , Humanos , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Ciclofilina A/metabolismo , Ciclofilina A/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/metabolismo , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , DNA Ligase Dependente de ATP/metabolismo , DNA Ligase Dependente de ATP/genética , Instabilidade GenômicaRESUMO
The MR (Mre11 nuclease and Rad50 ABC ATPase) complex is an evolutionarily conserved sensor for DNA double-strand breaks, highly genotoxic lesions linked to cancer development. MR can recognize and process DNA ends even if they are blocked and misfolded. To reveal its mechanism, we determined the crystal structure of the catalytic head of Thermotoga maritima MR and analyzed ATP-dependent conformational changes. MR adopts an open form with a central Mre11 nuclease dimer and two peripheral Rad50 molecules, a form suited for sensing obstructed breaks. The Mre11 C-terminal helix-loop-helix domain binds Rad50 and attaches flexibly to the nuclease domain, enabling large conformational changes. ATP binding to the two Rad50 subunits induces a rotation of the Mre11 helix-loop-helix and Rad50 coiled-coil domains, creating a clamp conformation with increased DNA-binding activity. The results suggest that MR is an ATP-controlled transient molecular clamp at DNA double-strand breaks.
Assuntos
Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/química , Reparo do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Thermotoga maritima/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/química , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/química , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Espalhamento a Baixo Ângulo , Thermotoga maritima/metabolismo , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The modulator of retrovirus infection (MRI or CYREN) is a 30-kDa protein with a conserved N-terminal Ku-binding motif (KBM) and a C-terminal XLF-like motif (XLM). We show that MRI is intrinsically disordered and interacts with many DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, including the kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-PKcs and the classical non-homologous end joining (cNHEJ) factors Ku70, Ku80, XRCC4, XLF, PAXX, and XRCC4. MRI forms large multimeric complexes that depend on its N and C termini and localizes to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), where it promotes the retention of DDR factors. Mice deficient in MRI and XLF exhibit embryonic lethality at a stage similar to those deficient in the core cNHEJ factors XRCC4 or DNA ligase IV. Moreover, MRI is required for cNHEJ-mediated DSB repair in XLF-deficient lymphocytes. We propose that MRI is an adaptor that, through multivalent interactions, increases the avidity of DDR factors to DSB-associated chromatin to promote cNHEJ.