Smell loss associated with SARS-CoV-2 is not clinically different from other viruses: a multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the prevalence of cases with olfactory loss, other respiratory viruses can also cause this condition. We aimed to compare the prevalence of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and other respiratory viruses in patients with sudden smell loss, and to assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and co-infection on olfactory symptoms. METHODS: Patients with sudden smell loss were recruited in a multicenter prospective cohort study in 15 hospitals in Brazil. Clinical questionnaire, Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) olfactory test and nasopharyngeal swab to perform a PCR-based respiratory viral panel were collected at first visit (day 0) and 30 and 60 days after recruitment. RESULTS: 188 of 213 patients presented positive test result for SARS-CoV-2, among which 65 were co-infected with other respiratory viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, enterovirus, and parainfluenza). 25 had negative test results for SARS-CoV-2. Patients in both SARSCoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2 groups had objective anosmia (less than 2 points according to the psychophysical olfactory CCCRC) at day 0, with no significant difference between them. Both groups had significant smell scores improvement after 30 and 60 days, with no difference between them. Co-infection with other respiratory viruses, and SARS-CoV-2 viral load did not impact olfactory scores. CONCLUSION: Patients with sudden smell loss associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses had similar presentation, with most participants initiating with anosmia, and total or near total recovery after 60 days. SARS-CoV-2 viral load and co-infections with other respiratory viruses were not associated with poorer olfactory outcomes.

Dietary intake and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women: a systematic review.

Despite literature pointing to a relation between dietary intake and menopausal symptoms, most studies have evaluated either only supplements or only specific nutrients or foods. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a systematic review of the literature regarding the association between dietary intake and menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase to identify studies published between 2009 and 2019. We identified 3828 studies; after screening, 73 studies were reviewed and 19 of these investigated nutrient and food intake and eating patterns associated with the intensity of menopausal symptoms. Studies evaluating diet quality or dietary patterns showed an association between lower intensity of psychological symptoms, sleep disorders, and vasomotor, urogenital, and somatic symptoms and higher consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and unprocessed foods. Also, the intensity of these symptoms is associated with high-processed foods, saturated fats, and sugars. Regarding nutrient and/or specific food, the studies indicated an association between caffeine intake and type of fat intake and the intensity of menopausal symptoms. Dietary intake was found to be associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms; however, evidence for the association between dietary intake and menopausal symptoms is inconsistent and inconclusive, and is provided by a small number of studies.

Systemic Corticosteroids in Patients with Bronchial Asthma: A Real-Life Study.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to determine the use of systemic corti-costeroids (SCs) in patients with bronchial asthma using big data analysis. METHODS: We performed an observational, retrospective, noninterventional study based on secondary data captured from free text in the electronic health records. This study was per-formed based on data from the regional health service of Castille-La Mancha (SESCAM), Spain. We performed the analysis using big data and artificial intelligence via Savana® Manager version 3.0. RESULTS: During the study period, 103 667 patients were diagnosed with and treated for asthma at different care levels. The search was restricted to patients aged 10 to 90 years (mean age, 43.5 [95%CI, 43.4-43.7] years). Of these, 59.8% were women. SCs were taken for treatment of asthma by 58 745 patients at some point during the study period. These patients were older, with a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, ob-esity, depression, and hiatus hernia. SCs are used frequently in the general population with asthma (31.4% in 2015 and 39.6% in 2019). SCs were prescribed mainly in primary care (59%), allergy (13%) and pulmonology (20%). The frequency of prescription of SCs had a direct impact on the main associated adverse effects. CONCLUSION: In clinical practice, SCs are frequently prescribed to patients with asthma, especially in primary care. Use of SCs is associated with a greater number of adverse events. It is necessary to implement measures to reduce prescription of SCs to patients with asthma, especially in primary care.

Vesicular transport and secretion of penicillin G in Penicillium rubens P2-32-T.

The compartmentalization of penicillin G biosynthesis in Penicillium rubens has been extensively studied. However, how this compound is secreted has not been completely elucidated, although its transport could be of the vesicular type. This work was aimed at observing vesicles and penicillin secretion and proposing a hypothetical model for their compartmentalization and secretion. For this purpose, a high-penicillin-producing strain (P. rubens P2-32-T) was compared by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a null-producing strain (P. rubens npe10) in 24- and 48-h cultures. The results showed multivesicular bodies and secretory vesicles, suggesting that P. rubens transports and secretes penicillin G through vesicular excretion.

Pexophagy modes during penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium rubens P2-32-T.

Pexophagy is a peroxisome degradation process. The last two steps of penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium rubens are carried out in peroxisomes. These organelles proliferate in large numbers during this process, so that after the penicillin secretion, their removal is essential as a regulatory mechanism. In this work, two pexophagy modes are described for the high-penicillin producing strain P. rubens P2-32-T, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on 24- and 48-h cultures (when maximum penicillin production is achieved). The obtained images show peroxisome phagocytosis by vacuoles in three different ways: macropexophagy, micropexophagy, and a new proposed model: unipexophagy.

Helminth Parasites and Diet of Leptodactylus Petersii (Steindachner, 1864) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Amapá State, Eastern Amazon, Brazil.

Leptodactylus petersii is a species of anuran found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats and occurs from South America to southern North America and the West Indies. Studies involving the fauna of anuran parasites offer complementary information related to ecology. Thus, since there are few studies on the natural history of this species, this research aims to analyze the diet and the presence of endoparasitic helminths of Leptodactylus petersii from the state of Amapá, Brazil. We found 10 different taxonomic categories of prey in stomach contents, with the categories Hymenoptera (Formicidae) with 32.26 % (n = 12) being the most representative. Among the 12 individuals of L. petersii that were analyzed for helminth parasites, 83.3 % were infected with at least one species of helminths allocated to Phylum Nematoda. Our results report a new occurrence site for Rhabdias breviensis, originally described for Leptodactylus petersii in the state of Pará, as well as the second report of Ortleppascaris sp. in Brazil.

Zebrafish sp7 mutants show tooth cycling independent of attachment, eruption and poor differentiation of teeth.

The capacity to fully replace teeth continuously makes zebrafish an attractive model to explore regeneration and tooth development. The requirement of attachment bone for the appearance of replacement teeth has been hypothesized but not yet investigated. The transcription factor sp7 (osterix) is known in mammals to play an important role during odontoblast differentiation and root formation. Here we study tooth replacement in the absence of attachment bone using sp7 zebrafish mutants. We analysed the pattern of tooth replacement at different stages of development and demonstrated that in zebrafish lacking sp7, attachment bone is never present, independent of the stage of tooth development or fish age, yet replacement is not interrupted. Without bone of attachment we observed abnormal orientation of teeth, and abnormal connection of pulp cavities of predecessor and replacement teeth. Mutants lacking sp7 show arrested dentinogenesis, with non-polarization of odontoblasts and only a thin layer of dentin deposited. Osteoclast activity was observed in sp7 mutants; due to the lack of bone of attachment, remodelling was diminished but nevertheless present along the pharyngeal bone. We conclude that tooth replacement is ongoing in the sp7 mutant despite poor differentiation and defective attachment. Without bone of attachment tooth orientation and pulp organization are compromised.

Pathogens, faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source-tracking markers in sewage.

The objective of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source tracking markers in sewage. Most of the microbes present in sewage are from the microbiota of the human gut, including pathogens. Bacteria and viruses are the most abundant groups of microbes in the human gut microbiota. Most reports on this topic show that raw sewage microbiological profiles reflect the human gut microbiota. Human and animal faeces share many commensal microbes as well as pathogens. Faecal-orally transmitted pathogens constitute a serious public health problem that can be minimized through sanitation. Assessing both the sanitation processes and the contribution of sewage to the faecal contamination of water bodies requires knowledge of the content of pathogens in sewage, microbes indicating general faecal contamination and microbes that are only present in human faecal remains, which are known as the human-specific microbial source-tracking (MST) markers. Detection of pathogens would be the ideal option for managing sanitation and determining the microbiological quality of waters contaminated by sewage; but at present, this is neither practical nor feasible in routine testing. Traditionally, faecal indicator bacteria have been used as surrogate indicators of general faecal residues. However, in many water management circumstances, it becomes necessary to detect both the origin of faecal contamination, for which MST is paramount, and live micro-organisms, for which molecular methods are not suitable. The presence and concentrations of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human-specific MST markers most frequently reported in different areas of the world are summarized in this review.

