The rBC2LCN-positive subpopulation of PC-3 cells exhibits cancer stem-like properties.

The recombinant lectin rBC2LCN is a useful marker for discriminating the undifferentiated status of human induced or embryonic stem cells. Recently, rBC2LCN has also been used for detecting some cancers and niche cells. However, the generality of which types of cells are detected by rBC2LCN is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of rBC2LCN as a probe for detecting and isolating cancer stem-like cells. Interestingly, flow cytometric analysis of various human cell lines indicated that the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 consisted of rBC2LCN-positive and -negative subpopulations. Compared with the rBC2LCN-negative subpopulation, the rBC2LCN-positive subpopulation possessed representative features of cancer stem cells and malignancy, such as slow proliferation, increased cell motility, anchorage-independent growth, and drug resistance. The comprehensive expression profiles revealed that the rBC2LCN-positive subpopulation expressed higher levels of cancer stem cell markers. These findings indicate that rBC2LCN is useful for detecting not only pluripotent stem cells but also the cancer stem-like subpopulation of PC-3 cells. Pluripotent and cancer cells with rBC2LCN positivity would be important for future stem cell research.

Storable bFGF-Releasing Membrane Allowing Continuous Human iPSC Culture.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a crucial supplement for culture media of human pluripotent stem cells. However, bFGF is extremely unstable under cell culture conditions, which makes frequent (generally every day) medium refreshment requisite. We recently developed a water-floatable, bFGF-releasing membrane via a simple bFGF adsorption process following oxygen plasma treatment by utilizing a polyethylene nonwoven fabric as an adsorbent. This membrane allowed sustained release of bFGF while floating on medium, thereby keeping the bFGF concentration in the medium sufficient for maintaining human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in a proliferative and pluripotent state for as long as 3 days. In this study, lyophilization was applied to the membrane to stabilize bFGF. The sustained bFGF-releasing function of the membrane was kept unchanged even after lyophilization and subsequent cryopreservation at -30 °C for 3 months. The cryopreserved membrane supported proliferation and colony formation of human iPSCs while retaining their viability and pluripotency in a medium-change-free continuous culture for 3 days. The present bFGF-releasing membrane is ready-to-use, storable for at least 3 months, and obviates daily medium refreshment. Therefore, it is a new and more practical bFGF supplement for culture media of human stem cells.

Extraction and purification of human interleukin-10 from transgenic rice seeds.

Recombinant protein production system using transgenic rice grain offers many advantages in higher accumulation, preservation, lower production cost, ease of scale up and low risk of contamination by toxic materials. We developed a transgenic rice strain whose seeds accumulate human interleukin (IL)-10, a cytokine that suppresses inflammation-related immune responses. We also developed a method of extracting and purifying IL-10 from rice seeds. A biochemical crosslinking method was used to detect the biologically active noncovalent dimer of IL-10. This method was useful for developing efficient methods of refolding and purification. The purified IL-10 comprised only noncovalent dimers and showed higher activity than the commercial IL-10. The purified IL-10 had very low endotoxin contamination and is expected to have broad clinical application.

rBC2LCN lectin as a potential probe of early-stage HER2-positive breast carcinoma.

The recombinant N-terminal domain of BC2L-C lectin (rBC2LCN) is useful for detecting not only human pluripotent stem cells but also some cancers. However, the cancer types and stages that can be detected by rBC2LCN remain unclear. In this study, we identified the human breast carcinoma subtypes and stages that can be detected by rBC2LCN. Compared with rBC2LCN-negative breast carcinoma cell lines, the rBC2LCN-positive cells expressed higher levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and epithelial marker genes. Importantly, rBC2LCN histochemical staining of human breast carcinoma tissues demonstrated the utility of rBC2LCN in detecting breast carcinoma types that express HER2 and have not spread much in the early phase of growth. We conclude that rBC2LCN may have potential as a detection probe and a drug delivery vehicle to identify and treat early-stage HER2-positive breast carcinoma.

A technique for removing tumourigenic pluripotent stem cells using rBC2LCN lectin.