Molecules under external electric field: On the changes in the electronic structure and validity limits of the theoretical predictions.

A detailed analysis of the electronic structure of the ground and first excited spin state of three diatomic molecules ( N2, BH and CO) under static applied electric field is performed at CCSD(T), DFT, MRCI and MRCI(Q) levels of theory. Our findings have revealed that by boosting the applied field one induces changes in the occupation numbers of molecular orbitals, giving rise to changes in the equilibrium geometry and in the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. Specifically, singlet to triplet spin transition can be induced by increasing the applied electric field beyond a critical value. Accordingly, affecting the accuracy of the widely used expression of energy expanded in Taylor series with respect to the applied electric field. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide promotes inflammation and alters endometrial gene expression in lactating Holstein cows.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of 2 intramammary infusions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on inflammatory and reproductive parameters and endometrial gene expression of lactating Holstein cows. At 35 ± 7 d in milk, 20 cows were submitted to a Double Ovsynch program and randomly assigned to control (n = 11) and LPS (n = 9) treatments. Cows from the LPS treatment received 2 intramammary infusions of 25 µg of LPS after morning milking on d 5 and 10 post-AI, whereas control cows were infused with only saline. Blood samples were taken and ultrasound scanning of the ovaries was performed during the entire study before and after AI to determine haptoglobin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and progesterone concentrations as well as response to the hormonal protocol and corpus luteum diameter. Milk yield was evaluated and samples were taken for somatic cell count at 0, 10, 24, 34, and 96 h relative to each infusion. Rumen-reticular temperature was recorded using a rumen-reticular bolus logger and summarized hourly. On d 15 post-AI, uterine flushing for conceptus recovery and endometrial biopsies were performed. Samples of endometrium from cows with positive embryo recovery (control = 5; LPS = 6) were submitted to mRNA extraction and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis of 96 target genes. Haptoglobin concentrations in plasma were greater for LPS treatment (control = 0.24 ± 0.07, LPS = 0.89 ± 0.06 optical density), but tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations were similar (control = 0.67 ± 0.11, LPS = 0.46 ± 0.11 ng/mL) between treatments. Lipopolysaccharide reduced milk yield after treatment (control = 34.3 ± 1.5, LPS = 29.4 ± 1.6 kg/d), whereas somatic cell count (log) was greater in LPS-treated cows until 34 h after infusions (control = 2.3 ± 0.1, LPS = 3.3 ± 0.1 cells/mL of milk). Rumen-reticular temperature of LPS cows was elevated between 5 and 10 h after each infusion compared with control cows (control = 39.5 ± 0.1, LPS = 40.1 ± 0.1°C). Progesterone concentration after AI was unaffected by treatment or pregnancy status as well as corpus luteum diameter and conceptus length on d 15. Lipopolysaccharide treatment altered the expression of 13 key genes in the endometrium (mostly upregulated), whereas another 17 tended to be modulated. Modified gene expression included genes related to immune response (PTX3 = 2.34-fold increase; IL6 = 3.42-fold increase; and TCN1 = 2.52-fold increase), adhesion molecules (CADM3 = 1.93-fold increase; MMP19 = 1.49-fold increase; EMMPRIN = 1.20-fold increase; SELL = 1.91-fold increase), Wnt signaling pathway (WNT2, FZD4, and FZD7, all <1.5-fold increase), and interferon-stimulated genes (BMP15 = 0.27-fold decrease; ISG15 = 2.17-fold increase, and MX2 = 2.23-fold increase). In summary, intramammary infusions of LPS were able to trigger an inflammatory response with no effect on corpus luteum diameter and concentration of progesterone in plasma. However, a limited but important set of modulations in the endometrium gene expression at d 15 of gestation was found.

Evaluation of the protection against norovirus afforded by E. coli monitoring of shellfish production areas under EU regulations.

EC Regulation 854/2004 requires the classification of bivalve mollusc harvesting areas according to the faecal pollution status of sites. It has been reported that determination of Escherichia coli in bivalve shellfish is a poor predictor of norovirus (NoV) contamination in individual samples. We explore the correlation of shellfish E. coli data with norovirus presence using data from studies across 88 UK sites (1,184 paired samples). We investigate whether current E. coli legislative standards could be refined to reduce NoV infection risk. A significant relationship between E. coli and NoV was found in the winter months (October to February) using data from sites with at least 10 data pairs (51 sites). We found that the ratio of arithmetic means (log10 E. coli to log10 NoV) at these sites ranged from 0.6 to 1.4. The lower ratios (towards 0.6) might typically indicate situations where the contribution from UV disinfected sewage discharges was more significant. Conversely, higher ratios (towards 1.4) might indicate a prevalence of animal sources of pollution; however, this relationship did not always hold true and so further work is required to fully elucidate the factors of relevance. Reducing the current class B maximum (allowed in 10% of samples) from 46,000 E. coli per 100 g (corresponding NoV value of 75750 ± 103) to 18,000 E. coli per 100 g (corresponding NoV value of 29365 ± 69) reduces maximum levels of NoV by a factor of 2.6 to 1; reducing the upper class B limit to 100% compliance with 4,600 E. coli per 100 g (corresponding NoV value of 7403 ± 39) reduces maximum levels of NoV by a factor of 10.2 to 1. We found using the UK filtered winter dataset that a maximum of 200 NoV corresponded to a maximum of 128 ± 7 E. coli per 100 g. A maximum of 1,000 NoV corresponded to a maximum of 631 ± 14 E. coli per 100 g.

[Medical education and cultural diversity in Chile. A pending dialogue]. / Educación médica y diversidad cultural en Chile. Un diálogo pendiente.

Medical education in Chile has a good research productivity. National educators are skilled in complex curricular design processes and in didactic innovation. However, the question of what it means to be doctor in a society that moves towards interculturality, has not been addressed thoroughly. Using the structure of a clinical record, we outline our critical view about the relationship between medical education and diversity. To describe the medical history, we refer to some variables of the training process such as the Hegemonic Model of Medicine, the epistemological beliefs of the students, the hidden curriculum and the educational environment. Then, the empirical evidence of the clinical picture, diagnosis and internationally recommended treatment is described, to end with a local therapeutic proposal.

Determination of Anti-Anisakis Simplex Antibodies and Relationship with αß and γδ Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Crohn's Disease.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) is still unknown although new theories are based on defects in innate immunity. We have previously shown a decrease in γδ T cells in CD patients. Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of anti-A. simplex immunoglobulins in CD patients. The diminution of γδ T cells in the peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa of CD patients may create a state of immunosuppression that would facilitate A. simplex infection. AIMS: To study the antibody responses to Anisakis antigens in Crohn's disease patients and its relationship with αß and γδ T cell subsets. METHODS: We recruited 81 CD patients and 81 healthy controls. αß and γδ T cell subsets and anti-A. simplex antibodies were measured. RESULTS: Levels of anti-A. simplex IgG and IgM were significantly increased in CD patients. Almost 20% of CD patients were positive for IgG and IgM anti-A. simplex versus only 3.7 and 2.5%, respectively, in normal subjects. However, lower specific IgA levels were observed in the group of CD patients versus healthy subjects. We found an association between CD3 + CD8 + Î³Î´ subset and IgM anti-A. simplex levels. In ileal cases and stricturing behavior of CD, we observed the highest levels of specific antibodies with the exception of anti-A. simplex IgA. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship of specific antibodies with a γδ T cell deficiency makes these cell candidates to play a role in the immune response against Anisakis. In addition, anti-Anisakis antibodies could be considered as markers of risk of progression in CD.

Position Paper from the Portuguese Association of Hospital Pharmacists for biosimilar therapeutic antibodies.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Biopharmaceuticals are an important class of drugs for the treatment of autoimmune/inflammatory and oncologic diseases. With patent expiries, biotechnological manufacturers can now develop biosimilar drugs. Due to timeliness of introducing new and more complex biosimilars, the Portuguese Association of Hospital Pharmacists gathered to develop a common positioning on the use of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies. MAIN ISSUES: The European pathway to biosimilar approval was developed to improve affordability and access to biological therapies, but it remains a work in progress because unresolved issues remain. Due to the present reality of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies, hospital pharmacists must play an important role in ensuring the safe, effective and cost-effective use of biosimilars in health systems; and educating healthcare administrators, providers, legislators, policymakers, payors and patients about these products. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The conclusions presented in this work focused on the proposal for optimal biosimilar prescription criteria, the preparation of original biologics and biosimilars in the pharmacy, the management and selection of suppliers, extrapolation issues, the specific role of pharmacovigilance and risk management for the optimal use of biosimilar monoclonal antibodies.

Influence of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography filters on diagnosis of simulated endodontic complications.

AIM: To evaluate the influence of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) filters on diagnosis of simulated endodontic complications. METHODOLOGY: Sixteen human teeth, in three mandibles, were submitted to the following simulated endodontic complications: (G1) fractured file, (G2) perforations in the canal walls, (G3) deviated cast post, and (G4) external root resorption. The mandibles were submitted to CBCT examination (I-Cat® Next Generation). Five oral radiologists evaluated the images independently with and without XoranCat® software filters. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were determined. ROC curves were calculated for each group with the filters, and the areas under the curves were compared using anova (one-way) test. McNemar test was applied for pair-wise agreement between all images versus the gold standard and original images versus images with filters (P < 0.05). RESULTS: G1 was the most difficult endodontic complication to diagnosis, followed by G2, G4 and G3. There were no differences between areas under the ROC curves for the filters in all groups; however, Sharpen Super Mild filter had the best results for G1 (0.47), Angio Sharpen Low 3 × 3 for G2 (0.93), Angio Sharpen Low 3 × 3, S9, Shadow and Sharpen for G3 (1.00) and Sharpen 3 × 3 for G4 (1.00). The McNemar test revealed significant differences between all filters with the gold standard (P = 0.00 for all filters) and the originals images (P = 0.00 for all filters) only in G1 group. There were no differences in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The filters did not improve the diagnosis of the simulated endodontic complications evaluated. Their diagnosis remains a major challenge in clinical practice.

Wii-based exercise program to improve physical fitness, motor proficiency and functional mobility in adults with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: People with Down syndrome (DS) usually display reduced physical fitness (aerobic capacity, muscle strength and abnormal body composition), motor proficiency impairments (balance and postural control) and physical functional limitations. Exergames can be an appealing alternative to enhance exercise engagement and compliance, whilst improving physical fitness and motor function. This study aims to analyse the effects of a Wii-based exercise program on physical fitness, functional mobility and motor proficiency of adults with DS. METHODS: Twenty-seven adults with DS were randomly allocated to an experimental group (Wii; n = 14) or control group (n = 13). Participants in the experimental group completed a 2-month Wii-based exercise program, with three 1-h sessions per week that included training games for aerobic endurance, balance and isometric strength. Participants completed assessments regarding anthropometric measures, physical fitness, functional mobility and motor proficiency. RESULTS: Mixed ANOVA analysis showed a significant group by time interaction for aerobic endurance, explosive leg power and flexibility. Independent samples t-test for change scores indicated significant between-group differences favouring the experimental group regarding speed of limb movement, trunk strength and functional mobility, as well as a trend towards significance on body weight. Mann-Whitney's U test for change scores demonstrated between-group differences favouring the experimental group for visceral fat as well as running speed and agility. Large within-group effect sizes were observed for explosive leg power (d = 1.691), body weight (d = 1.281), functional mobility (d = 1.218), aerobic endurance (d = 1.020), speed of limb movement (d = 0.867) and flexibility (d = 0.818) in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that Wii-based exercise can be an effective tool to improve physical fitness, functional mobility and motor proficiency of adults with DS, including crucial measures such as aerobic capacity and lower limb strength. Exergames using Wii Fit or other equipment can be appealing alternatives for adults with DS to engage in regular physical activity, preventing sedentary behaviour and decreasing the risk to develop cardiovascular diseases.

Genome-wide association study and annotating candidate gene networks affecting age at first calving in Nellore cattle.

We performed a genome-wide mapping for the age at first calving (AFC) with the goal of annotating candidate genes that regulate fertility in Nellore cattle. Phenotypic data from 762 cows and 777k SNP genotypes from 2,992 bulls and cows were used. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects based on the single-step GBLUP methodology were blocked into adjacent windows of 1 Megabase (Mb) to explain the genetic variance. SNP windows explaining more than 0.40% of the AFC genetic variance were identified on chromosomes 2, 8, 9, 14, 16 and 17. From these windows, we identified 123 coding protein genes that were used to build gene networks. From the association study and derived gene networks, putative candidate genes (e.g., PAPPA, PREP, FER1L6, TPR, NMNAT1, ACAD10, PCMTD1, CRH, OPKR1, NPBWR1 and NCOA2) and transcription factors (TF) (STAT1, STAT3, RELA, E2F1 and EGR1) were strongly associated with female fertility (e.g., negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion, folliculogenesis and establishment of uterine receptivity). Evidence suggests that AFC inheritance is complex and controlled by multiple loci across the genome. As several windows explaining higher proportion of the genetic variance were identified on chromosome 14, further studies investigating the interaction across haplotypes to better understand the molecular architecture behind AFC in Nellore cattle should be undertaken.

Mandibular movements and bite force in Alzheimer's disease before and after new denture insertion.

Chewing impairment has been observed in elders with Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, it is unknown whether oral rehabilitation can improve their masticatory function. This study evaluated the influence of new removable prostheses on chewing function of patients with AD. Participants using removable dentures were divided into two groups: patients with mild AD (77·2 ± 5·8 years, n = 16) and controls (76·0 ± 4·4, n = 16). All participants received general dental treatment and new total and/or partial removable prostheses. After 2 months of adaptation to the new dentures, chewing was evaluated by the following parameters: masticatory cycle time (CT), cycle velocity (CV), and opening (OA) and closing mandibular angles (CA), registered by a kinesiographic device. Maximum bite force (MBF) was assessed using a strain sensor. Evaluations were performed at baseline and after insertion of the new prostheses. A mixed model (α = 5%) was used for within- and between-subject analyses. After insertion of new prostheses, CT was reduced, and CV and MBF were increased in both groups (P < 0·05). There were no changes in OA or CA (P > 0·05). Compared to controls, elders with AD showed higher CT and reduced MBF and CV both at baseline and after insertion of new prostheses (P < 0·05). However, OA and CA did not differ between groups (P > 0·05). Insertion of new removable prostheses improved masticatory function in elders with and without AD, but patients with mild AD still had reduced chewing parameters compared to controls.

Efficacy and safety of liraglutide, a once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, in Latino/Hispanic patients with type 2 diabetes: post hoc analysis of data from four phase III trials.

The aim of the present analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide in Latino/Hispanic individuals with type 2 diabetes, in addition to comparing its treatment effects with those observed in non-Latino/Hispanic individuals. Analyses were performed on patient-level data from a subset of individuals self-defined as Latino/Hispanic from four phase III studies, the LEAD-3, LEAD-4, LEAD-6 and 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 trials. Endpoints included change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight from baseline. In Latino/Hispanic patients (n = 505; 323 treated with liraglutide) after 26 weeks, mean HbA1c reductions were significantly greater with both liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg versus comparator or placebo in the LEAD-3 and LEAD-4 studies, and with 1.8 mg liraglutide in the 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 trial. In LEAD-3 both doses led to significant differences in body weight change among Latino/Hispanic patients versus the comparator. With 1.8 mg liraglutide, difference in weight change was significant only in the 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 trial versus sitagliptin. For both endpoints Latino/Hispanic and non-Latino/Hispanic patients responded to liraglutide similarly. In summary, liraglutide is efficacious for treatment of type 2 diabetes in Latino/Hispanic patients, with a similar efficacy to that seen in non-Latino/Hispanic patients.