INTRODUCTION: Tumourigenesis attributed to residual undifferentiated cells in a graft is considered to be a significant issue in cell therapy using human pluripotent stem cells. To ensure the safety of regenerative medicine derived from pluripotent stem cells, residual undifferentiated cells must be eliminated in the manufacturing process. We previously described the lectin probe rBC2LCN, which binds harmlessly and specifically to the cell surface of human pluripotent stem cells. We report here a technique using rBC2LCN to remove pluripotent cells from a heterogenous population to reduce the chance of teratoma formation. METHODS: We demonstrate a method for separating residual tumourigenic cells using rBC2LCN-bound magnetic beads. This technology is a novel use of their previous discovery that rBC2LCN is a lectin that selectively binds to pluripotent cells. We optimize and validate a method to remove hPSCs from a mixture with human fibroblasts using rBC2LCN-conjugated magnetic beads. RESULTS: Cells with the potential to form teratoma could be effectively eliminated from a heterogeneous cell population with biotin-labelled rBC2LCN and streptavidin-bound magnetic beads. The efficiency was measured by FACS, ddPCR, and animal transplantation, suggesting that magnetic cell separation using rBC2LCN is quite efficient for eliminating hPSCs from mixed cell populations. CONCLUSIONS: The removal of residual tumourigenic cells based on rBC2LCN could be a practical option for laboratory use and industrialisation of regenerative medicine using human pluripotent stem cells.

mRNA and miRNA expression profiles in an ectoderm-biased substate of human pluripotent stem cells.

The potential applications of human pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem (ES) cells, and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in cell therapy and regenerative medicine have been widely studied. The precise definition of pluripotent stem cell status during culture using biomarkers is essential for basic research and regenerative medicine. Culture conditions, including extracellular matrices, influence the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Accordingly, to explore biomarkers for defining and monitoring the pluripotent substates during culture, we established different substates in H9 human ES cells by changing the extracellular matrix from vitronectin to Matrigel. The substate was characterised by low and high expression of the pluripotency marker R-10G epitope and the mesenchymal marker vimentin, respectively. Immunohistochemistry, induction of the three germ layers, and exhaustive expression analysis showed that the substate was ectoderm-biased, tended to differentiate into nerves, but retained the potential to differentiate into the three germ layers. Further integrated analyses of mRNA and miRNA microarrays and qPCR analysis showed that nine genes (COL9A2, DGKI, GBX2, KIF26B, MARCH1, PLXNA4, SLC24A4, TLR4, and ZHX3) were upregulated in the ectoderm-biased cells as ectoderm-biased biomarker candidates in pluripotent stem cells. Our findings provide important insights into ectoderm-biased substates of human pluripotent stem cells in the fields of basic research and regenerative medicine.

Controlled release of basic fibroblast growth factor from a water-floatable polyethylene nonwoven fabric sheet for maintenance culture of iPSCs.

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an essential supplement for culture media to support the proliferation of human pluripotent stem cells, while preserving their pluripotency. However, it is extremely unstable under cell culture conditions at 37 °C. Therefore, a culture medium supplemented with bFGF needs to be changed every day to maintain an effective concentration of bFGF. This study aimed to create a bFGF-releasing material via simple bFGF adsorption following oxygen plasma treatment by using a water-floatable polyethylene (PE) nonwoven fabric sheet as a bFGF-adsorbent material. Preliminary oxygen plasma treatment enhanced bFGF adsorption onto the sheet by increasing its surface water wettability. Based on the bFGF concentration in the adsorption solution, the resulting bFGF-adsorbed sheet showed different bFGF-release profiles in the culture medium. The bFGF-adsorbed sheet prepared under optimum conditions released bFGF in a sustained manner, maintaining the bFGF concentration in the culture medium of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at ≥10 ng mL-1 even without medium change for as long as 3 d. The bFGF released from the sheet retained its biological activity to support colony formation of iPSCs while preserving their pluripotency. This type of bFGF-releasing sheet can be used as a new form of bFGF supplement for the culture media of stem cells and would make a significant contribution to stem cell-based research and development.

High hydrostatic pressure induces pro-osteoarthritic changes in cartilage precursor cells: A transcriptome analysis.

Due to the high water content of cartilage, hydrostatic pressure is likely one of the main physical stimuli sensed by chondrocytes. Whereas, in the physiological range (0 to around 10 MPa), hydrostatic pressure exerts mostly pro-chondrogenic effects in chondrocyte models, excessive pressures have been reported to induce detrimental effects on cartilage, such as increased apoptosis and inflammation, and decreased cartilage marker expression. Though some genes modulated by high pressure have been identified, the effects of high pressure on the global gene expression pattern have still not been investigated. In this study, using microarray technology and real-time PCR validation, we analyzed the transcriptome of ATDC5 chondrocyte progenitors submitted to a continuous pressure of 25 MPa for up to 24 h. Several hundreds of genes were found to be modulated by pressure, including some not previously known to be mechano-sensitive. High pressure markedly increased the expression of stress-related genes, apoptosis-related genes and decreased that of cartilage matrix genes. Furthermore, a large set of genes involved in the progression of osteoarthritis were also induced by high pressure, suggesting that hydrostatic pressure could partly mimic in vitro some of the genetic alterations occurring in osteoarthritis.

Elimination of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells by a recombinant lectin-toxin fusion protein.

The application of stem-cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine is hindered by the tumorigenic potential of residual human pluripotent stem cells. Previously, we identified a human pluripotent stem-cell-specific lectin probe, called rBC2LCN, by comprehensive glycome analysis using high-density lectin microarrays. Here we developed a recombinant lectin-toxin fusion protein of rBC2LCN with a catalytic domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, termed rBC2LCN-PE23, which could be expressed as a soluble form from the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity by one-step affinity chromatography. rBC2LCN-PE23 bound to human pluripotent stem cells, followed by its internalization, allowing intracellular delivery of a cargo of cytotoxic protein. The addition of rBC2LCN-PE23 to the culture medium was sufficient to completely eliminate human pluripotent stem cells. Thus, rBC2LCN-PE23 has the potential to contribute to the safety of stem-cell-based therapies.

A stable chimeric fibroblast growth factor (FGF) can successfully replace basic FGF in human pluripotent stem cell culture.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are essential for maintaining self-renewal in human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Recombinant basic FGF (bFGF or FGF2) is conventionally used to culture pluripotent stem cells; however, because of the instability of bFGF, repeated addition of fresh bFGF into the culture medium is required in order to maintain its concentration. In this study, we demonstrate that a heat-stable chimeric variant of FGF, termed FGFC, can be successfully used for maintaining human pluripotent stem cells. FGFC is a chimeric protein composed of human FGF1 and FGF2 domains that exhibits higher thermal stability and protease resistance than do both FGF1 and FGF2. Both human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells were maintained in ordinary culture medium containing FGFC instead of FGF2. Comparison of cells grown in FGFC with those grown in conventional FGF2 media showed no significant differences in terms of the expression of pluripotency markers, global gene expression, karyotype, or differentiation potential in the three germ lineages. We therefore propose that FGFC may be an effective alternative to FGF2, for maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells.

Sequence of a cDNA encoding acetylcholinesterase from susceptible and resistant two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae was compared between an organophosphate susceptible (TKD) and a resistant (NCN) strain. The AChE of TKD had lower affinity to acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine than that of NCN, and the inhibition of AChE by DDVP, ambenonium, eserine and n-methyl-eserine showed that NCN was more insensitive than TKD. AChE cDNA sequence was determined, and the 687 amino acids of primary structure were deduced. There were six replacements of amino acid residues in TKD and two in NCN. #F331(439)C was the only substitution unique to NCN, however, this mutation existed homozygously in only two out of nine mites. This residue is one of the gorge lining components, and #F331(439)C might act an important role in the sensitivity of AChE to the inhibitors.

A medium hyperglycosylated podocalyxin enables noninvasive and quantitative detection of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells.

While human pluripotent stem cells are attractive sources for cell-replacement therapies, a major concern remains regarding their tumorigenic potential. Thus, safety assessment of human pluripotent stem cell-based products in terms of tumorigenicity is critical. Previously we have identified a pluripotent stem cell-specific lectin probe rBC2LCN recognizing hyperglycosylated podocalyxin as a cell surface ligand. Here we demonstrate that hyperglycosylated podocalyxin is secreted from human pluripotent stem cells into cell culture supernatants. We establish a sandwich assay system, named the GlycoStem test, targeting the soluble hyperglycosylated podocalyxin using rBC2LCN. The GlycoStem test is sufficiently sensitive and quantitative to detect residual human pluripotent stem cells. This work provides a proof of concept for the noninvasive and quantitative detection of tumorigenic human pluripotent stem cells using cell culture supernatants. The developed method should increase the safety of human pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapies.